-u (i.e., hold the CONTROL key and type
u) to erase the whole line.
When 'ed' first opens, it expects to be told what to do but doesn't
prompt us like the shell. So let's begin by telling 'ed' to do so with the
("prompt") command:
$ ed
P
*
By default, 'ed' uses asterisk ('*') as command prompt to avoid
confusion with the shell command prompt ('$').
We can run Unix shell ('sh') commands from inside 'ed' by prefixing them
with (exclamation mark, aka "bang"). For example:
*!date
Mon Jun 26 10:08:41 PDT 2006
!
*!for s in hello world; do echo $s; done
hello
world
!
*
So far, this is no different from running commands in the Unix shell.
But let's say we want to edit the output of a command, or save it to a
file. First we must capture the command output to a temporary location
called a "buffer" where 'ed' can access it. This is done with 'ed''s
command (mnemonic: "read"):
*r !cal -m
137
*
Here 'ed' is telling us that it has just read 137 characters into the
editor buffer - i.e., the output of the 'cal' command, which prints a
simple ASCII calendar. To display the buffer contents we issue the
("print") command (not to be confused with the prompt command, which is
uppercase!). To indicate the range of lines in the buffer that should be
printed, we prefix the command with <,> (comma) which is shorthand for "the
whole buffer":
*,p
June 2006
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
*
Now let's write the buffer contents to a file named 'junk' with the
("write") command:
*w junk
137
*
Need we say? It's good practice to frequently write the buffer contents,
since unwritten changes to the buffer will be lost when we exit 'ed'.
The sample sessions below illustrate some basic concepts of line editing
with 'ed'. We begin by creating a file, 'sonnet', with some help from
Shakespeare. As with the shell, all input to 'ed' must be followed by a
character. Commands beginning with '#' are taken as comments and
ignored. Input mode lines that begin with '#' are just more input.
$ ed
# The 'a' command is for appending text to the editor buffer.
a
No more be grieved at that which thou hast done.
Roses have thorns, and filvers foutians mud.
Clouds and eclipses stain both moon and sun,
And loathsome canker lives in sweetest bud.
.
# Entering a single period on a line returns 'ed' to command mode.
# Now write the buffer to the file 'sonnet' and quit:
w sonnet
183
# 'ed' reports the number of characters written.
q
$ ls -l
total 2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 alm 183 Nov 10 01:16 sonnet
$
In the next example, some typos are corrected in the file 'sonnet'.
$ ed sonnet
183
# Begin by printing the buffer to the terminal with the 'p' command.
# The ',' means "all lines".
,p
No more be grieved at that which thou hast done.
Roses have thorns, and filvers foutians mud.
Clouds and eclipses stain both moon and sun,
And loathsome canker lives in sweetest bud.
# Select line 2 for editing.
2
Roses have thorns, and filvers foutians mud.
# Use the substitute command, 's', to replace 'filvers' with 'silver',
# and print the result.
s/filvers/silver/p
Roses have thorns, and silver foutians mud.
# And correct the spelling of 'fountains'.
s/utia/untai/p
Roses have thorns, and silver fountains mud.
w sonnet
183
q
$
Since 'ed' is line-oriented, we have to tell it which line, or range of
lines we want to edit. In the example above, we do this by specifying the
line's number, or sequence in the buffer. Alternatively, we could have
specified a unique string in the line, e.g., '/filvers/', where the '/'s
delimit the string in question. Subsequent commands affect only the
selected line, a.k.a. the "current" line. Portions of that line are then
replaced with the substitute command, whose syntax is 's/OLD/NEW/'.
Although 'ed' accepts only one command per line, the print command 'p'
is an exception, and may be appended to the end of most commands.
In the next example, a title is added to our sonnet.
$ ed sonnet
183
a
Sonnet #50
.
,p
No more be grieved at that which thou hast done.
Roses have thorns, and silver fountains mud.
Clouds and eclipses stain both moon and sun,
And loathsome canker lives in sweetest bud.
Sonnet #50
# The title got appended to the end; we should have used '0a'
# to append "before the first line".
# Move the title to its proper place.
5m0p
Sonnet #50
# The title is now the first line, and the current address has been
# set to the address of this line as well.
,p
Sonnet #50
No more be grieved at that which thou hast done.
Roses have thorns, and silver fountains mud.
Clouds and eclipses stain both moon and sun,
And loathsome canker lives in sweetest bud.
wq sonnet
195
$
When 'ed' opens a file, the current address is initially set to the
address of the last line of that file. Similarly, the move command 'm' sets
the current address to the address of the last line moved.
Related programs or routines are 'vi (1)', 'sed (1)', 'regex (3)', 'sh
(1)'. Relevant documents are:
Unix User's Manual Supplementary Documents: 12 -- 13
B. W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger: "Software Tools in Pascal",
Addison-Wesley, 1981.
File: ed.info, Node: Invoking ed, Next: Line addressing, Prev: Introduction to line editing, Up: Top
3 Invoking ed
*************
The format for running 'ed' is:
ed [OPTIONS] [FILE]
red [OPTIONS] [FILE]
FILE specifies the name of a file to read. If FILE is prefixed with a
bang (!), then it is interpreted as a shell command. In this case, what is
read is the standard output of FILE executed via 'sh (1)'. To read a file
whose name begins with a bang, prefix the name with a backslash ('\'). The
default filename is set to FILE only if it is not prefixed with a bang.
'ed' supports the following options: *Note Argument syntax:
(arg_parser)Argument syntax.
'-h'
'--help'
Print an informative help message describing the options and exit.
'-V'
'--version'
Print the version number of 'ed' on the standard output and exit. This
version number should be included in all bug reports.
'-E'
'--extended-regexp'
Use extended regular expressions instead of the basic regular
expressions mandated by POSIX.
'-G'
'--traditional'
Forces backwards compatibility. This affects the behavior of the 'ed'
commands 'G', 'V', 'f', 'l', 'm', 't' and '!!'. If the default
behavior of these commands does not seem familiar, then try invoking
'ed' with this switch.
'-l'
'--loose-exit-status'
Don't exit with bad status if a command happens to "fail" (for example
if a substitution command finds nothing to replace). This can be useful
when 'ed' is invoked as the editor for crontab.
'-p STRING'
'--prompt=STRING'
Specifies a command prompt string and turns prompting on. Showing the
prompt string may be toggled on and off with the 'P' command.
'-r'
'--restricted'
Run in restricted mode. This mode disables editing of files out of the
current directory and execution of shell commands.
'-s'
'--quiet'
'--silent'
Suppresses diagnostics, the printing of byte counts by 'e', 'E', 'r'
and 'w' commands, and the '!' prompt after a '!' command. This option
may be useful if 'ed''s standard input is from a script.
'-v'
'--verbose'
Verbose mode; prints error explanations. This may be toggled on and off
with the 'H' command.
'--strip-trailing-cr'
Strip the carriage returns at the end of text lines in DOS files. CRs
are removed only from the CR/LF (carriage return/line feed) pair
ending the line. CRs at other positions in the line, including a CR
finishing an unterminated line, are not removed. The CRs are not
restored when saving the buffer to a file.
Exit status: 0 if no errors occurred; otherwise >0.
