metap/0000755000176200001440000000000014765375301011373 5ustar liggesusersmetap/MD50000644000176200001440000000624414765375301011711 0ustar liggesusers65a1a0da8a5ab650440a34ff148950b7 *DESCRIPTION 09882bb7834c73c0c245552f8d1ebc64 *NAMESPACE f66a82bb1851d0ee0e326122601ef023 *NEWS 23e1682562f892b0605211f0b6c442f8 *R/albatros.R 1e8fb3bbf87c6eaf5b56975bd610d76c *R/allmetap.R f3d7d2669a63b2f18184d37583e1a96d *R/docontours.R 191881d946e0098602327fbbf65c575b *R/invchisq.R 527edfb3c95e8aa117a614aeaf2b71c4 *R/invt.R 4deafc927a12996fa035cf2b02754570 *R/logitp.R c4f3b76edb53c660c40fa99c089c048a *R/meanp.R db7a391b286cc5a80d1aee4966aafd8e *R/meanz.R 8d53b608de6f9284c82ce7ffc9afbe29 *R/plotp.R 112d1a7661d6a3200c88df853e09639d *R/schweder.R 2f15bbc1a4699d4b43bea2a8b255b960 *R/sumlog.R c459939c38c438fd31ec7f6601319bc5 *R/sump.R b43453153e26bf34ccda120a026365a3 *R/sumz.R 3c650fb3ff2d3f0b08b41640ebba6094 *R/sysdata.rda 4f42b58306d26a56e01dc1e12a80b741 *R/truncated.R 150815c790f650c63f8268d4b2debe64 *R/two2one.R 40035f88c2c37f8fe9a28af64f9c0f6a *R/votep.R 74400ecd8eb938f157c765489365ec54 *R/wilkinsonp.R 0df0d5f270d387a85328fb0b968c792a *build/metap.pdf b0509fc609e5e513c1908a96a0a737c2 *build/partial.rdb 43b05d9337a5f6d8fe72908d05b23456 *build/stage23.rdb 136af348e734eacda10aa0a725e7772d *build/vignette.rds 72b809043be449e3941dcf8f277c9a1b *data/dat.metap.rda f08c56dc8de701440f9e0926ed96a672 *inst/CITATION 7acacd0b85c9c40968430d8ed5a2b0a2 *inst/REFERENCES.bib 45d1b00638f7c20a5e766104c52ea478 *inst/doc/compare.R 33df473c4d0a90d0183de5fc81cc2f99 *inst/doc/compare.Rnw 33243a743bc82fbdb9396f2188026dc1 *inst/doc/compare.pdf 3d207a801dcf4d6f42bc84c96e37ebab *inst/doc/metap.R 627f0d3f93ad673f3c87a8e0fb30756b *inst/doc/metap.Rnw 80882bbdeb84a8d4e3e93985f914f3be *inst/doc/metap.pdf 791314eaf375a43e1a13addde6c49582 *inst/doc/plotmetap.R cc90e6bc9ec383bf2b211a734ec4ffc4 *inst/doc/plotmetap.Rnw 3b02b2e3b1888bc8f378370f84573c4f *inst/doc/plotmetap.pdf 86684c71af0565e2a25f91b8bcdf8d9c *inst/doc/strength.gv 40c2afb2ad3e5befc1b4d6e8f3329719 *inst/doc/struct.gv 297dd84921e1a7fd41dadb57119f274e *man/albatros.Rd 237f7b7bf44d8b953a79e9168f7ce945 *man/allmetap.Rd 373e9b7f2ff6ef78a3eb0d7393b07640 *man/dat.metap.Rd 49856e26444e4c1a9ac3f7b0120479fb *man/invchisq.Rd 136cb82d0a8add43c3aada6c2c98e41b *man/invt.Rd 777992f9bc6e00b2d065bbd5893feacc *man/logitp.Rd d581087d0f484a95633f36ce91243abf *man/macros/macros.Rd 903c62b430062d42a91fc2018bf78f23 *man/meanp.Rd 8bb8ebfbd1ba1c0a54f2ada9d638b75e *man/meanz.Rd f02ca71e485d5826e4d93477a21ccf25 *man/metap-internal.Rd 7d4f7b6ac7413406e197a2c1c9b402c6 *man/metap-package.Rd 32ee639e1acd43f158922ddfbded7895 *man/plotp.Rd 8d24210f2c2515c9f8508bea9a9d9e2c *man/schweder.Rd f1d1d4d7b86ecd6e504d45c7ba8bcb98 *man/sumlog.Rd bbd32a3936c9e4502967391990aeee90 *man/sump.Rd bce1210956300d53fe158ed1ede1f0ce *man/sumz.Rd 3b989012d9b7b19d3a432d66cd7d3ca4 *man/truncated.Rd 74f2467d61871eaa956ba3603006a16f *man/two2one.Rd 05a79c0bb83e0ae9706daba2cf6fae2a *man/votep.Rd f7a15f0a9b25a4d9de184668577b36f2 *man/wilkinsonp.Rd 33df473c4d0a90d0183de5fc81cc2f99 *vignettes/compare.Rnw 627f0d3f93ad673f3c87a8e0fb30756b *vignettes/metap.Rnw d0140ed9a8465d64882b05b1cbe766b6 *vignettes/metap.bib cc90e6bc9ec383bf2b211a734ec4ffc4 *vignettes/plotmetap.Rnw 8bfae6fa46398a66a3ee2b898e6ac726 *vignettes/strength.pdf b11d1e3723509245e1aff3911c1295a9 *vignettes/struct.pdf metap/R/0000755000176200001440000000000014760335620011567 5ustar liggesusersmetap/R/logitp.R0000644000176200001440000000150014110660174013176 0ustar liggesuserslogitp <- function(p, log.p = FALSE) { keep <- (p > 0) & (p < 1) invalid <- sum(1L * keep) < 2 if(invalid) { warning("Must have at least two valid p values") res <- list(t = NA_real_, df = NA_integer_, p = NA_real_, validp = p[keep]) } else { psum <- sum(log(p[keep] / (1 - p[keep]))) k <- length(p[keep]) mult <- -1 / sqrt(k * pi ^ 2 * (5 * k + 2) / (3 * (5 * k + 4))) if(k != length(p)) { warning("Some studies omitted") } t <- mult * psum df <- (5 * k + 4) res <- list(t = t, df = df, p = pt(t, df, lower.tail = FALSE, log.p = log.p), validp = p[keep]) } class(res) <- c("logitp", "metap") res } print.logitp <- function(x, ...) { cat("t = ", x$t, " with df = ", x$df, " p = ", x$p, "\n") invisible(x) } metap/R/allmetap.R0000644000176200001440000000305414764247617013527 0ustar liggesusersallmetap <- function(p, method = "all", log.p = FALSE) { if(is.null(method)) stop("Must specify a method") # note that details is in sysdata.rda now # now which have log.p as parameter logpfuncs <- c("logitp", "meanz", "sumlog", "sumz") # if all specified reset funcnames funcnames <- method if("all" %in% method) funcnames <- row.names(details) # check all funcnames are valid functions keep <- funcnames %in% row.names(details) if(sum(keep * 1L) != length(funcnames)) warning("Some unsupported methods specified") if(log.p) { keep2 <- funcnames %in% logpfuncs } else { keep2 <- keep } funcnames <- funcnames[keep2] if(length(funcnames) < 1) stop("No supported methods specified") helper <- function(x) { thisfunc <- match.fun(row.names(details[x,])) if(log.p) { res <- try(thisfunc(p, log.p = log.p), silent = TRUE) } else { res <- try(thisfunc(p), silent = TRUE) } if(inherits(res, "try-error")) { res <- list(p = NA, valid = NA) } else { res <- list(p = res$p, valid = length(res$validp)) } res } res <- as.data.frame(t(sapply(funcnames, helper))) eponym <- vector("character", nrow(res)) for(i in 1:nrow(res)) { eponym[i] <- details[row.names(res[i,]),"eponyms"] } res$eponym <- eponym attr(res, "logp") <- log.p class(res) <- c("allmetap", "data.frame") res } print.allmetap <- function(x, digits = 5, ...) { print(format(x, digits = digits, ...), ...) if(attr(x, "logp")) print("P-values are on natural log scale") invisible(x) } metap/R/sumlog.R0000644000176200001440000000164614623336041013223 0ustar liggesuserssumlog <- function(p, log.p = FALSE, log.input = FALSE) { if(log.input) { keep <- p <= 0 } else { keep <- (p > 0) & (p <= 1) } invalid <- sum(1L * keep) < 2 if(invalid) { warning("Must have at least two valid p values") res <- list(chisq = NA_real_, df = NA_integer_, p = NA_real_, validp = p[keep]) } else { if(log.input) { lnp <- p[keep] # already logged } else { lnp <- log(p[keep]) } chisq <- (-2) * sum(lnp) df <- 2 * length(lnp) if(length(lnp) != length(p)) { warning("Some studies omitted") } res <- list(chisq = chisq, df = df, p = pchisq(chisq, df, lower.tail = FALSE, log.p = log.p), validp = p[keep]) } class(res) <- c("sumlog", "metap") res } print.sumlog <- function(x, ...) { cat("chisq = ", x$chisq, " with df = ", x$df, " p = ", x$p, "\n") invisible(x) } metap/R/meanz.R0000644000176200001440000000130614110664165013022 0ustar liggesusersmeanz <- function(p, log.p = FALSE) { keep <- (p > 0) & (p < 1) invalid <- sum(1L * keep) < 2 if(invalid) { warning("Must have at least two valid p values") res <- list(z = NA_real_, p = NA_real_, validp = p[keep]) } else { if(sum(1L * keep) != length(p)) { warning("Some studies omitted") } zvals <- (qnorm(p[keep], lower.tail = FALSE)) zp <- mean(zvals) / (sd(zvals) / sqrt(length(p[keep]))) res <- list(z = zp, p = pnorm(zp, lower.tail = FALSE, log.p = log.p), validp = p[keep]) } class(res) <- c("meanz", "metap") res } print.meanz <- function(x, ...) { cat("meanz = ", x$z, "p = ", x$p, "\n") invisible(x) } metap/R/albatros.R0000644000176200001440000000542514156075077013535 0ustar liggesusersalbatros <- function(p, n, axes = list(xlimit = NULL, ylimit = NULL, lefttext = NULL, righttext = NULL), contours = list(type = NULL, contvals = NULL, ltys = NULL, contlabs = NULL), plotpars = list(yscale = NULL, pchs = NULL, cols = NULL), ...) { xtrans <- function(p) { p2 <- ifelse(p > 0.5, 1 - p, p) res <- log(1 / p2, base = 10) res <- ifelse(p > 0.5, -res, res) res } ytrans <- function(n) { if(is.null(plotpars$yscale)) { yscale <- "sqrt" } else yscale <- plotpars$yscale if(yscale == "classic") { res <- log(n, base = 10) ^ 2 } else if(yscale == "n") { res <- n } else if(yscale == "sqrt") { res <- sqrt(n) } else { warning("Defaulting yscale to sqrt") res <- sqrt(n) } res } # if(length(p) != length(n)) { stop(paste("p", length(p), " and n", length(n), "must be same length")) } keep <- (p < 1) & (p > 0) validp <- p[keep] # remove zeroes and ones for axis calc extreme <- min(min(validp), min(1 - validp)) # set up axes if(is.null(axes$xlimit)) { xlims <- c(-xtrans(extreme), xtrans(extreme)) } else { xlims <- c(-xtrans(axes$xlimit), xtrans(axes$xlimit)) } if(is.null(axes$ylimit)) { ylims <- c(ytrans(min(n)) * 0.9, ytrans(max(n)) * 1.1) } else { ylims <- c(ytrans(axes$ylimit[1]), ytrans(axes$ylimit[2])) } # if(is.null(plotpars$pchs)) { pchs <- rep(1, length(p)) } else { pchs <- plotpars$pchs } if(is.null(plotpars$cols)) { cols <- rep("lightgrey", length(p)) } else { cols <- plotpars$cols } plot(xtrans(p), ytrans(n), xlim = xlims, ylim = ylims, pch = pchs, xaxt = "n", xlab = "p value", yaxt = "n", ylab = "N", ... ) # # set up x-axis values and plot axis sigs <- c(0.05, 0.01) i <- 2 while(sigs[i] > extreme) { sigs[i+1] <- sigs[i] / 10 i <- i + 1 } axis(1, at = c(-xtrans(sigs), 0, xtrans(sigs)), labels = c(sigs, "null", sigs), cex.axis = 0.75, las = 3, ...) # set up y-axis values and plot axis ylabs <- c(1, 2, 5) maxn <- max(n) i <- 3 while(ylabs[i] < maxn) { ylabs[i+1] <- ylabs[i - 2] * 10 i <- i + 1 } axis(2, at = ytrans(ylabs), labels = ylabs, cex.axis = 0.75, las = 2, ...) # plot contours docontours(contours$type, sigs, contours$contvals, xtrans, ytrans, xlims, ylims, contours$ltys, contours$contlabs) if(!is.null(axes$lefttext)) { mtext(axes$lefttext, side = 1, line = 3, adj = 0) } if(!is.null(axes$righttext)) { mtext(axes$righttext, side = 1, line = 3, adj = 1) } res <- list(xlims = xlims, ylims = ylims) res } metap/R/wilkinsonp.R0000644000176200001440000000372114117650525014112 0ustar liggesuserswilkinsonp <- function(p, r = 1, alpha = 0.05, log.p = FALSE) { alpha <- ifelse(alpha > 1, alpha / 100, alpha) # if percent stopifnot(alpha > 0, alpha < 1) alpha <- ifelse(alpha > 0.5, 1 - alpha, alpha) # map to 0 to 0.5 keep <- (p >= 0) & (p <= 1) invalid <- sum(1L * keep) < 2 if (invalid) { warning("Must have at least two valid p values") res <- list(p = NA_real_, pr = NA_real_, r = r, critp = NA_real_, alpha = alpha, validp = p[keep]) } else { pi <- p[keep] k <- length(pi) if(k != length(p)) { warning("Some studies omitted") } if((r < 1) | (r > k)) { r <- 1 warning("Illegal r set to 1") } pi <- sort(pi) pr <- pi[r] res <- list(p = pbeta(pr, r, k + 1 - r, log.p = log.p), pr = pr, r = r, critp = qbeta(alpha, r, k + 1 - r), alpha = alpha, validp = pi) } class(res) <- c("wilkinsonp", "metap") res } maximump <- function(p, alpha = 0.05, log.p = FALSE) { keep <- (p >= 0) & (p <= 1) validp <- p[keep] k <- length(validp) res <- wilkinsonp(p, r = k, alpha, log.p) class(res) <- c("maximump", "metap") res } minimump <- function(p, alpha = 0.05, log.p = FALSE) { res <- wilkinsonp(p, r = 1, alpha, log.p) class(res) <- c("minimump", "metap") res } print.wilkinsonp <- function(x, ...) { r <- x$r p <- x$p if(r == 1) { cat("p = ", p, " using ", paste("minimum p", sep = ""), "\n") } else if(r == 2) { cat("p = ", p, " using ", paste(r, "nd minimum p", sep = ""), "\n") } else if(r == 3) { cat("p = ", p, " using ", paste(r, "rd minimum p", sep = ""), "\n") } else { cat("p = ", p, " using ", paste(r, "th minimum p", sep = ""), "\n") } invisible(x) } print.maximump <- function(x, ...) { p <- x$p cat("p = ", p, " using maximum p", "\n") invisible(x) } print.minimump <- function(x, ...) { p <- x$p cat("p = ", p, " using minimum p", "\n") invisible(x) } metap/R/sump.R0000644000176200001440000000206513556530135012701 0ustar liggesuserssump <- function(p) { keep <- (p >= 0) & (p <= 1) invalid <- sum(1L * keep) < 2 if(invalid) { warning("Must have at least two valid p values") res <- list(p = NA_real_, conservativep = NA_real_, validp = p[keep]) } else { sigmap <- sum(p[keep]) k <- length(p[keep]) conservativep <- exp( k * log(sigmap) - lgamma(k + 1)) nterm <- floor(sigmap) + 1 # how many values of sump denom <- lfactorial(k) psum <- 0 terms <- vector("numeric", nterm) for (i in 1:nterm) { terms[i] <- lchoose(k, i - 1) + k * log(sigmap - i + 1) - denom pm <- 2 * (i %% 2) - 1 psum <- psum + pm * exp(terms[i]) } if(k != length(p)) { warning("Some studies omitted") } if(sigmap > 20) { warning("Likely to be unreliable, check with another method") } res <- list(p = psum, conservativep = conservativep, validp = p[keep]) } class(res) <- c("sump", "metap") res } print.sump <- function(x, ...) { cat("psum = ", x$p, "\n") invisible(x) } metap/R/schweder.R0000644000176200001440000000503313346141432013512 0ustar liggesusersschweder <- function(p, xlab = "Rank of p", ylab = "p", drawline = NULL, # bh.control =list(), bh.lwd = 1, bh.lty = "solid", bh.col = "black", ls.control =list(frac = NULL), ls.lwd = 1, ls.lty = "dotted", ls.col = "black", ab.control =list(a = NULL, b = NULL), ab.lwd = 1, ab.lty = "dashed", ab.col = "black", ...) { bx1y1toa <- function(b, x1, y1) { # find intercept from b, x1, y1 a <- y1 - b * x1 a } bh <- function(p) { # parameters for Benjamini and Hochberg lowet slope line n <- length(p) rankp <- n:1 si <- (1 - p) / (n - rankp + 1) # assumes p in non-ascending order di <- which(diff(si) > 0) ldi <- max(1, di[length(di)]) # in case no slope change b <- si[ldi] res <- list(a = bx1y1toa(b, n + 1, 1), b = b, si = si, di = di, ldi = ldi) res } n <- length(p) stopifnot(n > 1) toplot <- rev(sort(p)) keep <- (toplot >= 0) & (toplot <= 1) toplot <- toplot[keep] if(length(toplot) != n) warning('Some p values omitted') n <- length(toplot) if(n < 1) stop("Not even one to plot") x <- n:1 plot(x, toplot, ylab = ylab, xlab = xlab, ylim = c(0, 1), xlim = c(0, n+1), ...) res <- list(p = toplot) if("bh" %in% drawline) { params <- bh(toplot) abline(a = params$a, b = params$b, lty = bh.lty, lwd = bh.lwd, col = bh.col) res <- c(res, bh.params = list(a = params$a, b = params$b, si = params$si, di = params$di, ldi = params$ldi)) } if("ls" %in% drawline) { if(is.null(ls.control$frac)) { warning("Must specify fraction for ls") } else { frac <- ls.control$frac newy <- toplot - 1 # transform so that line is forced newx <- x - (n + 1) # through (n+1),1 rather than 0,0 plim <- newy[n * frac] fit <- lm(newy ~ newx - 1, subset = newy > plim) b <- coef(fit)[1] # correct slope a <- bx1y1toa(b, (n + 1), 1) # passing through (n+1,1 abline(a = a, b = b, lty = ls.lty, lwd = ls.lwd, col = ls.col) res <- c(res, ls.params = list(a = a, b = b)) } } if ("ab" %in% drawline) { if( is.null(ab.control$a) | is.null(ab.control$b) ) { warning("No parameters for a and b line") } else { abline(a = ab.control$a, b = ab.control$b,lty = ab.lty, lwd = ab.lwd, col = ab.col) res <- c(res, ab.params = list(a = ab.control$a, b = ab.control$b)) } } invisible(res) } metap/R/meanp.R0000644000176200001440000000120013556527576013022 0ustar liggesusersmeanp <- function(p) { keep <- (p >= 0) & (p <= 1) invalid <- sum(1L * keep) < 4 if(invalid) { warning("Must have at least four valid p values") res <- list(z = NA_real_, p = NA_real_, validp = p[keep]) } else { pi <- mean(p[keep]) k <- length(p[keep]) z <- (0.5 - pi) * sqrt(12 * k) if(k != length(p)) { warning("Some studies omitted") } res <- list(z = z, p = pnorm(z, lower.tail = FALSE), validp = p[keep]) } class(res) <- c("meanp", "metap") res } print.meanp <- function(x, ...) { cat("z = ", x$z, " p = ", x$p, "\n") invisible(x) } metap/R/two2one.R0000644000176200001440000000065212037557252013314 0ustar liggesuserstwo2one <- function(p, two = NULL, invert = NULL) { np <- length(p) if(is.null(two)) { two <- rep(TRUE, np) } if(is.null(invert)) { invert <- rep(FALSE, np) } # check values of p inrange <- sum(1L * ((p >= 0) & (p <= 1))) if(np != inrange) warning("Some p out of range") onep <- ifelse(two, ifelse(invert, (1 - p) + p / 2, p / 2), ifelse(invert, 1 - p, p) ) onep } metap/R/plotp.R0000644000176200001440000000162714210124205013037 0ustar liggesusersplotp <- function(pvals, plotversion = "qqconf", ...) { keep <- !is.na(pvals) validp <- pvals[keep] # remove NA keep <- validp >= 0 & validp <= 1 if(sum(1L * keep) < 1) stop("No points to plot") n <- length(validp) if(sum(1L * keep) != n) warning("Out of range points omitted") y <- validp[keep] n <= length(y) if(plotversion == "qqconf") { if(requireNamespace("qqconf")) { qqconf::qq_conf_plot(y, distribution = qunif, ...) } else { warning("qqconf not installed, consider setting plotversion to old") } } else { qqplot(qunif(ppoints(n)), y, xlab = "Theoretical", ylab = "Empirical", ...) qqline(y, distribution = qunif, ...) } res <- list(validp = y) invisible(res) } plot.metap <- function(x, plotversion = "qqconf", ...) { plotp(x$validp, plotversion = plotversion, ...) invisible(x) } metap/R/truncated.R0000644000176200001440000001023313561032314013672 0ustar liggesuserstruncated <- function(p, ptrunc = NULL, rtrunc = NULL, ...) { # dop <- function(validp, ptrunc) { if(requireNamespace("TFisher")) { if((ptrunc <= 0) | (ptrunc > 1)) { warning("The value of ptrunc must be between 0 and 1") warning("Setting p to 0.5") ptrunc <- 0.5 } nincl <- sum(1L * (validp < ptrunc)) nexcl <- sum(1L * (validp >= ptrunc)) if(nincl < 1) warning("No p values left after truncation") if(nexcl < 1) message("No studies removed by truncation") stat <- TFisher::stat.tpm(validp, ptrunc) pval <- 1 - TFisher::p.tpm(stat, length(validp), ptrunc) res <- list(p = pval, stat = stat, validp = validp, ptrunc = ptrunc, n = c(incl = nincl, excl = nexcl), method = "truncated") } else { warning("Need to install TFisher for this option") res <- list(p = NA, stat = NA) } res } # dor <- function(validp, rtrunc, ...) { if(requireNamespace("mutoss")) { if((rtrunc < 1) | (rtrunc > length(validp))) { l <- length(validp) warning(paste("The value of rtrunc must be between 1 and "), l) warning(paste("Setting rtrunc to", l %/% 2)) rtrunc <- l %/% 2 } nincl <- rtrunc nexcl <- length(validp) - nincl if(nincl < 1) warning("No p values left after truncation") if(nexcl < 1) message("No studies removed by truncation") temp <- mutoss::ranktruncated(validp, rtrunc, ...) stat <- temp$RTP$Statistic pval <- temp$RTP$p.Value res <- list(p = pval, stat = stat, validp = validp, rtrunc = rtrunc, n = c(incl = nincl, excl = nexcl), method = "rank") } else { warning("Need to install mutoss for this option") res <- list(p = NA, stat = NA) } res } # keep <- (p > 0) & (p <= 1) if(sum(1L * keep) < 2) { warning("Must have at least two valid p values") res <- list(p = NA, stat = NA) } else { validp <- p[keep] if(length(validp) != length(p)) { warning("Some studies omitted") } usetpm <- !is.null(ptrunc) userank <- !is.null(rtrunc) if(usetpm & userank) { warning("Specifying both ptrunc and rtrunc undefined") res <- list(p = NA, stat = NA) } else if(usetpm) { res <- dop(validp, ptrunc) } else if(userank) { res <- dor(validp, rtrunc) } else { warning("Must specify one of ptrunc or rtrunc") res <- list(p = NA, stat = NA) } } class(res) <- c("truncated", "list") res } print.truncated <- function(x, ...) { cat("stat = ", x$stat, " p = ", x$p, "\n") invisible(x) } summary.truncated <- function(object, ...) { with(object, { cat("stat = ", stat, " p = ", p, "\n") if(!is.na(stat)) { cat(paste("Using", n["incl"], "values of", n["incl"] + n["excl"], "valid p values\n")) if(method == "truncated") { cat("Truncated at p= ", ptrunc, "\n") } if(method == "rank") { cat("Truncated at rank= ", rtrunc, "\n") } } # end valid stat }) # end with invisible(object) } plot.truncated <- function(x, pparams = list(pchs = c(16, 1), pcols = c("black", "black")), ...) { if(is.na(x$stat)) { warning("Nothing to plot") } else { with(x, { p <- sort(validp, decreasing = FALSE) nused <- n["incl"] k <- length(p) plot(1:k, c(rep(0, k-1), 1), type = "n", xlab = "Index", ylab = "p", ...) if(nused == k) { points(1:nused, p[1:nused], pch = pparams$pchs[1], col = pparams$pcols[1]) } else if(nused == 0) { points((nused+1):k, p[(nused+1):k], pch = pparams$pchs[2], col = pparams$pcols[2]) } else { points(1:nused, p[1:nused], pch = pparams$pchs[1], col = pparams$pcols[1]) points((nused+1):k, p[(nused+1):k], pch = pparams$pchs[2], col = pparams$pcols[2]) } }) } invisible(x) } metap/R/sumz.R0000644000176200001440000000274314143225143012707 0ustar liggesuserssumz <- function(p, weights = NULL, data = NULL, subset = NULL, na.action = na.fail, log.p = FALSE, log.input = FALSE) { if(is.null(data)) data <- sys.frame(sys.parent()) mf <- match.call() mf$data <- NULL mf$subset <- NULL mf$na.action <- NULL mf[[1]] <- as.name("data.frame") mf <- eval(mf, data) if(!is.null(subset)) mf <- mf[subset,] mf <- na.action(mf) p <- as.numeric(mf$p) weights <- mf$weights noweights <- is.null(weights) if(noweights) weights <- rep(1, length(p)) if(length(p) != length(weights)) warning("Length of p and weights differ") if(log.input) { keep <- p < 0 } else { keep <- (p > 0) & (p < 1) } invalid <- sum(1L * keep) < 2 if(invalid) { warning("Must have at least two valid p values") res <- list(z = NA_real_, p = NA_real_, validp = p[keep], weights = weights) } else { if(sum(1L * keep) != length(p)) { warning("Some studies omitted") omitw <- weights[!keep] if((sum(1L * omitw) > 0) & !noweights) warning("Weights omitted too") } zp <- (qnorm(p[keep], lower.tail = FALSE, log.p = log.input) %*% weights[keep]) / sqrt(sum(weights[keep]^2)) res <- list(z = zp, p = pnorm(zp, lower.tail = FALSE, log.p = log.p), validp = p[keep], weights = weights) } class(res) <- c("sumz", "metap") res } print.sumz <- function(x, ...) { cat("sumz = ", x$z, "p = ", x$p, "\n") invisible(x) } metap/R/sysdata.rda0000644000176200001440000000037414760335554013741 0ustar liggesusersKn0Cn*@th"Nj)~(v#9t1?O[}`a t|}@` *V/Ωg2i۫7'MR9KR<-ʤ-X?iLg n޳k=)d1,ˑv^>XCw~;u,p#qn2O{G2O$֭b׍83+F{ݥłx)k.31K1/oM.metap/R/invt.R0000644000176200001440000000217614110663240012667 0ustar liggesusersinvt <- function(p, k, data = NULL, subset = NULL, na.action = na.fail, log.p = FALSE) { if(is.null(data)) data <- sys.frame(sys.parent()) mf <- match.call() mf$data <- NULL mf$subset <- NULL mf$na.action <- NULL mf[[1]] <- as.name("data.frame") mf <- eval(mf, data) if(!is.null(subset)) mf <- mf[subset,] mf <- na.action(mf) p <- as.numeric(mf$p) k <- as.numeric(mf$k) if(length(k) == 1) { k <- rep(k, length(p)) } else { } keep <- (p > 0) & (p <= 1) & (k > 2) invalid <- sum(1L * keep) < 2 if(invalid) { warning("Must have at least two valid p values") res <- list(z = NA_real_, p = NA_real_, validp = p[keep]) } else { pvals <- p[keep] k <- k[keep] if(length(pvals) != length(p)) { warning("Some studies omitted") } z <- sum(qt(pvals, k, lower.tail = FALSE)) / sqrt(sum(k / (k - 2))) res <- list(z = z, p = pnorm(z, lower.tail = FALSE, log.p = log.p), validp = pvals) } class(res) <- c("invt", "metap") res } print.invt <- function(x, ...) { cat("z = ", x$z, " p = ", x$p, "\n") invisible(x) } metap/R/docontours.R0000644000176200001440000000444114606763266014126 0ustar liggesusersdocontours <- function(conttype, xvals, contvals, xtrans, ytrans, xlims, ylims, ltys, contlabs) { # # conttype Character: one of "smd", "or", "corr"} # xvals A vector of values to evaluate the contour} # contvals The values at which contours are drawn} # xtrans A function for transforming the x-axis} # ytrans A function for transforming the y-axis} # xlims The limits for the x-axis in plotting units} # ylims The limits for the y-axis in plottng units} # ltys A vector of line types for the contours} # contlabs Logical, draw the labels of the contours?