File: ed.info, Node: Line addressing, Next: Regular expressions, Prev: Invoking ed, Up: Top
4 Line addressing
*****************
An address represents the number of a line in the buffer. 'ed' maintains a
"current address" which is typically supplied to commands as the default
address when none is specified. When a file is first read, the current
address is set to the address of the last line of the file. In general, the
current address is set to the address of the last line affected by a
command.
One exception to the rule that addresses represent line numbers is the
address '0' (zero). This means "at the beginning of the buffer", and is
valid wherever it makes sense.
An address range is two addresses separated either by a comma (',') or a
semicolon (';'). In a semicolon-delimited range, the current address ('.')
is set to the first address before the second address is calculated. This
feature can be used to set the starting line for searches if the second
address contains a regular expression. The value of the first address in a
range cannot exceed the value of the second.
Addresses can be omitted on either side of the comma or semicolon
separator. If only the first address is given in a range, then the second
address is set to the given address. If only the second address is given,
the resulting address pairs are '1,addr' and '.;addr' respectively. If a
N-tuple of addresses is given where N > 2, then the corresponding range is
determined by the last two addresses in the N-tuple. If only one address is
expected, then the last address is used. It is an error to give any number
of addresses to a command that requires zero addresses.
A line address is constructed as follows:
'.'
The current line (address) in the buffer.
'$'
The last line in the buffer.
'N'
The Nth line in the buffer, where N is a number in the range '0,$'.
'+N'
The Nth next line, where N is a non-negative number.
'-N'
The Nth previous line, where N is a non-negative number.
'+'
The next line. This is equivalent to '+1' and may be repeated with
cumulative effect.
'-'
The previous line. This is equivalent to '-1' and may be repeated with
cumulative effect.
','
The first through last lines in the buffer. This is equivalent to the
address range '1,$'.
';'
The current through last lines in the buffer. This is equivalent to the
address range '.;$'.
'/RE/[I]'
The next line containing the regular expression RE. The search wraps
to the beginning of the buffer and continues down to the current line,
if necessary. The suffix 'I' is a GNU extension which makes 'ed' match
RE in a case-insensitive manner.
'?RE?[I]'
The previous line containing the regular expression RE. The search
wraps to the end of the buffer and continues up to the current line, if
necessary. The suffix 'I' is a GNU extension which makes 'ed' match RE
in a case-insensitive manner.
''x'
The apostrophe-x character pair addresses the line previously marked by
a 'k' (mark) command, where 'x' is a lower case letter from the
portable character set '[a-z]'.
Addresses can be followed by one or more address offsets, optionally
separated by whitespace. Offsets are constructed as follows:
* '+' or '-' followed by a number adds or subtracts the indicated number
of lines to or from the address.
* '+' or '-' not followed by a number adds or subtracts 1 to or from the
address.
* A number adds the indicated number of lines to the address.
It is not an error if an intermediate address value is negative or
greater than the address of the last line in the buffer. It is an error if
the final address value is negative or greater than the address of the last
line in the buffer. It is an error if a search for a regular expression
fails to find a matching line.
File: ed.info, Node: Regular expressions, Next: Commands, Prev: Line addressing, Up: Top
5 Regular expressions
*********************
Regular expressions are patterns used in selecting text. For example, the
'ed' command
g/STRING/
prints all lines containing STRING. Regular expressions are also used by
the 's' command for selecting old text to be replaced with new text.
In addition to specifying string literals, regular expressions can
represent classes of strings. Strings thus represented are said to be
matched by the corresponding regular expression. If it is possible for a
regular expression to match several strings in a line, then the left-most
match is the one selected. If the regular expression permits a variable
number of matching characters, the longest sequence starting at that point
is matched.
An empty regular expression is equivalent to the last regular expression
processed. Therefore '/RE/s//REPLACEMENT/' replaces RE with REPLACEMENT.
As a GNU extension, a regular expression /RE/ may be followed by the
suffix 'I' which makes 'ed' match RE in a case-insensitive manner. Note
that the suffix is evaluated when the regular expression is compiled, thus
it is invalid to specify it together with the empty regular expression.
The following symbols are used in constructing regular expressions using
POSIX basic regular expression syntax:
'C'
Any character C not listed below, including '{', '}', '(', ')', '<'
and '>', matches itself.
'\C'
Any backslash-escaped character C, other than '{', '}', '(', ')', '<',
'>', 'b', 'B', 'w', 'W', '+' and '?', matches itself.
'.'
Matches any single character.
'[CHAR-CLASS]'
Matches any single character in CHAR-CLASS. To include a ']' in
CHAR-CLASS, it must be the first character. A range of characters may
be specified by separating the end characters of the range with a '-',
e.g., 'a-z' specifies the lower case characters. The following literal
expressions can also be used in CHAR-CLASS to specify sets of
characters:
[:alnum:] [:cntrl:] [:lower:] [:space:]
[:alpha:] [:digit:] [:print:] [:upper:]
[:blank:] [:graph:] [:punct:] [:xdigit:]
If '-' appears as the first or last character of CHAR-CLASS, then it
matches itself. All other characters in CHAR-CLASS match themselves.
Patterns in CHAR-CLASS of the form:
[.COL-ELM.]
[=COL-ELM=]
where COL-ELM is a "collating element" are interpreted according to
'locale (5)'. See 'regex (7)' for an explanation of these constructs.
'[^CHAR-CLASS]'
Matches any single character, other than newline, not in CHAR-CLASS.
CHAR-CLASS is defined as above.
'^'
If '^' is the first character of a regular expression, then it anchors
the regular expression to the beginning of a line. Otherwise, it
matches itself.
'$'
If '$' is the last character of a regular expression, it anchors the
regular expression to the end of a line. Otherwise, it matches itself.
'\(RE\)'
Defines a (possibly empty) subexpression RE. Subexpressions may be
nested. A subsequent backreference of the form '\N', where N is a
number in the range [1,9], expands to the text matched by the Nth
subexpression. For example, the regular expression '\(a.c\)\1' matches
the string 'abcabc', but not 'abcadc'. Subexpressions are ordered
relative to their left delimiter.
'*'
Matches zero or more repetitions of the regular expression immediately
preceding it. The regular expression can be either a single character
regular expression or a subexpression. If '*' is the first character
of a regular expression or subexpression, then it matches itself. The
'*' operator sometimes yields unexpected results. For example, the
regular expression 'b*' matches the beginning of the string 'abbb', as
opposed to the substring 'bbb', since an empty string is the only
left-most match.
'\{N,M\}'
'\{N,\}'
'\{N\}'
Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression
immediately preceding it at least N and at most M times. If M is
omitted, then it matches at least N times. If the comma is also
omitted, then it matches exactly N times. If any of these forms occurs
first in a regular expression or subexpression, then it is interpreted
literally (i.e., the regular expression '\{2\}' matches the string
'{2}', and so on).
The following extensions to basic regular expression operators are
preceded by a backslash '\' to distinguish them from traditional 'ed'
syntax. They may be unavailable depending on the particular regex
implementation in your system.
'\<'
'\>'
Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpression
immediately following it to the beginning (in the case of '\<') or
ending (in the case of '\>') of a "word", i.e., in ASCII, a maximal
string of alphanumeric characters, including the underscore (_).
'\`'
'\''
Unconditionally matches the beginning '\`' or ending '\'' of a line.
'\?'
Optionally matches the single character regular expression or
subexpression immediately preceding it. For example, the regular
expression 'a[bd]\?c' matches the strings 'abc', 'adc' and 'ac'. If
'\?' occurs at the beginning of a regular expressions or
subexpression, then it matches a literal '?'.
'\+'
Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression
immediately preceding it one or more times. So the regular expression
'a\+' is shorthand for 'aa*'. If '\+' occurs at the beginning of a
regular expression or subexpression, then it matches a literal '+'.
'\b'
Matches the beginning or ending (empty string) of a word. Thus the
regular expression '\bhello\b' is equivalent to '\'. However,
'\b\b' is a valid regular expression whereas '\<\>' is not.
'\B'
Matches (an empty string) inside a word.
'\w'
Matches any word-constituent character (letters, digits, and the
underscore).
'\W'
Matches any character that is not a word-constituent.
File: ed.info, Node: Commands, Next: The 's' Command, Prev: Regular expressions, Up: Top
6 Commands
**********
All 'ed' commands are single characters, though some require additional
parameters. If a command's parameters extend over several lines, then each
line except for the last must be terminated with a backslash ('\').
In general, at most one command is allowed per line. However, most
commands accept a print suffix, which is any of 'p' (print), 'l' (list), or
'n' (enumerate), to print the last line affected by the command. It is not
portable to give more than one print suffix, but 'ed' allows any
combination of non-repeated print suffixes and combines their effects. If
any suffix letter is given, it must immediately follow the command.
The 'e', 'E', 'f', 'r', and 'w' commands take an optional FILE
parameter, separated from the command letter by one or more whitespace
characters.
An interrupt (typically ) has the effect of aborting the
current command and returning the editor to command mode.
'ed' recognizes the following commands. The commands are shown together
with the default address or address range supplied if none is specified (in
parenthesis).
'(.)a'
Appends text to the buffer after the addressed line. The address '0'
(zero) is valid for this command; it places the entered text at the
beginning of the buffer. Text is entered in input mode. The current
address is set to the address of the last line entered or, if there
were none, to the addressed line.
'(.,.)c'
Changes lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are deleted from the
buffer, and text is inserted in their place. Text is entered in input
mode. The current address is set to the address of the last line
entered or, if there were none, to the new address of the line after
the last line deleted; if the lines deleted were originally at the end
of the buffer, the current address is set to the address of the new
last line; if no lines remain in the buffer, the current address is
set to zero. The lines deleted are copied to the cut buffer.
'(.,.)d'
Deletes the addressed lines from the buffer. The current address is
set to the new address of the line after the last line deleted; if the
lines deleted were originally at the end of the buffer, the current
address is set to the address of the new last line; if no lines remain
in the buffer, the current address is set to zero. The lines deleted
are copied to the cut buffer.
'e FILE'
Edits FILE, and sets the default filename. If FILE is not specified,
then the default filename is used. Any lines in the buffer are deleted
before the new file is read. The current address is set to the address
of the last line in the buffer.
If FILE is prefixed with a bang (!), then it is interpreted as a shell
command whose output is to be read, (*note shell escape command:: '!'
below). In this case the default filename is unchanged.
A warning is printed if any changes have been made in the buffer since
the last 'w' command that wrote the entire buffer to a file.
'E FILE'
Edits FILE unconditionally. This is similar to the 'e' command, except
that unwritten changes are discarded without warning.
'f FILE'
Sets the default filename to FILE. If FILE is not specified, then the
default unescaped filename is printed.
'(1,$)g/RE/[I]COMMAND-LIST'
Global command. The global command makes two passes over the file. On
the first pass, all the addressed lines matching a regular expression
RE are marked. The suffix 'I' is a GNU extension which makes 'ed'
match RE in a case-insensitive manner. Then, going sequentially from
the beginning of the file to the end of the file, the given
COMMAND-LIST is executed for each marked line, with the current
address set to the address of that line. Any line modified by the
COMMAND-LIST is unmarked. The final value of the current address is
the value assigned by the last command in the last COMMAND-LIST
executed. If there were no matching lines, the current address is
unchanged. The execution of COMMAND-LIST stops on the first error.
The first command of COMMAND-LIST must appear on the same line as the
'g' command. The other commands of COMMAND-LIST must appear on
separate lines. All lines of a multi-line COMMAND-LIST except the last
line must be terminated with a backslash ('\'). Any commands are
allowed, except for 'g', 'G', 'v', and 'V'. The '.' terminating the
input mode of commands 'a', 'c', and 'i' can be omitted if it would be
the last line of COMMAND-LIST. By default, a newline alone in
COMMAND-LIST is equivalent to a 'p' command. If 'ed' is invoked with
the command-line option '-G', then a newline in COMMAND-LIST is
equivalent to a '.+1p' command.
'(1,$)G/RE/[I]'
Interactive global command. Interactively edits the addressed lines
matching a regular expression RE. The suffix 'I' is a GNU extension
which makes 'ed' match RE in a case-insensitive manner. For each
matching line, the line is printed, the current address is set, and
the user is prompted to enter a COMMAND-LIST. The final value of the
current address is the value assigned by the last command executed. If
there were no matching lines, the current address is unchanged.
The format of COMMAND-LIST is the same as that of the 'g' command. A
newline alone acts as an empty command list. A single '&' repeats the
last non-empty command list.
'h'
Help. Prints an explanation of the last error.
'H'
Toggles the printing of error explanations. By default, explanations
are not printed. It is recommended that ed scripts begin with this
command to aid in debugging.
'(.)i'
Inserts text in the buffer before the addressed line. The address '0'
(zero) is valid for this command; it places the entered text at the
beginning of the buffer. Text is entered in input mode. The current
address is set to the address of the last line entered or, if there
were none, to the addressed line.
'(.,.+1)j'
Joins the addressed lines, replacing them by a single line containing
their joined text. If only one address is given, this command does
nothing. If lines are joined, the lines replaced are copied to the cut
buffer and the current address is set to the address of the joined
line. Else, the current address is unchanged.
'(.)kx'
Marks a line with a lower case letter 'x'. The line can then be
addressed as ''x' (i.e., a single quote followed by 'x') in subsequent
commands. The mark is not cleared until the line is deleted or
otherwise modified. The current address is unchanged.
'(.,.)l'
List command. Prints the addressed lines unambiguously. The end of each
line is marked with a '$', and every '$' character within the text is
printed with a preceding backslash. Special characters are printed as
escape sequences. The current address is set to the address of the
last line printed.
'(.,.)m(.)'
Moves lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are moved to after the
right-hand destination address. The destination address '0' (zero) is
valid for this command; it moves the addressed lines to the beginning
of the buffer. It is an error if the destination address falls within
the range of lines to be moved. The current address is set to the new
address of the last line moved.
'(.,.)n'
Number command. Prints the addressed lines, preceding each line by its
line number and a . The current address is set to the address of
the last line printed.
'(.,.)p'
Prints the addressed lines. The current address is set to the address
of the last line printed.
'P'
Toggles the command prompt on and off. Unless a prompt string is
specified with the command-line option '-p', the command prompt is by
default turned off. The default prompt string is an asterisk ('*').