} corr2n <- function(p, r) { res <- qnorm(p) ^ 2 / atanh(r) ^ 2 + 3 res } # smd2n <- function(p, smd) { res <- qnorm(p) ^ 2 * (8 + smd ^2) / (2 * smd ^ 2) res } # or2n <- function(p, or) { lnor2 <- log(or) ^ 2 res <- qnorm(p) ^ 2 * (8 * pi ^ 2 + 3 * lnor2) / (6 * lnor2) res } # valid <- TRUE if(is.null(conttype)) { valid <- FALSE } else if(is.null(contvals)) { valid <- FALSE } else if(!conttype %in% c("smd", "or", "corr")) { valid <- FALSE warning(paste("Unrecognised effect type", conttype)) } else if(conttype == "smd") { contfunc <- smd2n } else if(conttype == "corr") { contfunc <- corr2n } else if(conttype == "or") { contfunc <- or2n } if(valid) { pvals <- c(0.4, xvals) l <- length(contvals) if(is.null(ltys) | length(ltys != l)) { ltys <- 1:l } else if(length(ltys) == 1) { ltys <- rep(ltys[1], l) } locallabs <- TRUE if(!is.null(contlabs)) locallabs <- contlabs for(i in 1:l) { nvals <- contfunc(pvals, contvals[i]) temp <- spline(xtrans(pvals), ytrans(nvals), n = 101) # now find where it leaves plotting area len <- length(temp$x) if(locallabs) { j <- 1 while(temp$x[j] < xlims[2] & temp$y[j] < ylims[2] & j < len) { j <- j + 1 } textx <- temp$x[j] texty <- temp$y[j] text(textx, texty, as.character(contvals[i]), pos = 2) } lines(temp, lty = ltys[i]) lines(spline(-xtrans(pvals), ytrans(nvals), n = 101), lty = ltys[i]) } } } metap/R/invchisq.R0000644000176200001440000000236414110663750013540 0ustar liggesusersinvchisq <- function(p, k, data = NULL, subset = NULL, na.action = na.fail, log.p = FALSE) { if(is.null(data)) data <- sys.frame(sys.parent()) mf <- match.call() mf$data <- NULL mf$subset <- NULL mf$na.action <- NULL mf[[1]] <- as.name("data.frame") mf <- eval(mf, data) if(!is.null(subset)) mf <- mf[subset,] mf <- na.action(mf) p <- as.numeric(mf$p) k <- as.numeric(mf$k) if(length(k) == 1) { k <- rep(k, length(p)) } else { } keep <- (p > 0) & (p <= 1) & (k > 0) invalid <- sum(1L * keep) < 2 if(invalid) { warning("Must have at least two valid p values") res <- list(chisq = NA_real_, df = NA_integer_, p = NA_real_, validp = p[keep]) } else { pvals <- p[keep] k <- k[keep] if(length(pvals) != length(p)) { warning("Some studies omitted") } chisq <- qchisq(pvals, k, lower.tail = FALSE) chi <- sum(chisq) df <- sum(k) res <- list(chisq = chi, df = df, p = pchisq(chi, df, lower.tail = FALSE, log.p = log.p), validp = pvals) } class(res) <- c("invchisq", "metap") res } print.invchisq <- function(x, ...) { cat("chisq = ", x$chisq, " with df = ", x$df, " p = ", x$p, "\n") invisible(x) } metap/R/votep.R0000644000176200001440000000222213664454562013056 0ustar liggesusersvotep <- function(p, alpha = 0.5) { alpha <- ifelse(alpha > 1, alpha / 100, alpha) # if percent stopifnot(alpha > 0, alpha < 1) keep <- (p >= 0) & (p <= 1) alp <- vector("numeric", 2) if(alpha <= 0.5) { alp[1] <- alpha alp[2] <- 1 - alpha } else { alp[2] <- alpha alp[1] <- 1 - alpha } invalid <- sum(1L * keep) < 2 if(invalid) { warning("Must have at least two valid p values") res = list(p = NA_real_, pos = NA_integer_, neg = NA_integer_, alpha = alpha, validp = p[keep]) } else { pi <- p[keep] k <- length(pi) pos <- sum(1L * (pi < alp[1])) neg <- sum(1L * (pi > alp[2])) if(k != length(p)) { warning("Some studies omitted") } if((pos + neg) <= 0) { warning("All p values are within specified limits of alpha") p <- 1 } else { p = binom.test(pos, pos + neg, 0.5, alternative = "greater")$p.value } res = list(p = p, pos = pos, neg = neg, alpha = alpha, validp = pi) } class(res) <- c("votep", "metap") res } print.votep <- function(x, ...) { cat("p = ", x$p, "\n") invisible(x) } metap/NEWS0000644000176200001440000000570314764246307012101 0ustar liggesusersChanges in version 1.12 - updated documentation - moved look-up table for allmetap to sysdata - improved printing for allmetap Changes in version 1.11 - updated documentation - added log input to sumlog Changes in version 1.10 - updated documentation - moved docontours to internal Changes in version 1.9 - updated documentation - warning if qqconf not installed - removed URL from DESCRIPTION Changes in version 1.8 - updated documentation - added using qqconf for plotting - added new vignette on plotting p-values Changes in version 1.7 - updated data-set cholest - added new data-set: zhang - added log.p parameter to allmetap - added new plotting function: albatros - updated documentation Changes in version 1.6 - updated documentation - added option to allow log inputs to selected functions - updated vignette - added more information to data-sets validity and cholest Changes in version 1.5 - updated vignette - added option to return log p to selected functions - combined all example data-sets into dat.metap Changes in version 1.4 - fixed bug in votep (report by Wolfgang Viechtbauer) - fixed bug in documentation for sump although code was correct (report by Sebastian Canzler) - use mathjaxr for HTML in Rd files - add version dependencies for Rdpack and mathjaxr Changes in version 1.3 - updated documentation - updated vignette - changed to use authors@R Changes in version 1.2 - new function truncated - improved error handling (report by Ana Marija Sokovic) - updated documentation Changes in version 1.1 - new plotting function plotp - split vignette into two Changes in version 1.0 - added new functions: inverse chisq, inverse t, mean z - changed package Rd file to use system macros - changed to using Rdpack for references in Rd files - updated vignette Changes in version 0.9 - added new function allmetap - minor bug in sumz fixed - updated vignette Changes in version 0.8 - updated vignette to include method comparisons Changes in version 0.7-1 - added maximump - updated documentation - this version never uploaded to CRAN Changes in version 0.7 - added vignette - minor bug fixes Changes in version 0.6-3 - test for cancellation error in sump - minor warnings fixes - updated documentation - this version never uploaded to CRAN Changes in version 0.6-2 - importFrom added for CRAN - Description enhanced Changes in version 0.6-1 - new maintainer email address - added CITATION file - this version never uploaded to CRAN Changes in version 0.6 - added weights to sumz - updated documentation Changes in version 0.5-1 - updated DESCRIPTION - First upload to CRAN Changes in version 0.5 - first substantial version metap/vignettes/0000755000176200001440000000000014765270137013404 5ustar liggesusersmetap/vignettes/struct.pdf0000644000176200001440000007245313576717575015451 0ustar liggesusers%PDF-1.4 % 3 0 obj << /Length 4 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xWˊ\7+-J0! ' Y/fn؄E~?UzG߶'^J:HE_ Ct 4wY} ~ԯY˷ECLw׫vOĴ&`cҿʡABGYۿlaEտ,ljD4xI@O[Y7`d>?W'{)}~Tt$8MVY7scc:_4tʘ|<0 ɅJ8JZ~m'"/ޜ3 >o,J<0dBəag()1D9bky`G0G㒢ve u`,0,'E/qrhF]UUuV䰖>cgj2Q̹_Ziz?^l]_J/c7|+F8惭0nPDz~UmkБ9 $eOrvڂrD4rb w46!!X E87 бa;m"GY>挰kxj0FuBVAokȩO I!LVUԠ׎ʧ=VõD2D+2 -2dxZLD0!"p_s@EfB72SXCK-|Cf21Q/Wjz4vΥrCBQPA/b79ۂ3pR)8|mG nYr-ǜt0dH5Z(F(`X *6n{sFt%FxHx [:"l[ϣazs&bRҪf`yJ+;SD/!}#y`n Ӊ\='E\{N\*> /a1 << /CA 0 /ca 0 >> >> /Font << /f-0-0 5 0 R /f-1-0 6 0 R >> >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 1 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 715 338 ] /Contents 3 0 R /Group << /Type /Group /S /Transparency /CS /DeviceRGB >> /Resources 2 0 R >> endobj 8 0 obj << /Length 9 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length1 24700 >> stream x| xT9n3w;$LB ! $,Fv &.MT)յ ZeluiRү hmϏREs0gry9ϙ Q'Pdٺ%^AHۗmy!6X7B2%Wr}=+ۗ,[CIyVBpfx[no5]chk/[skGl ZPϑ 7oB"I-Spp :^ ,0_^.,7qo6ouCa@1LP ުVlwTUl"J fj]N|Tu|vc D0ra|nl4f:f-]bw[3"0$)6h0ۑ!Z#"bswQLIs58d_P+eGJߌ&(^)5 4Db%Uaa6)M+)399=q8 q(ge^5kW5<<>'{"Ӿ| Q$|h˅MiN\jXą1Zx˽l!Ards|ͩφ̬hղq)#>ad" =VSW @@{h=Ƚ/D("}\5e=_:d60ӟ:zǕ'=:6 ^:>F tT#be: DBP~okGzj;2 iǎrjR*b1H%Z! 2H[?7o }552{}\YGh(n?' }[̹Z8:كOwp1yb׭m"y>OB˥ؠ-B%P8RXXe N(Qji-\mYU6r= .O 3 ?U[{:O]Tt fWPܚM7KWUE3E U]_|W[1{Ks\ţ֏"B%}֔Ug=`YpYhO}J0jeYi lZC<+bZ}E7Jz6j%e5 ΒDP ,&xEq[QOiMʟD(y=n9QJi%z^izŚwWwܜxQCޥ/o)]j;NY;f@^L_ǽ ꒫GoΫ BJ̒m;&RB17R*ɪ+L ؐK r#ŗ<:aE(ƄM=6%bCG[$CM uJ{%IiNH%P S0B(S3|G$5(5H"E !OQ20 s@XMTPP`c˔_nEr7J@>pq--U6Ee% ^ {^i/sG.;QT/][t]:OS&?Iڡ ̢ca=StzuT Z?% ˹ 0àŚtVDnt0w] дs: @HuUeB3F8)f3 F  NtYc(O8KHPݎ(,J1|? >Ÿ'E<ļL(5€!h|Y С=uƎ+W4ü,He2=ptgEƳ۩S_פs [:t@m%[ւ $?g 8/fpN7 ƫuyۍ{_p7i(z+BBR,Z -bn66WVW[}x^~ިqyfyy)`#EyZ z=}ЍՁC,W:YUGv"C~,H͛Fg@PsE%lb)hg| $` E+XD" &XjSic<%km %^ ?#I9m p ϯ:}R/>-7 XΟE7OޟV{Bh`t!.]f )Sm36SHɀTxLKN~ay[RRSYJJRnѶ,d!AFҺ1gSml"oY(lL{7r \f#-Ǝ@uY:Ht$fd*A$@Z3t 9e%6V&@CW󋳣(nWS\K$R e1 ܨl%qAQ|,'ݪE&,LJByE lEaedzF^;YLaq_QXTY*&J"&Tc6WSE55={nݾ">6v|EyӪ=]i\m~ ^wU+cִ ‰鷮kW e9弲-]<7wE ʎ%faL,qbQo7n0hAB`H65`Cnĉ$׮7quﭹuks՞a͉̚4Ek(A3^&zq9b3H.m/Ss#nUSƢMܸC[AG0v>9iUuOD ?̟VӶq-w?A9vqzmT!;\ '38=f`젥2Sݓa{wy`^]1ﰑekG22{;l{t reLy / нP=p!@6T4[kvz7d1b< 7jд@f5G#3̍07iLm.UkMe$f3 8QAd1؃腅;P+>r!="SD/{S|P@y2QOVL}&s?}ͮDo촹M@S<x0 K47uAdC:`E{Mkz (6A@! &luK3 N23 qgY['z.Ԁrk) ciF38x;{ۜmp[V{WUjay|l6@8kbz6ΆAtPm0h?dD6 ]c^+g(#6U[-ʈؚuQ >L0%c՚`k4Vb5jx&"E tb8@{3Bn:Wr[N;RD$+m@ü!t5Y{P46X~hp0?0:1u>BƋ7_iu"&i#GZdr0 bb]|`/ ^RcXhP媻>ɻC{^cE{çpdǁ'k־;f4ـnEӡP1y,N(7٘rE!`x@’8>tFHDHS@٢yq#iu3njfjhN)#[Ll'dPk5#Y0TßьB7݂+;V02`Pzb¶ZLq,W C^a~les7e#Ð}V/>ǦfM9˾aQ7g?2T$W߲E3O g^z˙[=0m?MCv͝'SC_{̈́/Oۯ;'g&40& G:"G,DX?yN5ᜑ\<5/K;!i9sdPگ3P9'%zrњ,/ϻ8T[FD tGlπ2ԡ 82`Z_P̀pY%f _ ؑ3`g pd ؒvt)4Yc9O#¥"Q/1r\4;$C@mF"ά1z^PxGv汴3Y/X;k7Sr3OUvLק+~ovZ}Ad={ N{ wHsb# tuITgP4_r5Fc4L%aD}KBU =i#b'v(H_ҜPide-TWW\ (tRU^j`v9.=<Э_55ĿLn0IFN0Ǖw2\/ ̼̈D3>?m}M˯1?4kҦ ]<ᡧ!=۶y[g>1*fê7},l7|}+9:(c+Z{YZ^cjinj- aapFgCtASH <24&m6e>.Mi| +dHǤR:NbYC,OhXT-O H'j, 12e. 2토(FaČ͹UUFN ATc8o)VIQ5|A^Kȼ 蕾rZy]5fsa?; ?2t#k[n%hj̔0S&ٽ(&E&ՙiGvbS$?P}_wsC͍6Ca] Nupq)[Ƈm56Φ-mj #\vdM`͟(ڜS>Rk혩tS21.ыJ7MvУ`=Bΐvp-9Y\ 3ly^zJ #evؙ70N|noMuߋԒ 7M4e ;& 8à5銇_/,?}2Pa(}otkZи[o6|, MfHdՇ皥k qZoH1@DN1@>sS)T`<.?6V՗,4F֚V[Xopn6bv%oSntv3؃mfDqNQ8Ш/Ga⛃I0gpL3Ϭ]l)G'ZWv&:Vɀ ű<$䄲I9"X^.Bv8R T|4G< x/q?N9y!XO':FWߘ:j4(<SV>٨@iNI9DшP#;[꠷\lu]R[gtY[Ӻ`+HWn\OvtǺW#&?XS>(A@e jƅ4zTw)v(DvҎ8yc =Nz\Uܷe[?WڳVNe\Vуkn7޳o3pkZK՝:=cMkߓ- 2}hw亂Bgl֚H&rYq{g `Mv.89?̹,ؖݙ#}(kNHyj^DVߛWG Wlb &dZQF\ b jڰbSmmN͌l&m #6f<雪C^G)ߜogg>f78 =͎fg{csfqf-[;-]=={\Ϛ^Tُ>eP• e;>u)muOBpfV89d<69fSNS>H@!%DJBC$Oj`ETW?Yj,vwG?|ȆsQ}PElԈyycN l FKv\l)s2 @G}}۔!