'q'
Quits 'ed'. A warning is printed if any changes have been made in the
buffer since the last 'w' command that wrote the entire buffer to a
file.
'Q'
Quits 'ed' unconditionally. This is similar to the 'q' command, except
that unwritten changes are discarded without warning.
'($)r FILE'
Reads FILE and appends it after the addressed line. If FILE is not
specified, then the default filename is used. If there is no default
filename prior to the command, then the default filename is set to
FILE. Otherwise, the default filename is unchanged. The address '0'
(zero) is valid for this command; it reads the file at the beginning
of the buffer. The current address is set to the address of the last
line read or, if there were none, to the addressed line.
If FILE is prefixed with a bang (!), then it is interpreted as a shell
command whose output is to be read, (*note shell escape command:: '!'
below). In this case the default filename is unchanged.
'(.,.)t(.)'
Copies (i.e., transfers) the addressed lines to after the right-hand
destination address. If the destination address is '0' (zero), the
lines are copied at the beginning of the buffer. The current address is
set to the address of the last line copied.
'u'
Undoes the effect of the last command that modified anything in the
buffer and restores the current address to what it was before the
command. The global commands 'g', 'G', 'v', and 'V' are treated as a
single command by undo. 'u' is its own inverse; it can undo only the
last command.
'(1,$)v/RE/[I]COMMAND-LIST'
This is similar to the 'g' command except that it applies COMMAND-LIST
to each of the addressed lines not matching the regular expression RE.
'(1,$)V/RE/[I]'
This is similar to the 'G' command except that it interactively edits
the addressed lines not matching the regular expression RE.
'(1,$)w FILE'
Writes the addressed lines to FILE. Any previous contents of FILE are
lost without warning. If there is no default filename, then the
default filename is set to FILE, otherwise it is unchanged. If no
filename is specified, then the default filename is used. The current
address is unchanged.
If FILE is prefixed with a bang (!), then it is interpreted as a shell
command and the addressed lines are written to its standard input,
(*note shell escape command:: '!' below). In this case the default
filename is unchanged. Writing the buffer to a shell command does not
prevent the warning to the user if an attempt is made to overwrite or
discard the buffer via the 'e' or 'q' commands.
'(1,$)wq FILE'
Writes the addressed lines to FILE, and then executes a 'q' command.
'(1,$)W FILE'
Appends the addressed lines to the end of FILE. This is similar to the
'w' command, except that the previous contents of FILE are not
clobbered. The current address is unchanged.
'(.)x'
Copies (puts) the contents of the cut buffer to after the addressed
line. The current address is set to the address of the last line
copied.
'(.,.)y'
Copies (yanks) the addressed lines to the cut buffer. The cut buffer is
overwritten by subsequent 'c', 'd', 'j', 's', or 'y' commands. The
current address is unchanged.
'(.+1)zN'
Scroll. Prints N lines at a time starting at addressed line, and sets
window size to N. If N is not specified, then the current window size
is used. Window size defaults to screen size minus two lines, or to 22
if screen size can't be determined. The current address is set to the
address of the last line printed.
'!COMMAND'
Shell escape command. Executes COMMAND via 'sh (1)'. If the first
character of COMMAND is '!', then it is replaced by the text of the
previous '!COMMAND'. Thus, '!!' repeats the previous '!COMMAND'. 'ed'
does not process COMMAND for backslash ('\') escapes. However, each
unescaped '%' is replaced with the default filename, and the backslash
is removed from each escaped '%'. When the shell returns from
execution, a '!' is printed to the standard output. The current
address is unchanged.
'(.,.)#'
Begins a comment; the rest of the line, up to a newline, is ignored.
If a line address followed by a semicolon is given, then the current
address is set to that address. Otherwise, the current address is
unchanged.
'($)='
Prints the line number of the addressed line. The current address is
unchanged.
'(.+1)'
Null command. An address alone prints the addressed line. A
alone is equivalent to '+1p'. The current address is set to the address
of the printed line.
File: ed.info, Node: The 's' Command, Next: Limitations, Prev: Commands, Up: Top
7 Substitute command
********************
The substitute command 's' replaces text in the addressed lines matching a
regular expression RE with REPLACEMENT. By default, only the first match in
each line is replaced. The syntax of the 's' command is:
(.,.)s/RE/REPLACEMENT/[SUFFIXES]
The 's' command accepts any combination of the following optional
suffixes:
'g'
'global': replace every match in the line, not just the first.
'COUNT'
A positive number causes only the COUNTth match to be replaced. 'g'
and 'COUNT' can't be specified in the same command.
'l'
'n'
'p'
The usual print suffixes. *Note print suffixes::.
'I'
'i'
The suffix 'I' is a GNU extension which makes 'ed' match RE in a
case-insensitive manner.
It is an error if no substitutions are performed on any of the addressed
lines. The current address is set to the address of the last line on which a
substitution occurred. If a line is split, a substitution is considered to
have occurred on each of the new lines. If no substitution is performed, the
current address is unchanged. The last line modified is copied to the cut
buffer.
RE and REPLACEMENT may be delimited by any character other than ,
and the characters used by the form of the 's' command shown
below. If the last delimiter is omitted, then the last line affected is
printed as if the print suffix 'p' were specified. The last delimiter can't
be omitted if the 's' command is part of a 'g' or 'v' COMMAND-LIST and is
not the last command in the list, because the meaning of the following
escaped newline would become ambiguous.
An unescaped '&' in REPLACEMENT is replaced by the currently matched
text. The character sequence '\M' where M is a number in the range [1,9],
is replaced by the Mth backreference expression of the matched text. If the
corresponding backreference expression does not match, then the character
sequence '\M' is replaced by the empty string. If REPLACEMENT consists of a
single '%', then REPLACEMENT from the last substitution is used.
A line can be split by including a newline escaped with a backslash
('\') in REPLACEMENT. Each backslash in REPLACEMENT removes the special
meaning (if any) of the following character.
'ed' can repeat the last substitution using the following alternative
syntax for the 's' command:
(.,.)s[SUFFIXES]
This form of the 's' command accepts the suffixes 'g' and 'COUNT'
described above, and any combination of the suffixes 'p' and 'r'. The
suffix 'g' toggles the global suffix of the last substitution and resets
COUNT to 1. The suffix 'p' toggles the print suffixes of the last
substitution. The suffix 'r' causes the RE of the last search to be used
instead of the RE of the last substitution (if the search happened after
the substitution).
File: ed.info, Node: Limitations, Next: Diagnostics, Prev: The 's' Command, Up: Top
8 Limitations
*************
If the terminal hangs up, 'ed' attempts to write the buffer to the file
'ed.hup' or, if this fails, to '$HOME/ed.hup'.
'ed' processes FILE arguments for backslash escapes, i.e., in a
filename, any character preceded by a backslash ('\') is interpreted
literally. For example, 'ed 'hello\tworld'' will edit the file
'hellotworld'.
If a text (non-binary) file is not terminated by a newline character,
then 'ed' appends one on reading/writing it. In the case of a binary file,
'ed' does not append a newline on reading/writing. A binary file is one
containing at least one ASCII NUL character. If the last line has been
modified, reading an empty file, for example /dev/null, prior to writing
prevents appending a newline to a binary file.
In order to keep track of the text lines in the buffer, 'ed' uses a
doubly linked list of structures containing the position and size of each
line. This results in a per line overhead of 2 'pointer's, 1 'long int',
and 1 'int'. The maximum line length is INT_MAX - 1 bytes. The maximum
number of lines is INT_MAX - 2 lines.
File: ed.info, Node: Diagnostics, Next: Problems, Prev: Limitations, Up: Top
9 Diagnostics
*************
When an error occurs, if 'ed''s input is from a regular file or here
document, then it exits, otherwise it prints a '?' and returns to command
mode. An explanation of the last error can be printed with the 'h' (help)
command.
If the 'u' (undo) command occurs in a global command list, then the
command list is executed only once.
Attempting to quit 'ed' or edit another file before writing a modified
buffer results in an error. If the command is entered a second time, it
succeeds, but any changes to the buffer are lost.
File: ed.info, Node: Problems, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Diagnostics, Up: Top
10 Reporting bugs
*****************
There are probably bugs in 'ed'. There are certainly errors and omissions
in this manual. If you report them, they will get fixed. If you don't, no
one will ever know about them and they will remain unfixed for all
eternity, if not longer.
If you find a bug in 'ed', please send electronic mail to
. Include the version number, which you can find by running
'ed --version'.
File: ed.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
11 GNU Free Documentation License
*********************************
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
'http://fsf.org/'
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the
machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of
the Document to the public.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous
version if the original publisher of that version gives
permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal
authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has
fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license
notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and
add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors,
and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.
If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create
one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing
the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may
not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
detail to address new problems or concerns. See
'http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
Document.
11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site
means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in
part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this License
somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices
just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their
use in free software.
Tag Table:
Node: Top535
Node: Overview1764
Node: Introduction to line editing4317
Node: Invoking ed11588
Node: Line addressing14245
Node: Regular expressions18159
Node: Commands24344
Ref: print suffixes24679
Ref: shell escape command36257
Node: The 's' Command37340
Node: Limitations40254
Node: Diagnostics41449
Node: Problems42094
Node: GNU Free Documentation License42629
End Tag Table
Local Variables:
coding: iso-8859-15
End:
ed-1.18/doc/fdl.texi 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000056015 11104012440 014064 0 ustar dogsleg dogsleg @c The GNU Free Documentation License.
@center Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
@c This file is intended to be included within another document,
@c hence no sectioning command or @node.
@display
Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@uref{http://fsf.org/}
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
@end display
@enumerate 0
@item
PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
@item
APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
work under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below,
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
under copyright law.
A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.
The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
Sections then there are none.
The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
of text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
@sc{ascii} without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input
format, @acronym{SGML} or @acronym{XML} using a publicly available
@acronym{DTD}, and standard-conforming simple @acronym{HTML},
PostScript or @acronym{PDF} designed for human modification. Examples
of transparent image formats include @acronym{PNG}, @acronym{XCF} and
@acronym{JPG}. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
read and edited only by proprietary word processors, @acronym{SGML} or
@acronym{XML} for which the @acronym{DTD} and/or processing tools are
not generally available, and the machine-generated @acronym{HTML},
PostScript or @acronym{PDF} produced by some word processors for
output purposes only.
The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The ``publisher'' means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title''
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.
@item
VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.
@item
COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
@item
MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
@enumerate A
@item
Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
@item
List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
unless they release you from this requirement.
@item
State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
@item
Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
@item
Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
@item
Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
@item
Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
@item
Include an unaltered copy of this License.
@item
Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
@item
Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
@item
For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve
the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
dedications given therein.
@item
Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
@item
Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
@item
Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or
to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
@item
Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
@end enumerate
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
@item
COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all
sections Entitled ``Endorsements.''
@item
COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
@item
AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.
@item
TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.
@item
TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
not give you any rights to use it.
@item
FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
Document.
@item
RELICENSING
``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site'' (or ``MMC Site'') means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration'' (or ``MMC'') contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
``CC-BY-SA'' means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
``Incorporate'' means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is ``eligible for relicensing'' if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this License
somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
@end enumerate
@page
@heading ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:
@smallexample
@group
Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
@end group
@end smallexample
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the ``with@dots{}Texts.'' line with this:
@smallexample
@group
with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with
the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being @var{list}.
@end group
@end smallexample
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.
@c Local Variables:
@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict"
@c End:
ed-1.18/main.c 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000020675 14177061065 012776 0 ustar dogsleg dogsleg /* GNU ed - The GNU line editor.
Copyright (C) 2006-2022 Antonio Diaz Diaz.
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see .
*/
/*
Exit status: 0 for a normal exit, 1 for environmental problems
(file not found, invalid flags, I/O errors, etc), 2 to indicate a
corrupt or invalid input file, 3 for an internal consistency error
(e.g., bug) which caused ed to panic.
*/
/*
* CREDITS
*
* This program is based on the editor algorithm described in
* Brian W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger's book "Software Tools
* in Pascal", Addison-Wesley, 1981.
*
* The buffering algorithm is attributed to Rodney Ruddock of
* the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.
*
*/
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include "carg_parser.h"
#include "ed.h"
static const char * const program_name = "ed";
static const char * const program_year = "2022";