% o冤u~Cw׹4M-uӟZzUVɹUV ݃*{K3e fρ|T~Mj2kv%!oڗ(JrpM,к_ '>Z[7f{cЊ)y5,`-;o%kՁ8)RS2r.dRTJA"03>ȕ nڱ"f;rDu!7 /!? ,-E~O# 4Zg~t@Y^^@/x:Я:]}킱,{< mO t^nGGREwܛNu.Eszt&3]nDpg)u 4dSDC1t?h}774cd=%:d`JU%XFCx#Or;|^姦&>Dߢ^A\gF2'6Žcr Qh}P39=R:Žwϱfwd YLC}[i z݇~x<+v  ?O<% )~O|~ppx~ig4u7 F>:~3X&loVގOgpr$D$ACr%M|O/8/% kèvq{{O)XRaac,zR:ڪ/j7. $| bwmw_Ul!!6ѤL&{=i'd/yweNc\!7kڹ\{{3w )^|.4~1>/B(Ļ~q$i4WjIo;_Bag\=wOx? bISɳx7 k*G.L܀d֚⟃ /~-ovhF=W1|{˝/c/ ?$4'\ $__XK\ YEN7:ލ~Tg*F 7⻈!fW0']{\mAx=?E~/Jݨ#,4+AwΕ9\x!j̹b!p( 0h~ׇEgcԃvhY!z=w݊6l5TrJ*&]d>yxjǰ} ߟ$棚ԞۀaCKa:w "ݩ47T h6z@){Ŀފɼf}h *?ho<Ciܼicdž7[f+nh_tmgժ58j|eEyY1% 㱼hnN$ >/ؠN]Y-fld9QQ}tj[$oK92dd%#5uddUBVSj5FEh$y.Nj6|_]9`Lex!R[YIH}r֕]mu\I.n 7{'aon T2OutI.Vdyrܦ`NNsqQOY]DI[UASX7IqJRbDV٠{#E'+hi[¼<|IKS[L'ߺs+иcJӮ U[]]"s2Ksh m$6k*ta~z#;x't39m#Ictrte6ؚ@Wͻ9'P΢@}kAS4'Y6/ uP׼{j?[k m%h.cNy+鈢3!eIS4FQײP >J.Y4NiR&|~R)H?`@t#ssĘDA'è:L$E)0I칢hk?F7(H`X%J`srۯۤ=GRz_$ќ$m^^HK:ۢ}L)u' ?q֯ĞKqVL- F"CԤ6]圜ǗS[,Zz G<xmXKQu8#ƣM9)I(3ih&UX)~Q1Ch*0Ԯ%Υш:B~A~ѵMG{ɩ{aV EQZյq1F vcTN99;M.MDsM0 Ȝm @MsU{#`Dv/h!LiܝeMGQY.4>Dj4=uRee<Ѳ~)ZGq֑ ~^+Q<NvAJZr 5V}3Ju:QDjꁜPw"Fp vCXv?잨kvBM9#2/2z'!hPc2PN Ȥ!Ƙ(_h2P3#$&G%7@f4n ѴPsWWQXeMZLpQZjNv.CW*ë!ýݪz@]r7Ohǡ?HiӮE9,qzh 5`$`&Nper&WwY bv]_5h[YLkE)PpF%*HX]D 4Jrq* FklH6':\ۜι h{% i4ؙ\fƲ(d\  RAE5eK5鞒7&F4 <ts"m͑6!x.,v0 St sɒ.LJnX5I][}:FF7%Q+ 8CM|<)g6$KکfwU5V4Cck F˺ږw9"U]@6k%25¶zI`fЧfhHhъ>'%[ؕ>U6VW$B:yPoBd&Q5z ֗ OH G" v֚"%( W\a zQ,Idp\VİE{R[m1GKXx=Cb. NCaqYiz %\ꉄ|a6΋>8Ы͆AY=CJT`s/KzW-eKǖV{mΜu3jjc˵ѓ4HKNʖ7@Ȇ197JB Q9Go^tqG#FQ8u={iLRS䀽 h%dj/W{53:8"Bwt!q | A$g{J @X a> V)*5# LȻKޅSYUz4o0 8<=_NFr$TzWDxJB 0Pm6@zwP'CHB,X!Ax;h r'zõK?I~7ȫ,}_C k՞05A9wHHK\ ?sSvr. q !,'=hz@Ϡ' H]VS#4O Eʼn1xQQ=(~h_ ŗFEQ| '?Gjm&X`nU &E_tl),{\M* wN";ĝvܹwVqgwpg6Tq1<}#T| w;78<j?QƒzRI}l$V4p>xqOAH'*Erlhϣ'y ^| %tKKЀ !)j` 5C§D6O!>=l`t%φK9$GRBJB=¶l<;;M*a7?-ӂFr?yn7>nhOX֍A<`Bqt<Ğ+P@r"?'zEJ:"t.P?|Xw~߆ '~ǐGB/ƪ{·Pд+h O-j E5Vlh{]rY.=h]7j_ݢLT'G5NS^9{* ͡ӾU~Cq%-F}UҾX_n> stream x]Mk09n.PMƭPcߘ7l$$V+v^i7+z:)QWNbW|ٖVsTڍOj!"*|͘XDMCKg^)VnGWԳ@KrVN:qOC&bųe ;ӅKOj> endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /CIDFontType2 /BaseFont /Arial /CIDSystemInfo << /Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (Identity) /Supplement 0 >> /FontDescriptor 12 0 R /W [0 [ 750 943 556 556 277 222 500 333 556 500 556 556 277 333 610 333 610 556 666 833 222 333 500 556 556 556 556 666 277 556 500 ]] >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type0 /BaseFont /Arial /Encoding /Identity-H /DescendantFonts [ 13 0 R] /ToUnicode 10 0 R >> endobj 14 0 obj << /Length 15 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length1 13372 >> stream xz xU}I4i&$MMKK~(Ph6#Ի(0-c8u<>3{yAtHwi9ϟڗkw 1"2SI]q.ZpD]oCy?YuirDKvٽD{׬Z_v_;ꦬAE&㿡|'kf&3EyW,#)W.˨*ڰK?yҾ".5 mU- r\"*eCKXL,O՟g?Y?L=5 o?—K+DH^ifW%bTT3RU1Jswp<Ĥ:ZBېԠsL ]3ͳBs>>ٽ!t*-JB4Z˜œ,?kgaJuپ|^aKd&e L'MPgw'~7TTRNФQ$YzYAr+ߒz_-VYx!+<:d25kyٹ5*ژa}Q0YpB1m.vV4ЩKqiH _ĵ%gk5l֖ c!Q<ՋIc$Õ}q$L) "$/ZYi"L>LF̀ΌBnJmM0Lr ?_U2.rf:~e[qe]#sN|E>?ſNc}77^ w3Z'F=)l[]|7giwP/S)zegML2'/}(/I^p5LjҸ,_rqӎ3a~@GЙX{p{ p,!^k63D / !bl@'.X2J %qG / ,Áo[B샇Vʢ?e:S ӳ Y&/X ;-æw ޱ|bDjmCfAKCVHNWIQVvG\DSs0:ܽ=C3N_\YgXlt؝2/:66_d57'u?>n[Ͽ)|WoNy|ϞG!̷=@`~*gWݖ-֮[}_`ռZl>[v / /}MF ksFQuiZTzreja5b :]eV {Vdi3ubIr$:&yeMMr 3sj"pK ’[PTs0hJRJS<FmfX3Su/=~'u3'=pX-<*qѕ,5BL{ RsVɺֱֶաX([CsZD-s;UWjRߋq]yEKfX7{r^~3nϧo\5nj N͜sVRXs>ЁG~?=}#d1x)j55}i2xLf* &وitƀfR *`~m?]/"xL .aOX"q z79iV3\KkM&gv"V9/MM*NOb tONKVca'?x(3>sON߹-MxR`ڜgv=|USn=rSL%~ j\zX<5 ^#MN˨iXd4=ǴDYb/q.qsO1b T03%nKu]ؤT[n҅WdLNc%buD ~ZYm^ڽ6W[E|I#x[Re#OtlI;^~+.m[-|& ='wB98Sź5j1א̾ 9fՒKɺ7{WHo_ϱ(5өd9Jqf8j~+ߥZ\TUZ ĝ@/BWt/h^jQ<{^4yr^^)ZybrH{^U,.Ch9uR #eReXl*=< Kb%./+zmQ;|B1|Xgp<>gt28XwD*HW^w⮊$b&7!uv~R;3% v_pDpK,SqǜXlU"#[)vU:Χ/y.l[~2󂺎 )ϓ/|K;o0.}]3Hrg, >f ۡm)R_u}QOX F5[v+EJM5gW5XH¦-uG77P%yyq9;:N8 ; ʾf`"FFg,X;Ssů>';'[V8 z J# 2`Kr毭-L׍s릥neˁxܜJ4WώTT!6>5c^p_Ԝ&H)ӸBx U&2S b괛rrq<6AcMp9K'F{X\ b4|, psZLs I\~DГ؍gо~M@VgOVt/}~A2C D7 h̝[HDN؏Y W(Gh?S:e|B3x,DOk$eaen 10ʢt1v JQD4hĵ;`e[61 D=6zm><W(}ܬUa?7\enxư/7JXfzgx3XAo53bmQ#MtKi6˦."Y3و^n~>qqbz' 3Zvһ7!ԬD.bީl*.\FӇUĖǴ#L66x!6I f|pTʣi0Ny|tgL8rGZ03Sm|!txIrA!*qtu kWMڬZϘ>m*0UJC%E@a?Lr3hZR&d3*mD@$*_&eXvNE$EUeވ.J2J~o&w-]Ё]M7z\yo{M7"hUk#Mn0U+aFzqъa' ii-ڄ:c/)]4.mD]ޘp%_s*Kl__ػ7ɸ&PTG^w]'UA*]jm^w@f"g3Hڏ;ܣݵaĽDۉ̥D)n"N)_E*-Nx)oPO|y-ed=sCJ*} zA 4ij҆:9CU#QdWeUg*WHJnjfQi6 z@g#P$I{'c-4:5:1u P$A1Z|d\GH?ʆh=ҝHBO=F8mqa1˨cȮ![Fh64FA !+M:dNC~ E`L/k !e())fKq?U$3CvwUp 1iO-pH+R/VUS٫0^p/Fs#5Iٸ XjrXQIf<[r"6ɊKG2Jj=(io2n3KH*9 )vX2ceLڇL֪lY<БQc,!.H-$#=6QN1̤kV6hJ[[ am֝~Z?V+}$݁; S.]G]մyV1tDUHY)jLB3w,=CsYRKѧ& UJ%TJ9ƓT_bIK00L4)6zP!ˏ #;bū\oM(?5XN8?_ >B >P^ >^ ~ {3̇#1SL g<Wx&YX_\toQ >w/ j? /BXP!SS{>FR[?K}.F힡@v14y NBh'pJOD'couZV* +*vIBoλh[@vr_iy9;br] $ũ逞 sx˓l =o >66@7Xί3zMt5I]@tѥ# .ѥ  "@DtD ":B"#ڀh 6Dm@6 ڀhЀЀЀt#* QD@T *^ @x/^ @xu/^aa]G c@1#ƀb 11cAhk( GuQ@r:( G9:>n Q`GvTǎ (Q @DuD(Q :" Db t@ 1#t )Ko`F|3}MίAvtί:_M?b:[!`>zN$ RGe:_ݩS_V 1۔Nebا)ۘízEhmz "H\5-v\m%cT뭇uhL{@p&"pyb)av(ɊA.Ѝ:P Tu%ǻ< | N+ӌ]CY$ w0烽 .4؋"VY}114?d{c`{bXp2EF+[LY@"[1-y=/u.@h-ft pUˏy i#3t !(됙9a{e#lf*{XY|Q_*b/zLl-6.}>Ds#j>Og2BOg!c=f=mpfQW8֣yiC¾45o]!aJ^  _\7Ҵ]HPj:IStݘjFQ1Fn$Ci4$5E(He=o?{Ό.h[bԺ=?xX4ZgEZh]5]10jv<;YBTݒ#~&dt]9#X-wv^nH6x>7}uQGpJdy Gn*XcD慢^j C.oNqy,!5JO0șf.'3!7ie e+sd16 :{uŊ<yt{ޑE˿)=+R%dEH-Y*4Q7yNAy81`=b8 ,_2rTΫZ'fqX|WKPym*x,W%G&Ve Ծ ]('qal30<} ¡L760Ynu}Ă$7wH;鍽:(It6+D} endstream endobj 15 0 obj 9338 endobj 16 0 obj << /Length 17 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream x]j0{bâe{j1@!f}cP931.KmMÏ@4޼bj7VF[ ҉,7xm73gZ='ADٻi}i9@*^{S׵qu,&ԨyrRgQqUTvqU/(k;u>1=Ϗ*imAC;HA{:Bg1trH"V@-b'HA.]~4S7cRǖ^ˏ-U-l endstream endobj 17 0 obj 279 endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /ArialBold /Flags 4 /FontBBox [ -627 -376 2000 1055 ] /ItalicAngle 0 /Ascent 905 /Descent -211 /CapHeight 1055 /StemV 80 /StemH 80 /FontFile2 14 0 R >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /CIDFontType2 /BaseFont /ArialBold /CIDSystemInfo << /Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (Identity) /Supplement 0 >> /FontDescriptor 18 0 R /W [0 [ 750 556 610 889 277 610 610 277 610 610 556 556 500 333 ]] >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type0 /BaseFont /ArialBold /Encoding /Identity-H /DescendantFonts [ 19 0 R] /ToUnicode 16 0 R >> endobj 1 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [ 7 0 R ] /Count 1 >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Creator (cairo 1.8.10 (http://cairographics.org)) /Producer (cairo 1.8.10 (http://cairographics.org)) >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R >> endobj xref 0 22 0000000000 65535 f 0000029222 00000 n 0000001190 00000 n 0000000015 00000 n 0000001167 00000 n 0000018576 00000 n 0000029070 00000 n 0000001346 00000 n 0000001546 00000 n 0000017528 00000 n 0000017552 00000 n 0000017986 00000 n 0000018009 00000 n 0000018237 00000 n 0000018724 00000 n 0000028158 00000 n 0000028182 00000 n 0000028539 00000 n 0000028562 00000 n 0000028795 00000 n 0000029287 00000 n 0000029415 00000 n trailer << /Size 22 /Root 21 0 R /Info 20 0 R >> startxref 29468 %%EOF metap/vignettes/plotmetap.Rnw0000644000176200001440000002250114764251131016071 0ustar liggesusers\documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb} %\usepackage{mydef2} \usepackage[round]{natbib} \usepackage{parskip,url} \usepackage{graphicx,subfig} \setlength{\topmargin}{0cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{2cm} \renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.85} \renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.5} \renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.15} \renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.8} %\lhead{} %\input{title} %\VignetteIndexEntry{Plotting in the metap package} \title{Plotting in the \pkg{metap} package} \author{Michael Dewey} \newcommand{\pkg}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\func}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\codefont}{\footnotesize} \newcommand{\mygraph}[3]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[height=6cm,width=10cm]{#1} \caption{#2} \label{#3} \end{figure} } \newcommand{\twograph}[8]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \subfloat[#2\label{#3}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{#1}}% \subfloat[#5\label{#6}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{#4}} \caption{#7} \label{#8} \end{figure} } \begin{document} \maketitle \section{Introduction} \subsection{What is this document for?} This document describes how and why to plot $p$--values in the \pkg{metap} package. Examining the $p$--values graphically or otherwise before subjecting them to further analysis is useful to provide a visual impression of their distribution and to check for excess $p$--values at both extremes.. Three functions are provided for this purpose: \func{albatros}, \func{plotp}, and \func{schweder}. \subsection{Example datasets} As our example we use various data-sets: \begin{description} \item[\func{teachexpect}] Effect of teacher expectations on student IQ \citep{becker94} \item[\code{validity}] The validity of student ratings of their instructors \citep{becker94}. \item[\code{zhang}] The effect of the timing of exercise interventions for patients with cardiovascular disease \citep{zhang16} \end{description} {\codefont <<>>= library(metap) data(dat.metap) teach <- dat.metap$teachexpect validity <- dat.metap$validity$p zhang <- dat.metap$zhang print(validity) @ } \section{Plotting using \func{plotp}} The \func{plotp} provides a Q--Q plot of the $p$--values to detect departure from the uniform distribution. <>= plotp(validity, main = "Validity data") @ \twograph{plotmetap-plotp}{Q--Q plot from \func{plotp}}{plotp}{plotmetap-plotfunc}{Legacy Q--Q plot}{plotfunc}{Plots of validity data}{plotvalid} %\mygraph{plotmetap-plotp}{Q--Q plot from \func{plotp}}{plotp} %\mygraph{plotmetap-plotfunc}{Q--Q plot an object of class \func{metap}}{plotfunc} Figure \ref{plotp} shows the resulting plot. The line represents a fit to the uniform distribution and the polygon is a simultaneous confidence region such that if any point lies outside it we reject the null hypothesis that the points are drawn iid from a uniform. Small $p$--values are to the left of the plot The format of plot shown in Figure \ref{plotp} was first introduced in version 1.8 of \func{metap}. The previous plotting function is still available and it is possible to produce this plot by setting the \func{plotversion} parameter to "old" in the call to \func{plotp}. An example is shown in Figure \ref{plotfunc} which first calls \func{sumlog}. The legacy one will always remain an option. {\codefont <>= plotp(validity, main = "Validity data", plotversion = "old") @ } Note that the \func{plot} method for objects of class \code{"metap"} uses the new version of the plot. This change was introduced in version 1.9 of this package. There are many possible options which can be passed to the plotting function and hence to the \func{qqconf} plotting routine. The documentation for the \func{qqconf} package should be consulted for details. The \func{qqconf} package vignette is also very helpful. We will look at one of those options here though. {\codefont <>= plotp(teach) @ } {\codefont <>= plotp(teach, log10 = TRUE) @ } \twograph{plotmetap-teachlinear}{Linear scaling}{teachlinear}{plotmetap-teachlog}{Log scaling}{teachlog}{Teacher expectancy data}{teach} Figure \ref{teach} shows the teacher expectancy data using the default scaling in sub--figure \subref{teachlinear}. It is hard to see whether some of the points fall outside the boundary. However if we use the log--scaling option shown in sub--figure \subref{teachlog} it becomes much clearer. Note that the scale is reversed between the sub--plots and in \subref{teachlog} the small $p$--values are now on the right. So the cluster of points near the bottom left of the sub--figure \subref{teachlinear} are hard to distinguish as to whether they lie inside the boundary or not. In the log scaling of sub--figure \subref{teachlog} where they appear towards the top right it is much clearer that one does fall outside the boundary and two others are borderline. This reflects the fact that for most of the methods in the \func{metap} package the overall $p$--value is below 0.05. For instance using the logit method we have {\codefont <<>>= logitp(teach) @ } \section{Plotting using \func{schweder}} A function \func{schweder} provides plots with a variety of informative lines superimposed. It plots the ordered $p$--values, $p_{[i]}: p_{[1]} \le \dots{} p_{[2]} \le \dots{} p_{[i]} \dots{} \le p_{[k-1]} \le p_{[k]}$, against $i$. Although the original motivation for the plot is \citet{schweder82} the function uses a different choice of axes due to \citet{benjamini00}. We will use an example dataset on the validity of student ratings quoted in \citet{becker94}. Figure \ref{simple} shows the plot from \func{schweder}. <>= schweder(validity) @ \func{schweder} also offers the possibility of drawing one of a number of straight line summaries. The three possible straight line summaries are shown in Figure \ref{withlines} and are: \begin{itemize} \item the lowest slope line of Benjaimin and Hochberg which is drawn by default as solid, \item a least squares line drawn passing through the point $k+1, 1$ and using a specified fraction of the points which is drawn by default as dotted, \item a line with user specified intercept and slope which is drawn by default as dashed. \end{itemize} <>= schweder(validity, drawline = c("bh", "ls", "ab"), ls.control = list(frac = 0.5), ab.control = list(a = 0, b = 0.01)) @ \twograph{plotmetap-simple}{Simple graph}{simple}{plotmetap-withlines}{With lines}{withlines}{Output from schweder}{schweder} \section{The albatros plot} The albatros plot was introduced in \citet{harrison17} which should be consulted for more details. Basically it consists of plotting a possibly transformed sample size against the transformed $p$--values. The default is to use $\sqrt{N}$ for the $y$--axis and a log transformation for the $x$--axis. The plot also contains contours of constant effect size. A number of possible options are available for effect size type: correlation, standardised mean difference, and odds ratio. <>= validity <- dat.metap$validity fit.v <- albatros(validity$p, validity$n, contours = list(type = "corr", contvals = c(0.25, 0.5, 0.8), ltys = 1:3), axes = list(ylimit = c(1,200), lefttext = "Negative correlation", righttext = "Positive correlation"), main = "Validity") @ \mygraph{plotmetap-albatros}{Albatros plot from of the validity data}{albatros} Figure \ref{albatros} shows the result. Most of the points clearly correspond to positive and substantial correlations although a few are in the opposite direction although not far from the null $p$--value (0.5). Of course if the actual effect sizes are available it would be better to use one of the conventional methods for meta--analysing them. \citet{harrison17} outline possible use cases for this method even so. If the studies come from different groups one might use meta--regression with a moderator for group membership if one had the effect sizes. In the absence of effect sizes the albatros plot can display the points using different symbols for groups. This would enable a visual check on whether the groups differed. <>= fit.z <- albatros(zhang$p, zhang$n, contours = list(type = "smd", contvals = c(0.25, 0.5, 1), ltys = 1:3), plotpars = list(pchs = letters[unclass(dat.metap$zhang$phase)]), axes = list(lefttext = "Favours control", righttext = "Favours exercise"), main = "Zhang" ) @ \mygraph{plotmetap-zhang}{Albatros plot of the Zhang et al data}{zhang} Figure \ref{zhang} shows an example using the Zhang et al data-set. The studies involved come from three groups corresponding to three different periods o initiation of exercise. The points are labelled accordingly: "a" initiation during the acute phase, "b" during the healing phase and "c" during the healed phase. The difference between the groups is quite clear here. In fact in \citet{zhang16} the results are handled with stratification into three separate analyses and meta--regression was not used. If some studies had given effect sizes but others did not then an albatros plot with the points marked for group membership and with appropriate contour lines would provide a visual check on whether the unavailable effect sizes were similar to the available ones. \bibliography{metap} \bibliographystyle{plainnat} \end{document} metap/vignettes/strength.pdf0000644000176200001440000010515713576717247015755 0ustar liggesusers%PDF-1.4 % 3 0 obj << /Length 4 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xZMW"_@A98 Çݞ/dQ4j7k`,0"W^Ququrava@sDy.Ͽ}5{Y~efg\ɇeֹC{?˚f9 K,M'3~3?MdWV$Ǵ09ZX!øxȘ iND_B+R\(q_=k{?E-Z:#\S]?Nĥ1u`iGqdy<`<c ] +`_~~AfKGHlSt!2ue˴;x$Ś?%&Gӭ?{n?}KB+~20dMkUXäg`mM-LKvuT`O~5}CwXgl4巁&@wмW4(H6$<]AB E >)m{L^30"4LƓ#CNdX)8G(0Ғ<̋L?:SG|AWgSnWn?(\fFg۽-J\+>Rٕ/}-,u.2>I9?'Po]{[hrɛdEh >1:!eC^VZINϘJ85pB vr"%VNb!Iv#6*_9=RjDGθ&N5Nl:%\v^)lUD"BH%h{6Eqi2$~-2>' y?o)֢1uL,h?;t!y3ښ˃Xjl Ef@I}@A_{h)Jo9]V ä'[*s)42_6rjq_OH؆!0ZN]DehkMvb5S|:Sְ!/!p}üW!K#J=!t`%mnQ<)>" V` \! b{a0u n8C .e#` S&iеcì/X}aS{ĢV*POg6}t`S*O$;!;;@7qU| 2Z:DXxQ\AMD(Ɨ/$Ɋm{vj$%T,g;vzbhcᡈMy' dH"PE~qJ%NDրJɋ> /a1 << /CA 0 /ca 0 >> >> /Font << /f-0-0 5 0 R /f-1-0 6 0 R >> >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 1 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 1019 892 ] /Contents 3 0 R /Group << /Type /Group /S /Transparency /CS /DeviceRGB >> /Resources 2 0 R >> endobj 8 0 obj << /Length 9 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length1 13372 >> stream xz xU{4i6҅$MMKwҡ_b A;Up"mFq:#0n)jr83ыg#w@/^g>gygy{PbDd>ȿ%=4PxٕW=Djleŗ ;v9_vʫ _e=jŒR:Q7i*6 ;P.Zu3q'_v0^c/_ruQU. *,BsŊiPn!r|I\Lր/fҌ%u7idU9kT I.`!28'b?xq٧ yI$UGQL'I@'P_X/Ra xaKaaaP-*[v^seiom97=s_½Ak`;:.5:bSPW[>sSG9*g|B,@ht5ZGÞH$2ͱw"r"NDѠgvvi c sP@[Ej ffn. yIKr/Vёr۲զSrO9MF0ۡpƆ&ؐ(]e-KlRa[v뽅,C(Xe9Wyo^22wEx|d  rU1u09q&c.$clEq%4tuk׭SVP""A6}{[v/ l#7.EwD^VF1Z]u:|g^5BE5SFV )e&,SO33i]wvU[0. &ָ܆P(X*9NKvrJ0Tr,ؙ3+?$r\Եʟb/GS22aI~?h[6WOs'</N9;q!r#$Uy;>mor9N٤d;C994JL/b)XuG q<挐(l0Ff C~vA5u?holjl:V]Eݬ;PՇBY&4g՗>u>7{EXGOeOs#|v06BL7AQ,9R' ,¾p_X?\N尷i]/>Ǡ0buoӱc̑5@0+"0n9IO]9lPQltv#6 {()H~T7mG&5H~$y…]زT_s7ߟm7=x$qڜL~{f|zH89lU'MNɮkfYge-ϴHYdf-r-DO3B˹b S+#nt=Gif-d j=]9y 6?9u'f*&p1]uҼ:kkgunvqa9 mlfJs0<9ҵun#ڲr ,69H$O%O$m[xidGv=3s9kR [RsWyy*iJš[Bw{ݙ;,bq)^WX)͉zʯKuyAQMZ$|aVX[Pd/j+ViA{AorAA9% 6aj Z)ّxU,.!:D͙1:d,5X> YX,p"uܹu.s1V[>pͧMX0NDҥtYඏfMmDe[=.n&PB"9?kKd]aﳷVQ͕=J@( U!Q'j;Oݞj*CjNj)1"7wQrr:>f$rVn2ɦkjcԼK~Q~|B6éCY:y8ud(-cq1bBd2JZ^(KILd5N qsAo>DVs9#DIJ`b420/O(&0-øbuu*Y%Qk3Duq >OUWX~9xuXygrU$&F""^['zsL$C̰0 /. 6ƭ6m }ߴ>zv#W_ȿx5}Q"W߮l7>`6hx#GV.oWz+7%e;e9E͍ysҾ~ӗ1= \8pn`jJܿ=2/ήooQw~G%_W5ݷf'%_)ݻٽ[{s커qdK&>ؓBY.ã7R?a3ͥeFm7<+YNNLYxFw-F 39Dp9D9W Z%Ti$ECղVB9M=N)snsvwiwUNͽztdoX6o1LN6|h{<"El ѣPֆp4,'~5G;y?9)grh,yC$?イyCco,y;sb(lE;4^l\eeבbnPZ jUdd0r GD'hr1haq._&߾ٯu݁Q2GE5fVCs}|3+&wܔHno^IN,SX.㋚T )RvP(L LԪLd hVD+(_];3'iJNmOMA? z0? oM_3/Y+N}o'ϲf12=2 'R/RO}+ Cf@s V'҇M=Yߊ9OEK|{_OR_cT'݀S/NR!o31=KϔԲj蠟GR>~SzsQ\ Хt3mg^WG?$ni%4) b#>NsZMz6?)[RS4Ba;*_ 2\lJ=Ћ 5-O=zjhdYJ7:oJmsiF~0? Ap/7JoDǎt#"Rv+WCA*6ГޠC̀XeGWQQ|J%`Ե ~0; R2H$iv97l`?o!o^$^7&G/c|% #8q6O\HBG}e߈~ڡ ;x#Brx2 ֝&QVNz^kszS\|Z"cI/xww V~\ '4 hόSyrNj2_-Bn<[YذSR}r>8>ԭUs&_W7f,Ԛq)jk*'VGJK¡`aPͳv[Ւa6Ug[m1<ˡVrp *UQ]?+ArҒIf7RcE5菿󺐿%Ǐz~"ojYorUk fgg0WӠ9 ` sOgz[r2Z1xn5 ĥ%Z[hEy\\-L}23Wf`hvZX/+.-1w_{mg<ճ/n 4EXJl_hhW݌!b%bU%)8#&?N $rs;xS^0%Ij~w[*펴b3m̊3mzNg4Č`q2?fĚ&dd_6bDPؑqX}IϾ[dF)I"+䌩t>ʄ3t\_Q~0>nDVB-E!7+]ҼihD閜tx,Kޫ9qc?ݕݺjjIt{`;^Gظn;SJO>6gxIz+3¢eF<.( ocӨ9axh8u\t-l|}Y%Wﴵm%éA=?w]=:ڷ9/vGXŦX9 jxt㿭+,B[MVT_ܨhD}zWeÌ::FˆyΞ(!\6,[2麾tɸ-vѲO1Ncfg栟h_s*Ѯŗ_dk57n_ba7ߜ!l= A 4!Z g9upEjFRL+; =O'꧇NKj'fYk6 z `BOHvKO$|ItdkvJObCHZkdC&:*O)P6vPh@k@rxzx7hKFCv]7ٲkftu8ť4 ."DE!sf1͘f 9e $7eD7&lDU]:3dt@ WVHkѲOZ.zdͬm6I`o M $PCǛۤ}?rص~T?vt;ZnLt-HW6Y$=STR3"y%cU22 [rPʇ"b _ه0d1~X(-^:8ckF|9(~KN;|?xYw5Ay9x-D50NX]bDr<+ϸ3Yb 2壋/R!KQK^^kqK~@8%2 U= E.uTӔ g\ lO _V?κ ɶoo4OVUh;⪊_o78oF@~imo>5uqC:bH{d?z\5i.M>kA?t^ ޤ z=@DG D 1 b:"D 1!"#:D@t :ЀЀЀt# *QDU@T* ~ @?~ @u?~aa]G c@1#ƀb 11cAp0 ua@r:0 9< 28f#h$; 쨎ͫ$q @ā8q @uD8q1@  b@G Q_Ϻky+&LίAvtί_E!?o %| f\\E $R! e:WݡQ_R {1۔ebأ)ߜǭkz \"H\øu:qy;T^*c{2l0Yt~j@xc]%4w Oggn_"47Y 4 UA> ]Zx@aPC˅2aFzJ&1Npp"<Dx^ع$|Gl=۝Ձu'.H5[B9`݂OAl^W 2 TREGQE鑂 4„o6RXlºde}_XǻaP0[}*p/ly\};o=X }}[*]"맵l_ʷo<|_w1 }4)ʺ/:,8;xXb t &=z9[V<,l|a0shequz:CBuZ:YF1h1FbHFx8y"Kpftųv޾`k.afY9#>9>"qギAƶDQq5R<3 !Ƽ7ue)kcJ[$4sv ~SxȤ ŏH#ƭ-#D*|C\wc`oEEψcI[_ZYrZYgŌ].l]7_[n.[lKV{+Z-W\lWZ;_V$PScWwƺX]YK=͢I,jc5iMXwt iFti>3̰X^ :e. zdZ1oLl7eDqKpF M͢ L4e_Ǜ<MvT;3jI w SkK֋-=[g}z{{׋7=^=>if*Eu LéQ4F0 A 'r5t> \<6 Ԭ=|8~UR> ePe}*x"7P#NP\sT x[Ŷ⁊/DoJ;%YZnB⏷0}DLV6;3]?z 7$]~DzӰqثҝKgo?zEWBCT~ endstream endobj 9 0 obj 9340 endobj 10 0 obj << /Length 11 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream x]j0EY`;1tEԲnH \#d&PGpXyo^1+ iҩD<jۍ,)r ~ճ[~D{؞Vߗs?< "]ݫtor`Rx]M1W5;MWRI^ڞEUQU /JʋXmhڃA{t;pg Np $AA Hqzi> endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /CIDFontType2 /BaseFont /ArialBold /CIDSystemInfo << /Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (Identity) /Supplement 0 >> /FontDescriptor 12 0 R /W [0 [ 750 556 610 889 610 556 556 277 500 277 610 610 333 610 ]] >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type0 /BaseFont /ArialBold /Encoding /Identity-H /DescendantFonts [ 13 0 R] /ToUnicode 10 0 R >> endobj 14 0 obj << /Length 15 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length1 31156 >> stream x |T?~ιd&$d$\v!&H$(Wmjn,@[iZ K*ڢR?ܹ~>{{{γ|;A!ġ˖mV/޵|_P˪U+}w?역kFh]^~2$?~ٲk6n.[ WH-٫ Ф^ORy ?!UO`E^ #P0ion߈ֿͨ%W68w+C@gQ`e`iB:ٖn1r #-ɺއk{. v9/B9{;ϜϜ{5mp[iFZq׊|}:ǾY_zm94N{hk<mz!CM>Q(eIB_L0Qb!ë뤅yq5 j+nFoLB;0Jq]'P_L_9BQ%"%NT}4trAgC~mi4u.Ajz!@t:+ݔv5Tj]%\z/\w[4=7x!e?A߸P٢ޑt98 BuwARBX,GO x,bp1<3!3& eqdc&@mv\WS>i5$R}Qf?GjFAN{=Xg06.m^PU˞62:W(k֒~ԅujwuaE1MG՗=mйDAv/T\N]'lպͮ+ݲm1d2IϕI:eo~Q:"9'vIA0R1mdw^RZ -`@?muZON4Ar5 F6 mtq>Pq6t"u6ICTM&C%Di*5=pպ_[3ft]*Q*rcW|;Wy{{]Gngۅyi?}740Q%xfU|Tl)oU6{mYj}*P~~Ϊ1%c5UMM+:laa%ˇWuTWa'O]#]Q3G#Q; : J`B4SKvM֪_9>R+Ϣ_j2<z:|ab`WWώe?6_@|+e{ڛWj8JcFY3y4^ԎhǴǴ&mi_j9Ѭ)iasZ)m-iPv٧yz!1֣'΀8yd 3]m*c?'*Y=n/j:u{Gjxҋڀr^r`Ibrd`t+R%m5aGЉ7g~w_uO?'n]TKx^f1|~g_z͗^yFЏ`;Jy~,B !6`8UyP-мE6[nx8-B"Јgteۑ#g}|{ 6? l=)OW)G/9`6ewG ~pڝC @9-cgDeAvQ6[m^U k4[)AS<6/5°nny6vL]ֆ6;HQnL]&x*H6f|#>F[Ɵ \9JDa&i1m" * &ѻ9Qtq !Ӎ:9u cN05KQeUR9QO`MuG0jA9\ W]* kW\]\{'}nUsC&rM6-~F*P_Nebٳyar-bf$Ru 2 :B v9ו~@Y^JcXVMRNqV*Sۥ RS2!( pj`q_ >륃*)G0@cHS$2DӗtAA]N0uHǬdd6zĄB喞={J߁uw¦m/Yw ҧXaTpKj>]  R.k\h>i~#daJEYy8YV eP6~43KMKtsq;ހwb5c؇=I荡) ݣM'8O 6mX̲YIaxE| cXlX%5+1f#r0V ^H9QXL۬T)0?z6U m9+ z[ݜ= 0lvCPbXG"7mbEnߩ"X_L@PR*+fH&|7NYj>_ܰsX7o7~ǾU8=t摆-z;/iKeVonu~ ֮gUG6]?9!wOGz? +@{u5!.eoMD AaX2p3̰l؀T٘b _ޜ_vjTdz|(Ô%OɆL8v&-,lO2S JQ+GSX6HF( *6KK0# ` *MND ӡ9(ɢ,Ty{9dWQZYaY`{Ex(L9@q\Ӗw.zln뵹.7{ٜћ==w>o;Hx6<z:@E.{C#CFhCO;䰣‘  !