static const char * invocation_name = "ed"; /* default value */
static bool extended_regexp_ = false; /* if set, use EREs */
static bool restricted_ = false; /* if set, run in restricted mode */
static bool scripted_ = false; /* if set, suppress diagnostics,
byte counts and '!' prompt */
static bool strip_cr_ = false; /* if set, strip trailing CRs */
static bool traditional_ = false; /* if set, be backwards compatible */
/* Access functions for command line flags. */
bool extended_regexp( void ) { return extended_regexp_; }
bool restricted( void ) { return restricted_; }
bool scripted( void ) { return scripted_; }
bool strip_cr( void ) { return strip_cr_; }
bool traditional( void ) { return traditional_; }
static void show_help( void )
{
printf( "GNU ed is a line-oriented text editor. It is used to create, display,\n"
"modify and otherwise manipulate text files, both interactively and via\n"
"shell scripts. A restricted version of ed, red, can only edit files in\n"
"the current directory and cannot execute shell commands. Ed is the\n"
"'standard' text editor in the sense that it is the original editor for\n"
"Unix, and thus widely available. For most purposes, however, it is\n"
"superseded by full-screen editors such as GNU Emacs or GNU Moe.\n"
"\nUsage: %s [options] [file]\n", invocation_name );
printf( "\nOptions:\n"
" -h, --help display this help and exit\n"
" -V, --version output version information and exit\n"
" -E, --extended-regexp use extended regular expressions\n"
" -G, --traditional run in compatibility mode\n"
" -l, --loose-exit-status exit with 0 status even if a command fails\n"
" -p, --prompt=STRING use STRING as an interactive prompt\n"
" -r, --restricted run in restricted mode\n"
" -s, --quiet, --silent suppress diagnostics, byte counts and '!' prompt\n"
" -v, --verbose be verbose; equivalent to the 'H' command\n"
" --strip-trailing-cr strip carriage returns at end of text lines\n"
"\nStart edit by reading in 'file' if given.\n"
"If 'file' begins with a '!', read output of shell command.\n"
"\nExit status: 0 for a normal exit, 1 for environmental problems (file\n"
"not found, invalid flags, I/O errors, etc), 2 to indicate a corrupt or\n"
"invalid input file, 3 for an internal consistency error (e.g., bug) which\n"
"caused ed to panic.\n"
"\nReport bugs to bug-ed@gnu.org\n"
"Ed home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/ed/ed.html\n"
"General help using GNU software: http://www.gnu.org/gethelp\n" );
}
static void show_version( void )
{
printf( "GNU %s %s\n", program_name, PROGVERSION );
printf( "Copyright (C) 1994 Andrew L. Moore.\n"
"Copyright (C) %s Antonio Diaz Diaz.\n", program_year );
printf( "License GPLv2+: GNU GPL version 2 or later \n"
"This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.\n"
"There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.\n" );
}
void show_strerror( const char * const filename, const int errcode )
{
if( !scripted_ )
{
if( filename && filename[0] ) fprintf( stderr, "%s: ", filename );
fprintf( stderr, "%s\n", strerror( errcode ) );
}
}
static void show_error( const char * const msg, const int errcode, const bool help )
{
if( msg && msg[0] )
fprintf( stderr, "%s: %s%s%s\n", program_name, msg,
( errcode > 0 ) ? ": " : "",
( errcode > 0 ) ? strerror( errcode ) : "" );
if( help )
fprintf( stderr, "Try '%s --help' for more information.\n",
invocation_name );
}
/* return true if file descriptor is a regular file */
bool is_regular_file( const int fd )
{
struct stat st;
return ( fstat( fd, &st ) != 0 || S_ISREG( st.st_mode ) );
}
bool may_access_filename( const char * const name )
{
if( restricted_ )
{
if( name[0] == '!' )
{ set_error_msg( "Shell access restricted" ); return false; }
if( strcmp( name, ".." ) == 0 || strchr( name, '/' ) )
{ set_error_msg( "Directory access restricted" ); return false; }
}
return true;
}
int main( const int argc, const char * const argv[] )
{
int argind;
bool initial_error = false; /* fatal error reading file */
bool loose = false;
enum { opt_cr = 256 };
const struct ap_Option options[] =
{
{ 'E', "extended-regexp", ap_no },
{ 'G', "traditional", ap_no },
{ 'h', "help", ap_no },
{ 'l', "loose-exit-status", ap_no },
{ 'p', "prompt", ap_yes },
{ 'r', "restricted", ap_no },
{ 's', "quiet", ap_no },
{ 's', "silent", ap_no },
{ 'v', "verbose", ap_no },
{ 'V', "version", ap_no },
{ opt_cr, "strip-trailing-cr", ap_no },
{ 0, 0, ap_no } };
struct Arg_parser parser;
if( argc > 0 ) invocation_name = argv[0];
if( !ap_init( &parser, argc, argv, options, 0 ) )
{ show_error( "Memory exhausted.", 0, false ); return 1; }
if( ap_error( &parser ) ) /* bad option */
{ show_error( ap_error( &parser ), 0, true ); return 1; }
for( argind = 0; argind < ap_arguments( &parser ); ++argind )
{
const int code = ap_code( &parser, argind );
const char * const arg = ap_argument( &parser, argind );
if( !code ) break; /* no more options */
switch( code )
{
case 'E': extended_regexp_ = true; break;
case 'G': traditional_ = true; break; /* backward compatibility */
case 'h': show_help(); return 0;
case 'l': loose = true; break;
case 'p': if( set_prompt( arg ) ) break; else return 1;
case 'r': restricted_ = true; break;
case 's': scripted_ = true; break;
case 'v': set_verbose(); break;
case 'V': show_version(); return 0;
case opt_cr: strip_cr_ = true; break;
default : show_error( "internal error: uncaught option.", 0, false );
return 3;
}
} /* end process options */
setlocale( LC_ALL, "" );
if( !init_buffers() ) return 1;
while( argind < ap_arguments( &parser ) )
{
const char * const arg = ap_argument( &parser, argind );
if( strcmp( arg, "-" ) == 0 ) { scripted_ = true; ++argind; continue; }
if( may_access_filename( arg ) )
{
const int ret = read_file( arg, 0 );
if( ret < 0 && is_regular_file( 0 ) ) return 2;
if( arg[0] != '!' && !set_def_filename( arg ) ) return 1;
if( ret == -2 ) initial_error = true;
}
else
{
if( is_regular_file( 0 ) ) return 2;
initial_error = true;
}
break;
}
ap_free( &parser );
if( initial_error ) fputs( "?\n", stdout );
return main_loop( initial_error, loose );
}
ed-1.18/COPYING 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000043151 12347427454 012740 0 ustar dogsleg dogsleg GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
parties under the terms of this License.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
received the program in object code or executable form with such
an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
special exception, the source code distributed need not include
anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
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restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
Copyright (C)
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see .
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C)
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License.
ed-1.18/ChangeLog 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000031517 14177253250 013454 0 ustar dogsleg dogsleg 2022-02-04 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.18 released.
* main_loop.c (get_shell_command): Flush stdout after printing cmd.
(Reported by Sören Tempel).
* signal.c (sighup_handler): Fix a memory leak just before exiting.
* carg_parser.c (ap_init): Likewise.
(Both reported by Xosé Vázquez Pérez).
* io.c (read_file, write_file): Check ptr returned by strip_escapes.
* main_loop.c (get_shell_command, exec_command): Likewise.
* main_loop.c (get_shell_command): Remove backslash from escaped '%'.
(Reported by Martin Thomsen).
* main_loop.c, regex.c: Implement case-insensitive REs.
* regex.c (compile_regex): Don't overwrite previous regex if error.
* main.c: New option '--strip-trailing-cr'.
* buffer.c (push_undo_atom): Fail if stack grows larger than INT_MAX.
(too_many_lines): Fail if buffer grows larger than INT_MAX lines.
* global.c (set_active_node): Fail if list grows larger than INT_MAX.
* signal.c (resize_buffer): Fail if a line grows longer than INT_MAX.
* io.c (read_file): Return -2 for fatal errors.
* main_loop.c (main_loop): Set error status if fatal error from main.
* main.c [restricted_]: New message "Directory access restricted".
* ed.texi: New chapter "The 's' Command".
* COPYING: Restored. (I forgot to do it in 1.11).
* TODO: Removed.
2021-01-06 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.17 released.
* main_loop.c (exec_global): Make commands 'q' and 'Q' work in a
global command. (Reported by J. A. Harris).
* main.c: New option '-E, --extended-regexp'.
(Suggested by Shawn Wagner).
* io.c (read_stream_line, write_stream): Add filename parameter.
Print the file name in case of error. (Reported by Dan Jacobson).
* global.c: Integrate 'resize_line_buffer' into 'set_active_node'.
* buffer.c: Integrate 'resize_undo_buffer' into 'push_undo_atom'.
2020-02-20 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.16 released.
* regex.c (line_replace): Accept 's/^/#/g' as valid.
(Reported by Bjoern Wibben).
* main_loop.c: Remove length limit of prompt string.
(Reported by Tim Chase).
* main.c: Set a valid invocation_name even if argc == 0.
* ed.texi: Extended operators depend on regex implementation.
(Reported by Brian Zwahr).
* ed.texi: Several fixes and improvements.
2019-01-01 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.15 released.
* io.c (print_line): Make command 'l' print '\\' before every
'$' within the text. (Reported by Ori Avtalion).
* main_loop.c (extract_addresses): Fix address ',,' to mean '$,$'
instead of '1,$'. (Reported by Matthieu Felix).
* regex.c (extract_replacement): Allow newlines even if global.
* main_loop.c (exec_command): Make command 'c' reject address 0.
* ed.texi: Minor fixes.
* configure: Accept appending to CFLAGS; 'CFLAGS+=OPTIONS'.
2017-02-22 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.14.2 released.
* main.c (show_strerror) Revert to using '!scripted' instead of
'verbose' to enable diagnostics.
2017-01-10 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.14.1 released.
* Print counts, messages, '?' and '!' to stdout instead of stderr.
* buffer.c (append_lines): Fix current address after empty 'i'.
* regex.c (get_compiled_regex): Fix crash caused by invalid free
introduced in ed 1.14. (Reported by Hanno Böck).
(set_subst_regex): Treat missing delimiters consistently.
(extract_replacement): Don't replace 'a' with '%' in 's/a/%'.
Fix infinite loop with EOF in the middle of a replacement.
Don't accept newlines in replacement in a global command.
Last delimiter can't be omitted if not last in command list.
(search_and_replace): Set current address to last line modified.
* main_loop.c (extract_addresses): Fix address offsets;
'3 ---- 2' was calculated as -2 instead of 1.
Accept ranges with the first address omitted.
(exec_command): Fix current address after empty replacement text
in command 'c'.
Don't clear the modified status after writing the buffer to a
shell command. (Reported by Jérôme Frgacic).
(get_command_suffix): Don't allow repeated print suffixes.
(command_s): Accept suffixes in any order.
Don't allow multiple count suffixes.
'sp' now toggles all print suffixes.
(main_loop): Make EOF on stdin behave as command 'q'.
* ed.texi: Fix the description of commands 'acegijkmqrsuw'.
Document that ed allows any combination of print suffixes.
* testsuite: Improve most tests. Simplify bug reporting.
* configure: Avoid warning on some shells when testing for gcc.
* Makefile.in: Detect the existence of install-info.
2016-01-24 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.13 released.
* buffer.c (put_sbuf_line): Fix a memory leak.
* io.c (read_file, write_file): Close file on error.
(Both issues reported by Cédric Picard).
2015-07-04 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.12 released.
* ed.texi: Remove extra spaces from some commands.
2015-03-30 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.11 released.
* main_loop.c (exec_command): Fix command 'z'.
(zN printed N + 1 lines).
* ed.texi: Document the window size used by the command 'z'.
* Makefile.in: New targets 'install*-compress'.
* Restore original copyright and license notices in the code. I
assigned to the FSF the copyright on changes made to the part of ed
already copyrighted by the FSF, which seems to be just the manual.
2014-01-22 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.10 released.
* ed.texinfo: Rename to ed.texi.
2013-06-18 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.9 released.
* check.sh: Don't feed shell scripts to ed.
* configure: Options now accept a separate argument.
2013-04-23 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.8 released.
* io.c (get_tty_line): Remove "double EOF" behavior.
2012-10-09 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.7 released.
* main.c (main): Set invocation_name before calling show_error.
* Change quote characters in messages as advised by GNU Standards.
* ed.texinfo: Fix description of address offsets.
* ed.texinfo: Fix a link to the Bash manual.
* configure: Rename 'datadir' to 'datarootdir'.
* Makefile.in: New target 'install-bin'.
2012-01-01 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.6 released.
* io.c (put_tty_line): Null characters where incorrectly shown
by the command 'l'. (Reported by Martin Guy).
* io.c (read_stream): Fix the condition deciding when to show the
message "Newline appended".
* main_loop.c (exec_command): The 'modified' flag is now set
when reading a non-empty file into an empty buffer.
* regex.c (translit_text): Fix typo that prevented using NUL
characters in regular expressions.
* main_loop.c (exec_command): Return ERR if 'system' can't
create a shell process.
* main_loop.c (main_loop): Flush stdout/stderr before reading a
new command.
* buffer.c (put_sbuf_line): Add size parameter.
* ed.1: Man page is now generated with 'help2man'.
* ed.1: All command-line options are now documented in the man page.
* Restore copyright notices of Andrew L. Moore. It seems Andrew
granted some permissions but never assigned copyright to the FSF.
2010-08-30 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.5 released.
* buffer.c (append_lines): Fix commands 'a', 'c', and 'i'.
(When used in a global command list, the commands following
them in the list were ignored).
* main_loop.c (exec_command): Fix command 'e'.
(It quitted when invoked a second time with a modified buffer).
* main.c: New option '-r, --restricted'.
* 'red' has been converted to a script invoking 'ed --restricted'.
* Description of ed in the manual has been changed.
* testsuite: Modify some tests and remove obsolete POSIX tests.
* main_loop.c: Make variable 'ibufp' local to main_loop.
* Define type bool to make clear which functions and variables
are Boolean.
* Add 'const' to all pointer declarations accepting it.
* regex.c (replace_matching_text): Make se_max an enum.
* signal.c: Include termios.h
* Convert C99 style comments '//' to C89 style comments '/* */'.
* ed.texinfo: Fix an erratum.
* Change copyright holder from Andrew, Antonio to the FSF.
(This change was later discovered to be wrong. See 1.6 and 1.11).
2009-07-10 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.4 released.
* buffer.c, main_loop.c: Undo now restores the modified status.
* regex.c (search_and_replace): Fix a race condition with user
interrupt.
* signal.c: Add new functions 'resize_line_buffer' and
'resize_undo_buffer' to definitively fix the aliasing warnings.
* Some minor corrections have been made to the manual.
2009-05-24 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.3 released.
* carg_parser.c (ap_resize_buffer): An aliasing related segfault
that only occurs when overoptimizing with GCC on some
architectures (alpha, sparc) has been (hopefully) fixed.
* signal.c (resize_buffer): Likewise.
2009-01-31 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.2 released.
* configure: Locale has been fixed to 'C'.
* Makefile.in: Man page is now installed by default.
* 'make install-info' should now work on Debian and OS X.
* ed.texinfo: Update license to GFDL version 1.3 or later.
2008-10-14 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.1 released.
* configure: Quote arguments stored in config.status.
2008-08-21 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 1.0 released.
* configure: New option '--program-prefix'.
* signal.c (strip_escapes): Fix a buffer overflow.
* signal.c (resize_buffer): Fix a pointer aliasing warning.
2008-02-24 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 0.9 released.
* signal.c (sighup_handler): Return 0 if no error.
* Arg_parser updated to 1.1.
2007-08-18 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 0.8 released.
* check.sh: Testsuite exits unsuccesfully in case of error.
* ed.1: Fix some minor problems in the manual page.
* ed.texinfo: Add 21kB of legalese (fdl.texinfo).
2007-07-18 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 0.7 released.
* buffer.c (dec_addr): Return correct address when wrapping.
2007-06-29 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 0.6 released.
* Update license to GPL version 3 or later.
* signal.c (sigwinch_handler, set_signal):
Fix two minor compatibility problems.
* main_loop.c (main_loop):
Fix an infinite loop when reading an empty script.