څpHvpv-bI{=<ˋY= `J ̰5<=zFc@:ۉpȠ&/d8;eEÖ2*țs2L0dCݎ} Z< t(N)6 Chdx2}z4B{eWw$"uA.Q`:N["~GXU *SlmS(]WO%䝊]<7$2f#Gظn/KL\:pi1R*"~6R"MhSVrkJ3j0S(J _zτQqQщYy%eˢ׈ΐ3A]79T۩?]#QUB3g1aSuB> ɫ0m6`W]Xb8ڃu':~2ȊR-*JRSri܃=eR .k`\,SӅKMDUkNO1oјИQN5m LE7 ^ @@ '1D3PP3( $\‹&L4"o1zd,~E۴&@ za)[+$KIFHs* 99*u;SEŜj2KR}mz٩3ϥ3SZ g$_̢y뙶(@tNet.-K xliK)eͥ+K(w)=ygC 3 %eĶľıF^Q8zSveƔ-V[m+R+*L\YQC{*է폕?^ѓy_AC-t,J-"aeБ+EYDQ_]ܰX.OU>Oxۈ0) U PShNhihwHHBб "@f7 Lt|PM1;]uXRE}O·1'SI53Ξ~mE,}/_yԲډ[,usѸ?]ců>d\$:,GsS첻hH-*H^j, =ʩwB >`? ߤ0Ia%Ϲ(aZ({R'Ewnl?~O!Zkd￷&/-/> SN/`g؄7pH>R)#!k>b䑽6(|d:Awe]>p xhf^vi{/#n^p.2̒E5cDGn/8(sSv@䫞nr4Xy*bOcRa=!!sP3k-Ly5D(}`p4؟D_t61T# G]%'"s "8PejwҮg|S<'0{WS4hC|g\9/p^Uо$$F^k__X9~[''dzq=͏ӧ?V4\Np]G6 @(N6ʎXW ]P88 ԤhǪܾH v՜7ać4 ԕSKjeZ& Ia?3c NgΙ1^u-`,R`<(rKtBaY˴.9Rg/3{x?LgxS\j9EhyW"\@\EXpy5ԁڤ d6Wg71֜OqWXhX&x cbDZdς@=}}A4Rא*G enopҥz& HDED8N`.Қ2's֜!P|5TfK0L gڜ0r҅\1&2CɹL:L:fD}P,f_ ӨɅT6&%k*NcAvt=^q+xpأ/zŚAZsX/S|0rIulu]Xr5v}uG=Mw<-k">ݏD֮{w,t^C> [R&UC 9• 1ȸm5Օ#;{_ߴʩ6 Q3{C+^ yT_ݬwFS<5R@,kfV5˭K_8H뜘׫5%a뇑ajgn.g)rv~_liͪ}lͳ6zr26u =Ng LNq6TuҢѨς5Q6l 9S>/kk L+%KFn*&/cF<s~O->Pe}/#rT<52;%4cs%&iN  5j 722@2XZmM%69q5W(ILl赖RyJhED{DfDE,铹`;-97oLMg*V'']U,Ex#d`!.۝āsFUќ-DL.K]Kw]}:SϾ}Q $d1Hq$XB%q5_k߻NqӵEGo\]  \%5^hEӞ6{l.K?ucp3e獸mWDY_8眫 S?O!,7m<8`e?)EC p5N,]1QAF,bQE" etjkičŒȾ)Tp;Z' r߆R\R*`RC~{ƍ#P6}PRj͸-%Z^\Wkkx;M!w*?@+QC?F.5s=w',:VAW+PJW CU@Jr 4IuFYELоe ^aD6ʤ李o NN&6W1UIUq7'(L%U^*  Qpd!tDPMp-;;Ǫ3%9 w ~b3(|Gw[ %-wZB@Pl[c}gCq 1v\D8Gxg$Iagr xv|ugo'x໨F P#"8zdM>|tÚ7 SWN t2 ޓIWMX!$ד]}VɚK r] tJc6Ib4?7nj2?6kI O39vn=k'0z5!o$.xm#3 O'B p]A$Nxb5eȃi'dSol_q. [!3-Ֆرi,#o ji}85J} [J&P@B4eB73m;EG7yW5pe?{?]Kw`IJ[.}Z(Պںe3Y{'.0ci!$9!LNŸ2<nE\W'~c&qH\v%$+I28NVxBI9pW8|O3Er[DI0USB[܆㶹v[MɅ_ܜ`q@oʿTǷ.Kc1Ta |/\<<>j$(1i Qc5 Ri<1IZ`aK4HN/$?dI]& Z]6HgG ;'#,H扉mc`V *6]ʑ~5 8i|:w`5wp',~FҤ28$&_ShfhgB.T<3% ܳ<^Q/G0RjOC{Ggid5w?? %06)z 9Z4d glˬ5Ck:4lXf4Pc/jB͚f;hW~\&*_kR %:VKas]TQ_$̽GX !}3 l9E-&lC'+{ApU-ߺ/yMO|c<~6n~/'s>ҫojn ,lo]oyk~˛|_{cx?o_^cfXm#GyI_NmK8&s`sJbD%9qKvt.wJu]՗9^Rtk04O<4:V"ثW| A97sXoe+ x%$-\@8Au?H,&xE5|Yl'aod?WI,fF4A +F 5D3@TTv5Tn`x0mj#dS~Cx Y<:JP-m,BDsI3"WZ&r7y@㱂DxTEv_W%(7{ܫ>(F̙3sX4%l f^KqxONP_&5Y 6E4AvEn3#% Wi1lķ+'lhKn^+8@7{9y[pkزbq{7I4{6soDroȕyYʹSpIrݺ5ټ^s d }&GzGJkm=|kCkfuv~^{]]pIC^E9I1XB6'6ŇPvƾk+{]Jqd,.-^@;_=~5_aLE_61eKQn${!!i`M.M_9||J(x͊W><:.t$.ZÛG޾;޲or^y dx ) d )#$juΌ/ʕ6S~gLc*;.؜O JMd9a"+6'0"{9RAeuprU };_)s5:=z"p!c l˱-϶t&(Eؤ ֻLash=^V,s#FhFs;mH1)\`vz_tl8r IE ug9]}\h>L[AlTMhDd~V/+334ntT9[ ͎krcsM ycS<++?=)n9#")@|n2}p:u:Np@`Fu qcWT૪5å M6l;6K ،t,S|5AzisByExH?v1`8`/\{FY_O'FN+ǝ}ŤU z`SȾYU|zFs.o)e}ײiK0up+e‘h w;>`7Ύ揟?C!BN"EEՂȰRP.VT5Y ֔/Tm=qvҐa-noBޏsZͰJ$d_3vj:*Sv#dJ9]/W)nxH?d7*[F8;x'gS,JXc^t[]8e>ZyRAnEN#  plTd38Z)qGc<\|fIN;}]g$uHDO߀9ݶ1 'Mf? ,>t(ifDR嗝/]0sP$y8Y:=E}L:G %}(þNƶXɕ[8p.U.Jiy?[?L+Rx_B{_}`cD}| ?)XE\M[>w!A~VXO.Rs2Nmk jȃ5V{>)sPV4{ȃ5 a\5__u-G̙A6ӖIwSy 1f^-T,>UEb[(,_[!])\iާ >꫸xkD}(x&߲, ݊éiv/vX쓕8)AA}AtkZ\wyuVr'h.ݎ4I)jt].$>QPzlA21ơP)phV?8 A6mlMW@.T_ * 5(6n5ؗ=czI8VY(R.[͹ =vC0a^AЀaw2L|rsQG`dns()׿z,`֤$O r<T0r]B Tl6 p(sR*=_iYJf6mcK/%ȭ;0`=N%8:1 F0o?Ld]fxɼ855l_8i*rȱmN9f*8%SamsPE.*j,*1VEoi`G.af~}Э7f,Y^8!z+<~6p֙ =]:Xm9jc>14SD2$^4즪a\;z3 /~0M W/$v,RQc/!Q/.MKNgE٬r5DL<TB2R "r" ȅ!? X0(*B()A(Т*O A OPL!Vgz!}Sy=^D?çh?E;NA-h;k/mh>|(.e{Q5z: u/@7ȏُMh MDszt'>?{Z7zt>mٖ]{B_.'gCceX P=ȵ8{)vjhfIW MVqເ,*.~82ފ?ll?:~ cX6oEzވďӸr?g =IR&j]9ߣ .rin4ȵrU۹G,spKxJxVpJKͯ` w{7*5QFh28n7z ۡ¸OC,kF| -A_?/@/ mv(k2L"s{YI6K%_rg4Urӹ6n%w%w-w/ȝᾂo<_ʧ4?__+WagQ/oH"~FOmף  }0eN[;t|8>`gpuA PS;a@ xOrPlҕm=eưVex$eR8 {=ZIgV~z޺ mFf toy$>2.v+6nXe֮YKV^rAsfO4&8~\u5FV^VQJ%JKh$ >p@\tm^FUST{O%=w8O,e8MZ'ogCkP4̚F&㍨qxU|j"9<%Ë}DkHlAзZUC@Nc^GGQn͐vzuķ鰎OoO'2ȩ=SW`Jxe\\8d<>6,Ge<[Q$±KN='OdLO+Y OVx8, kff\z!Cg`^g.\٩9fpF.G [J3hHfKSk$c@M̢ ʝë윖Ol\֗8:7Lm/{HfWU zsEp#҅Q?̜tk"sq:QhY 5KOI] c^w,Xܲ-ZX~p VJh)-;qfbn"B( >Xlaey]7Vmdì]-9e ;h~Hg7&&=BQ܄#]pwt7"ٕjv@MZ֑/jh -n陀l 5&մЈBb;霹8TFԂqzb'2KהЧ4'-D&*u8|+˛[-=pLVHxbp2RݮQӺ]f Z-cJ7\ҹ$SDok: ВYK03N\Be)Ny]dv%4 U_Jk%PpA%jH;ۙt4$GjlIfM$5>s'8*ij3=ӱ|4͌ (8 -=H u'EN˗isw\rI T\>Ncn5:σΎ3K>%Q1|![ֹEt" %V&rP~7{֡-LAӠ2\>S3h҉e+)&ޡWLMBd} v1,露= =tw:A@Wz|Z A'̠{p!|\j%o}ڬ,2kU ]'$g@Uz6Hœ0ϟAOXf%~Js 5ᒌ{ #бÙ[rդZ?ʶBO5Ѻ@d&t/ͅt&u@M꺭@Mjf&b PtZ(IYlzj襫F<~ݬaչρēK%(ңzZ?;b<8[L]}ر_@DEwwߝ:b87NB>mbQTyg!6iZw*v;Y{c_DO> ?&;PbUPBCv Ϊ=:<f{c7DFف恋6΅M^365ƚZ9{c# i&76zѢ>ʨZ9FJT$E$u.UeYe^&2Wz{EADnyFĜOcƝ`P$3L333g$  'eƦgǏ4–.j –>E"4DavglmEA`{aڔoٴ!tѤ̽3t~晢IFg@' ǟSSC֖0ufnfPVO+M롸\l{Ь^͠$TVǴ^צSX@mbu6u^OBdwYNfB((ʪDqUiRr[mN58[uǡkiI4ߺ| C'Ԟ} ][sTW|))Kzx|bJZ2uaKceSZ{ϭr-K/VG5[;b' N1z370&aNbv4l(Q' tYGi/tuAR5C$w1J KJK$\3] B%ŸPuCK1A+{}`TFvvhK`bܮ;@p 1''T!fBiʃݛK#7y0K.` TWG=X̨X 3l maʂE j) Kb%`clƬl;i] <3<'<7<;> stream x]Mk0E B^> endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /CIDFontType2 /BaseFont /Arial /CIDSystemInfo << /Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (Identity) /Supplement 0 >> /FontDescriptor 18 0 R /W [0 [ 750 277 333 666 556 556 222 556 277 556 333 666 556 277 556 333 610 500 556 610 556 556 500 556 500 277 833 222 500 722 556 222 583 556 556 833 666 722 943 500 ]] >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type0 /BaseFont /Arial /Encoding /Identity-H /DescendantFonts [ 19 0 R] /ToUnicode 16 0 R >> endobj 1 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [ 7 0 R ] /Count 1 >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Creator (cairo 1.8.10 (http://cairographics.org)) /Producer (cairo 1.8.10 (http://cairographics.org)) >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R >> endobj xref 0 22 0000000000 65535 f 0000034666 00000 n 0000002890 00000 n 0000000015 00000 n 0000002867 00000 n 0000013592 00000 n 0000034518 00000 n 0000003046 00000 n 0000003247 00000 n 0000012681 00000 n 0000012704 00000 n 0000013062 00000 n 0000013085 00000 n 0000013317 00000 n 0000013744 00000 n 0000033396 00000 n 0000033421 00000 n 0000033891 00000 n 0000033914 00000 n 0000034143 00000 n 0000034731 00000 n 0000034859 00000 n trailer << /Size 22 /Root 21 0 R /Info 20 0 R >> startxref 34912 %%EOF metap/vignettes/compare.Rnw0000644000176200001440000005756614136254755015545 0ustar liggesusers\documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb} %\usepackage{mydef2} \usepackage[round]{natbib} \usepackage{parskip,url} \usepackage{graphicx,subfig} \setlength{\topmargin}{0cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{2cm} %\lhead{} %\input{title} %\VignetteIndexEntry{Comparison of methods in the metap package} \title{Comparison of methods in the \pkg{metap} package} \author{Michael Dewey} \newcommand{\pkg}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\func}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\codefont}{\footnotesize} \newcommand{\mygraph}[3]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[height=6cm,width=10cm]{compare-#1} \caption{#2} \label{#3} \end{figure} } % in mypdf fourth parameter needs [] \newcommand{\mypdf}[4]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics#4{#1.pdf} \caption{#2} \label{#3} \end{figure} } \newcommand{\twograph}[8]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \subfloat[#2\label{#3}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{compare-#1}}% \subfloat[#5\label{#6}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{compare-#4}} \caption{#7} \label{#8} \end{figure} } \begin{document} \maketitle \section{Introduction} \subsection{What is this document for?} This document describes some methods for the meta--analysis of $p$--values (significance values) contained in the package \pkg{metap} and contains comments on the performance of the various algorithms under a small number of different scenarios with hints on the choice of method. \subsection{Notation} The $k$ studies give rise to $p$--values, $p_i,\;i = 1, \dots, k$. These are assumed to be independent. We shall also need the ordered $p$--values: $p_{[1]} \le p_{[2]}, \dots, \le p_{[k]}$ and weights $w_i,\;i = 1, \dots, k$. Logarithms are natural. A function for combining $p$--values is denoted $g$. The size of the test is $\alpha$. We may also need $k$ degrees of freedom, $\nu_i$. The methods are referred to by the name of the function in \func{metap}. Table \ref{funcs} shows other descriptions of each method. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Description(s)} \\[1ex] & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Eponym} \\ \func{invchisq} & Lancaster's method & Inverse chi square \\ \func{invt} & & Inverse t \\ \func{logitp} & & Logistic\\ \func{meanp} \\ \func{meanz} \\ \func{maximump} \\ \func{minimump} & Tippett's method \\ \func{sumlog} & Fisher's method & Chi square (2 df)\\ \func{sump} & Edgington's method & Uniform\\ \func{sumz} & Stouffer's method & Normal\\ \func{truncated} & Truncated Fisher\\ \func{truncated} & & rank--truncated\\ \func{votep} \\ \func{wilkinsonp} & Wilkinson's method \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Methods considered in this document} \label{funcs} \end{table} \section{Theoretical results} There have been various attempts to clarify the problem and to discuss optimality of the methods. A detailed account was provided by \citet{liptak58}. \citet{birnbaum54} considered the property of admissibility. A method is admissible if when it rejects $H_0$ for a set of $p_i$ it will also reject $H_0$ for $P^*_i$ where $p^*_i \le p_i$ for all $i$. He considered that Fisher's and Tippett's method were admissible. See also \citet{owen09}. He also points out the problem is poorly specified. This may account for the number of methods available and their differing behaviour. The null hypothesis $H_0$ is well defined, that all $p_i$ have a uniform distribution on the unit interval. There are two classes of alternative hypothesis \begin{itemize} \item $H_A$: all $p_i$ have the same (unknown) non--uniform, non--increasing density, \item $H_B$: at least one $p_i$ has an (unknown) non--uniform, non--increasing density. \end{itemize} If all the tests being combined come from what are basically replicates then $H_A$ is appropriate whereas if they are of different kinds of test or different conditions then $H_B$ is appropriate. Note that Birnbaum specifically considers the possibility that the tests being combined may be very different for instance some tests of means, some of variances, and so on. \section{The methods} \subsection{Comparison scenarios} To provide a standard of comparison we shall use the following two situations. Some authors have also used the case of exactly two $p_i$. \begin{description} %\subsubsection{What if all $p_i = p$?\label{twopisection}} \item[What if all $p_i = p$?]\label{twopisection} Perhaps surprisingly there are substantial differences here as we shall see when we look at each method. We shall describe how the returned value varies with $p$ and $k$. %\subsubsection{Cancellation} \item[Cancellation] When the collection of primary studies contains a number of values significant in both directions the methods can give very different results. If the intention of the synthesis is to examine a directional hypothesis one would want a method where these cancelled out. The decision between methods should be made on theoretical grounds of course. We shall use the following four values as our example. \end{description} {\codefont <<>>= cancel <- c(0.001, 0.001, 0.999, 0.999) @ } <>= library(metap) data(dat.metap) validity <- dat.metap$validity$p genvec <- function(pvals, kvals, fun, name) { ps <- length(pvals) ks <- length(kvals) temp <- matrix(-1, nrow = ps, ncol = ks) for(i in 1:ps) for(j in 1:ks) { temp[i, j] <- fun(rep(pvals[i], kvals[j]))$p } temp2 <- as.vector(temp) res <- data.frame(method = rep(name, length(temp2)), p = rep(pvals, ks), k = rep(kvals, each = ps), g = temp2 ) res } @ \subsection{Methods using transformation of the $p$--values} One class of methods relies on transforming the $p$--values first. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & Definition & Critical value \\[1ex] \func{invchisq} & $\sum_{i=1}^k \chi^2_{\nu_i}(p_i)$ & $\chi^2_{\sum{\nu_i}}(\alpha)$ \\[1ex] \func{invt} & $\frac{\sum_{i=1}^k t_{\nu_i}(p_i)}% {\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^k \frac{\nu_i}{\nu_i - 2}}}$ & $z(\alpha)$ \\[1ex] \func{logitp} & $\frac{\sum_{i=1}^k \log\frac{p}{1 - p}}{C}$ & $t_{5k+4}$ \\ & where $C = \sqrt\frac{k \pi^2 (5 k + 2)}{3(5 k + 4)}$ & \\[1ex] \func{meanz} & $\frac{\bar{z}}{s_{\bar{z}}}$ & $t_{k-1}(\alpha)$ \\ & where $\bar{z} = \sum_{i=1}^k \frac{z(p_i)}{k}$ \\ & and $s_{\bar{z}} = \frac{s_z}{\sqrt{k}}$ & \\[1ex] \func{sumlog} & $\sum_{i=1}^{k} - 2 \log p_i$ & $\chi_{2k}(\alpha)$ \\[1ex] \func{sumz} & $\frac{\sum_{i=1}^k z(p_i)}{\sqrt{k}}$ & $z(\alpha)$\\ \end{tabular} \caption{Definitions of methods using transformation of the $p$ values} \label{transdefs} \end{table} <>= kvals <- c(4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20) pvals <- c(0.2, 0.3, 0.3679, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) dat <- rbind( genvec(pvals, kvals, logitp, "logitp"), genvec(pvals, kvals, meanz, "meanz"), genvec(pvals, kvals, sumlog, "sumlog"), genvec(pvals, kvals, sumz, "sumz") ) @ <>= lattice::xyplot(g ~ k | method, groups = p, type = "l", data = dat, auto.key = list(space = "left", lines = TRUE, title = "p"), ylab = "g(p)" ) @ \subsubsection{The method of summation of logs, Fisher's method} See Table \ref{transdefs} for the definition. This works because $- 2 \log p_i$ is a $\chi^2_2$ and the sum of $\chi^2$ is itself a $\chi^2$ with degrees of freedom equal to the sum of the degrees of freedom of the individual $\chi^2$. Of course the sum of the log of the $p_i$ is also the log of the product of the $p_i$. Fisher's method \citep{fisher25} is provided in \func{sumlog}. <>= set.seed(18122019) temp <- matrix(runif(10000), nrow = 100) fisher <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) sumlog(x)$p) lanc4 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invchisq(x, 4)$p) lanc16 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invchisq(x, 16)$p) lanc256 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invchisq(x, 256)$p) banda <- function(x, y) { res <- data.frame(sum = x + y, diff = (x - y)) res } dat <- data.frame(rbind(banda(fisher, lanc4), banda(fisher, lanc16), banda(fisher, lanc256), banda(lanc4, lanc16), banda(lanc4, lanc256), banda(lanc16, lanc256) ), name = factor(c(rep("FL4", 100), rep("FL16", 100), rep("FL256", 100), rep("L4L16", 100), rep("L4L256", 100), rep("L16L256", 100)), levels = c("FL4", "FL16", "FL256", "L4L16", "L4L256", "L16L256") ) ) @ <>= lattice::xyplot(diff ~ sum | name, data = dat, panel = function(x, y, ...) { lattice::panel.xyplot(x, y, ...) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y), lty = 2) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) + 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) - 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) } ) @ <>= stouff <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) sumz(x)$p) invt4 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invt(x, 4)$p) invt16 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invt(x, 16)$p) invt256 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invt(x, 256)$p) banda <- function(x, y) { res <- data.frame(sum = x + y, diff = (x - y)) res } dat <- data.frame(rbind(banda(stouff, invt4), banda(stouff, invt16), banda(stouff, invt256), banda(invt4, invt16), banda(invt4, invt256), banda(invt16, invt256) ), name = factor(c(rep("St4", 100), rep("St16", 100), rep("St256", 100), rep("t4t16", 100), rep("t4t256", 100), rep("t16t256", 100)), levels = c("St4", "St16", "St256", "t4t16", "t4t256", "t16t256") ) ) @ <>= lattice::xyplot(diff ~ sum | name, data = dat, panel = function(x, y, ...) { lattice::panel.xyplot(x, y, ...) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y), lty = 2) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) + 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) - 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) } ) @ As can be seen in Figure \ref{equalp} when all the $p_i=p$ \func{sumlog} returns a value which decreases with $k$ when $p<0.32$, increases with $k$ when $p>0.37$, and in between increases with $k$ and then decreases. Some detailed algebra provided in a post to https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/243003 by Christoph Hanck suggests that the breakpoint is $e^{-1} = 0.3679$. Where the $p_i$ are less than this then for a sufficiently large $k$ (several hundred) the result will be significant and not if above that. Over the range of $k$ we are plotting this bound is not yet closely approached. \mygraph{transeqp}{Behaviour of the methods using transformed $p$ values for $k$ values of $p=p_i$}{equalp} \subsubsection{Inverse $\chi^2$ Lancaster's method} It would of course be possible to generalise Fisher's method to use transformation to $\chi^2$ with any other number of degrees of freedom rather than 2. \citet{lancaster61} suggests that this is highly correlated with \func{sumlog}. Lancaster's method is provided in \func{invchisq}. In fact the resemblance to \func{sumlog} becomes less as the number of degrees of freedom increases. Figure \ref{fishlanc} shows for a small number of selected degrees of freedom how it compares to Fisher's method. \twograph{fishlanc}{Fisher's method and Lancaster's method}{fishlanc}{stouffinvt}{Stouffer's method and inverse $t$}{stouffinvt}{Sum and difference plots of Fisher v Lancaster and Stouffer v inverse $t$}{compfishstouff} \subsubsection{The method of summation of $z$ values, Stouffer's method} The method of summation of $z$ values is provided in \func{sumz} \citep{stouffer49}. See Table \ref{transdefs} for the definition. As can be seen in Figure \ref{equalp} it returns a value for our $p_i=p$ example which decreases with $k$ when $p$ below 0.5 and increases above. A weighted version of Stouffer's method is available %\begin{equation} $\frac{\sum_{i=1}^k w_i z(p_i)}{\sqrt {\sum_{i=1}^k w_i ^ 2}}$ %\end{equation} where $w_i$ are the weights. In the absence of effect sizes (in which case a method using effect sizes would be more appropriate anyway) best results are believed to be obtained with weights proportional to the square root of the sample sizes \citep{zaykin11} following \citet{liptak58}. \subsubsection{Mean of normals method} There is also a method closely related to Stouffer's using the mean of normals provided in \func{meanz} also defined in Table \ref{transdefs} which has very similar properties except that when all the $p_i$ are equal it either gives 0 or 1 as can be seen in Figure \ref{equalp}. <<>>= meanz(c(0.3, 0.31))$p meanz(c(0.1, 0.2))$p @ The method of \func{meanz} also has the unusual property that a set of $p$--values which are all less than those in another set can still give rise to a larger overall $p$. See example above. This is the only method considered here which has this property so if it is a desirable one then that is the only method to consider. \subsubsection{The inverse $t$ method} A closely related method is the inverse $t$ method. See Table \ref{transdefs} for the definition. This method is provided in \func{invt}. As is clear from the definition this method tends to Stouffer's method as $\nu_i \to \infty$. Figure \ref{stouffinvt} shows this for selected degrees of freedom. \subsubsection{The method of summation of logits} See Table \ref{transdefs} for the definition. This method is provided in \func{logitp}. The constant $C$ was arrived at by equating skewness and kurtosis with that of the $t$--distribution \citep{loughin04}. As can be seen in Figure \ref{equalp} this method returns a value for our $p_i=p$ example which decreases with $k$ when $p$ below 0.5 and increases above. \subsubsection{Examples for methods using transformations of the $p$ values} <>= log10p <- function(x) { res <- round(-log(x, base = 10), 2) res } @ \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & \multicolumn{1}{c}{validity} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{cancel} \\ & \multicolumn{1}{c}{value expressed} \\ & \multicolumn{1}{c}{as $-\log_{10}p$} \\[1ex] \func{logitp} & \Sexpr{log10p(logitp(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{logitp(cancel)$p} \\ \func{meanz} & \Sexpr{log10p(meanz(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{meanz(cancel)$p} \\ \func{sumlog} & \Sexpr{log10p(sumlog(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{round(sumlog(cancel)$p, 5)} \\ \func{sumz} & \Sexpr{log10p(sumz(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{sumz(cancel)$p}\\ \end{tabular} \caption{Examples of methods using transformation of the $p$ values} \label{transexamples} \end{table} Using the same example dataset which we have already plotted and our cancellation dataset we have the values in Table \ref{transexamples}. As can be seen all the methods cancel except for \func{sumlog}. The agreement for the validity dataset is close except for \func{meanz} whoch gives a value several orders of magnitude greater than the other three. Lancaster's method and inverse $t$ are not shown as they are both infinite families of possible methods and in any event are similar to Fisher's method and Stouffer's method respectively. \subsection{Methods using untransformed $p$--values} \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & Definition & Critical value \\[1ex] \func{meanp} & $\bar p = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^k p_i}{k}$ \\ & $z = (0.5 - \bar{p}) \sqrt{12k}$ & $z(\alpha)$ \\ \func{minimump} & $p_{[1]}$ & $1 - (1 - \alpha)^{\frac{1}{k}}$ \\ \func{maximump} & $p_{[k]}$ & $\alpha^k$ \\ \func{wilkinsonp} & $p_{[r]}$ & $\sum_{s=r}^k {k \choose s}\alpha^s (1 - \alpha)^{k-s}$\\[1ex] \func{sump} & $\frac{(S)^k}{k!}% - {k \choose 1}\frac{(S - 1)^k}{k!}% + {k \choose 2}\frac{(S - 2)^k}{k!