2007-03-09 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 0.5 released.
* main_loop.c (next_addr): '%' reimplemented as it was in ed 0.2.
2007-01-15 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 0.4 released.
* Fix some minor problems in the testsuite.
2006-11-11 Antonio Diaz Diaz
* Version 0.3 released.
* buffer.c (open_sbuf): Fix symlink vulnerability using 'tmpfile'.
* signal.c: Fix signal handling for SIGINT.
* main_loop.c (exec_command): Modify commands 'c' and 'i' to treat
address 0 as a synonym for address 1, as per POSIX.
* The pause mode has been removed.
* main.c: New option '-l, --loose-exit-status'.
* main.c: New option '-v, --verbose'.
* carg_parser.c: New argument parser that replaces 'getopt_long'.
* 'configure' and 'Makefile.in' have been replaced.
* Remove recursive make for testsuite.
* Create directory 'doc'.
* Remove all pre ISO C89 code.
* Remove all global variables.
* ed.texinfo: Add the changes from Andrew and some mine.
Sun Jun 26 22:21:59 1994 Andrew Moore
* GNU ed 0.2 release.
* main.c (yank_lines): Added yank buffer.
A range of lines may be cut ('d') to or yanked ('y') from
a yank buffer. Lines in the buffer may be put ('x')
after the addressed line (. by default).
* main.c (display_lines): Page output of listed ('l') lines
if isatty(0).
* main.c (main): Replaced isatty(0) with is_regular_file().
Errors in piped scripts, as opposed to regular scripts or
here documents, do not force ed to exit.
* Capitilize error messages per the standard.
Wed Jun 22 01:06:11 1994 Andrew Moore
* ed.h: Generic definition of INT_MAX
* signal.c: Added #ifndef SIG_ERR
Tue Apr 19 10:52:51 1994 Andrew Moore
* Version 0.1. Initial release for GNU.
* main.c (exec_command): Add comment command '#'.
Mon Mar 21 21:58:11 PST 1994 Andrew Moore
* Use umask 077 to open buffer file.
Sat Mar 19 14:06:52 PST 1994 Andrew Moore
* Removed problematic DES and insque support.
Wed Jan 19 20:42:50 PST 1994 Andrew Moore
* Added reliable signal(2) for SysV.
Dec 1993 François Pinard
* GNUified ed.
Copyright (C) 1993 François Pinard
Copyright (C) 1994 Andrew Moore
Copyright (C) 2006-2022 Antonio Diaz Diaz.
This file is a collection of facts, and thus it is not copyrightable,
but just in case, you have unlimited permission to copy, distribute, and
modify it.
ed-1.18/README 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000012543 14177061065 012561 0 ustar dogsleg dogsleg Description
GNU ed is a line-oriented text editor. It is used to create, display, modify
and otherwise manipulate text files, both interactively and via shell
scripts. A restricted version of ed, red, can only edit files in the current
directory and cannot execute shell commands. Ed is the 'standard' text
editor in the sense that it is the original editor for Unix, and thus widely
available. For most purposes, however, it is superseded by full-screen
editors such as GNU Emacs or GNU Moe.
Extensions to and deviations from the POSIX standard are described below.
See the file INSTALL for compilation and installation instructions.
Try 'ed --help' for usage instructions.
Report bugs to bug-ed@gnu.org
Ed home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/ed/ed.html
For a description of the ed algorithm, see Brian W. Kernighan and
P. J. Plauger's book "Software Tools in Pascal", Addison-Wesley, 1981.
GNU ed(1) is not strictly POSIX compliant, as described in the
POSIX 1003.1-2004 document. The following is a summary of omissions and
extensions to, and deviations from, the POSIX standard.
OMISSIONS
---------
* Locale(3) is not supported.
EXTENSIONS
----------
* Though GNU ed is not a stream editor, it can be used to edit binary files.
To assist in binary editing, when a file containing at least one ASCII
NUL character is written, a newline is not appended if it did not
already contain one upon reading. If the last line has been modified,
reading an empty file, for example /dev/null, prior to writing prevents
appending a newline to a binary file.
For example, to create a file with GNU ed containing a single NUL character:
$ ed file
a
^@
.
r /dev/null
wq
Similarly, to remove a newline from the end of binary 'file':
$ ed file
r /dev/null
wq
* BSD commands have been implemented wherever they do not conflict with
the POSIX standard. The BSD-ism's included are:
* 's' (i.e., s[1-9rgp]*) to repeat a previous substitution,
* 'W' for appending text to an existing file,
* 'wq' for exiting after a write, and
* 'z' for scrolling through the buffer.
* The POSIX interactive global commands 'G' and 'V' are extended to
support multiple commands, including 'a', 'i' and 'c'. The command
format is the same as for the global commands 'g' and 'v', i.e., one
command per line with each line, except for the last, ending in a
backslash (\).
* The file commands 'E', 'e', 'r', 'W' and 'w' process a
argument for backslash escapes; i.e., any character preceded by a
backslash is interpreted literally. If the first character of a
argument is a bang (!), then the rest of the line is interpreted as a
shell command, and no escape processing is performed by GNU ed.
* For SunOS ed(1) compatibility, GNU ed runs in restricted mode if invoked
as red. This limits editing of files in the local directory only and
prohibits shell commands.
DEVIATIONS
----------
* To support the BSD 's' command (see EXTENSIONS above), substitution
patterns cannot be delimited by the digits '1' to '9' or by the
characters 'r', 'g' and 'p'. In contrast, POSIX specifies that any
character except space and newline can be used as a delimiter.
* Since the behavior of 'u' (undo) within a 'g' (global) command list is
not specified by POSIX, GNU ed follows the behavior of the SunOS ed:
undo forces a global command list to be executed only once, rather than
for each line matching a global pattern. In addtion, each instance of
'u' within a global command undoes all previous commands (including
undo's) in the command list. This seems the best way, since the
alternatives are either too complicated to implement or too confusing
to use.
* The 'm' (move) command within a 'g' command list also follows the SunOS
ed implementation: any lines moved are removed from the global command's
'active' list.
* For backwards compatibility, errors in piped scripts do not force ed
to exit. POSIX only specifies ed's response for input via regular
files (including here documents) or tty's.
TESTSUITE
---------
The files in the 'testsuite' directory with extensions '.ed', '.r', and
'.err' are used for testing ed. To run the tests, configure the package and
type 'make check' from the build directory. The tests do not exhaustively
verify POSIX compliance nor do they verify correct 8-bit or long line
support.
The test file extensions have the following meanings:
.ed Ed script - a list of ed commands.
.r Result - the expected output after processing data via an ed script.
.err Error - invalid ed commands that should generate an error.
The output of the .ed scripts is written to files with .o extension and
compared with their corresponding .r result files. The .err scripts should
exit with non-zero status without altering the contents of the buffer.
If any test fails, the error messages look like:
*** The script u.ed exited abnormally ***
or:
*** Output u.o of script u.ed is incorrect ***
Copyright (C) 1993, 1994 Andrew Moore
Copyright (C) 2006-2022 Antonio Diaz Diaz.
This file is free documentation: you have unlimited permission to copy,
distribute, and modify it.
The file Makefile.in is a data file used by configure to produce the
Makefile. It has the same copyright owner and permissions that configure
itself.