} - \dots$ & $\alpha$ \\ & where $S = \sum_{i=1}^k p_i$ \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Definitions of methods not using transformation of the $p$ values, % the series for \func{sump} continues until the term in in the numerator $(S-i)$ becomes negative} \label{untransdefs} \end{table} <>= kvals <- c(4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20) pvals <- c(0.2, 0.3, 0.3679, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) dat <- rbind( genvec(pvals, kvals, meanp, "meanp"), genvec(pvals, kvals, maximump, "maximump"), genvec(pvals, kvals, minimump, "minimump"), genvec(pvals, kvals, sump, "sump"), genvec(pvals, kvals, votep, "votep") ) @ <>= lattice::xyplot(g ~ k | method, groups = p, type = "l", data = dat, auto.key = list(space = "left", lines = TRUE, title = "p"), ylab = "g(p)" ) @ \mygraph{untranseqp}{Behaviour of the methods using untransformed $p$ values for $k$ values of $p=p_i$}{unequalp} \subsubsection{The method of minimum $p$, maximum $p$, and Wilkinson's method} The methods of minimum $p$ \citep{tippett31}, maximum $p$ and Wilkinson \citep{wilkinson51} are defined in Table \ref{untransdefs}. Wilkinson's method depends on which value (the $r$th) of $p_{[i]}$ is selected. % p is pbeta(p[r], r, k+1-r) % critical p is qbeta(alpha, r, k+1-r) Wilkinson's method is provided in \func{wilkinsonp} and a convenience function \func{minimump} with its own \code{print} method is provided for the minimum $p$ method ($r=1$). It is also possible to use the method for the maximum $p$ (that is $r=k$) and a convenience function \func{maximump} is provided for that purpose. As can be seen in Figure \ref{unequalp} these methods return a value for our $p_i=p$ example which always increases with $k$ which is true for \func{minimump} and which always decreases with $k$ which is true for \func{maximump} \subsubsection{The method of summation of $p$--values, Edgington's method\label{sump}} Defined in Table \ref{untransdefs} \citep{edgington72a}. This method is provided in \func{sump}. As can be seen in Figure \ref{unequalp} this method returns a value for our $p_i=p$ example which decreases with $k$ when $p$ below 0.5 and increases above. Some authors use a simpler version, $\frac{(\sum p)^k}{k!}$, for instance \citet{rosenthal78} in the text although compare his Table 4. This can be very conservative when $\sum p > 1$ There seems no particular need to use this method but it is returned by \func{sump} as the value of \code{conservativep} for use in checking published values. Note also that there can be numerical problems for extreme values of $S$ and in that case recourse might be made to \func{meanp} which has similar properties. \subsubsection{The mean $p$ method} Defined in Table \ref{untransdefs}. Although this method is attributed to Edgington \citep{edgington72b} when the phrase Edgington's method is used it refers to the method of summation of $p$--values described above in Section \ref{sump}. As can be seen in Figure \ref{unequalp} this method returns a value for our $p_i=p$ example which decreases with $k$ when $p$ below 0.5 and increases above. Not surprisingly this method gives very similar results to Edington's other method implemented in \func{sump} and since it does not have the numerical problems of that method it might perhaps be preferred. \subsubsection{Examples for methods using untransformed $p$--values} Using the same example dataset which we have already plotted and our cancellation dataset we have the values in Table \ref{untransexamples}. As can be seen \func{meanp} and \func{sump} cancel but the other two do not. Agreement here is not so good especially for the maximum p method. Wilkinson's method not shown as it depends on the value of $r$. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lrl} Function name & \multicolumn{1}{c}{validity} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{cancel} \\ & \multicolumn{1}{c}{value expressed} \\ & \multicolumn{1}{c}{as $-\log_{10}p$} \\[1ex] \\[1ex] \func{minimump} & \Sexpr{log10p(minimump(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{round(minimump(cancel)$p, 5)} \\ \func{maximump} & \Sexpr{log10p(maximump(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{round(maximump(cancel)$p, 5)} \\ \func{meanp} & \Sexpr{log10p(meanp(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{meanp(cancel)$p}\\ \func{sump} & \Sexpr{log10p(sump(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{sump(cancel)$p} \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Examples for methods using the untransformed $p$ values} \label{untransexamples} \end{table} \subsection{Other methods} \subsubsection{The method of vote--counting} A simple way of looking at the problem is vote counting. Strictly speaking this is not a method which combines $p$--values in the same sense as the other methods. If most of the studies have produced results in favour of the alternative hypothesis irrespective of whether any of them is individually significant then that might be regarded as evidence for that alternative. The numbers for and against may be compared with what would be expected under the null using the binomial distribution. A variation on this would allow for a neutral zone of studies which are considered neither for nor against. For instance one might only count studies which have reached some conventional level of statistical significance in the two different directions. This method returns a value for our $p_i=p$ example which is 1 for $p$ values above 0.5 and otherwise invariant with $p$ but decreases with $k$. This method does cancel significant values in both directions. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & validity & cancel \\[1ex] \func{votep} & \Sexpr{round(votep(validity)$p, 6)} & \Sexpr{round(votep(cancel)$p, 5)} \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Examples for vote counting} \label{votepexamples} \end{table} \subsubsection{Methods not using all $p$--values} If there is a hypothesis that the signal will be concentrated in only a few $p$--values then alternative methods are available in \func{truncated}. This is a wrapper to two packages available on CRAN: \pkg{TFisher} which provides the truncated Fisher method \citep{zaykin07,zhang18} and \pkg{mutoss} which provides the rank--truncated Fisher method \citep{dudbridge03}. Note that Table \ref{truncatedexamples} only shows results for the validity data--set as, since the methods explicitly only consider results in one direction the cancellation issue does not arise. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & truncated at $p$ = 0.5 & truncated at rank = 5 \\[1ex] \func{truncated} & \Sexpr{log10p(truncated(validity, ptrunc = 0.5)$p)} & \Sexpr{log10p(truncated(validity, rtrunc = 5)$p)} \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Examples for truncated using the validity data--set expressed as $-\log_{10}p$} \label{truncatedexamples} \end{table} These methods are appropriate for the situation where it is known that many of the $p$--values are noise and there will only be a few signals. \section{Loughin's recommendations} In his simulation study \citet{loughin04} carried out extensive comparisons. Note that he did not consider all the methods implemented here. These omissions are not too important for our purposes. The methods implemented here as \func{invchisq}, \func{invt}, \func{meanp} and \func{meanz} are all very similar to ones which he did study. The truncation methods appeared about the same time as his work but in any case are fundamentally different. Vote counting is arguably not a method of the same sort. As Loghin points out the first thing to consider is whether large $p$--values should cancel small ones. If this is not desired then the only methods to consider are those in \func{sumlog} (Fisher), \func{minimump} (Tippett) and \func{maximump}. \mypdf{struct}{Loughin's recommendations based on structure}{struct}{[height=6cm,width=8cm]} He bases his recommendations on criteria of structure and the arrangement of evidence against $H_0$. Figure \ref{struct} shows a summary of his recommendations about the structure of the evidence. \mypdf{strength}{Loughin's recommendations based on where the strength of the evidence is located}{strength}{[height=8cm,width=12cm]} Figure \ref{strength} summarise his recommendations about the arrangement of evidence. Overall he considered the choice to lie between Stouffer's method, Fisher's method and the logistic method implemented in \func{logitp}. As has already been mentioned Fisher's method cancels whereas the other two do not so if the weak evidence in a small number of $p$--values is not to be over--whelmed by the others then Fisher is the best choice. However where the evidence is more evenly spread Stouffer's method may be preferred. The logistic method represents a compromise between them and is perhaps best suited where the pattern of evidence is not clear in advance. The other methods are not universally ruled out and may be helpful in the specific circumstance outlined in his summaries. \bibliography{metap} \bibliographystyle{plainnat} \end{document} metap/vignettes/metap.Rnw0000644000176200001440000001725114163334232015175 0ustar liggesusers\documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb} %\usepackage{mydef2} \usepackage[round]{natbib} \usepackage{parskip,url} \usepackage{graphicx,subfig} \setlength{\topmargin}{0cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{2cm} %\lhead{} %\input{title} %\VignetteIndexEntry{Introduction to the metap package} \title{Introduction to the \pkg{metap} package} \author{Michael Dewey} \newcommand{\pkg}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\func}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\codefont}{\footnotesize} \newcommand{\mygraph}[3]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[height=6cm,width=10cm]{#1} \caption{#2} \label{#3} \end{figure} } \newcommand{\twograph}[8]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \subfloat[#2\label{#3}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{#1}}% \subfloat[#5\label{#6}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{#4}} \caption{#7} \label{#8} \end{figure} } \begin{document} \maketitle \section{Introduction} \subsection{What is this document for?} This document describes some methods for the meta--analysis of $p$--values (significance values) and their implementation in the package \pkg{metap}. I welcome feedback about sources of published examples against which I can test the code and any other comments about either the documentation or the code. The problem of meta--analysis of $p$--values is of course not completely unconnected with the more general issue of simultaneous statistical inference. \subsection{Why and when to meta--analyse significance values} The canonical way to meta--analyse a number of primary studies uses estimates of effect sizes from each of them. There are a large number of packages for this purpose available from CRAN and described in the task view \url{http://CRAN.R-project.org/view=MetaAnalysis}. However sometimes the only available information may be $p$--values especially when some of the primary studies were published a long time ago or were published in sources which were less rigorous about insisting on effect sizes. The methods outlined here are designed for this eventuality. The situation may also arise that some of the studies can be combined in a conventional meta--analysis using effect sizes but there are many others which cannot and in that case the conventional meta--analysis of the subset of studies which do have effect sizes may usefully be supplemented by an overall analysis of the $p$--values. Just for the avoidance of doubt, if each study has produced a proportion and the goal is to synthesise them to a common estimate or analyse the differences between them then the standard methods are appropriate not the ones outlined here. The $p$--values in this document are significance levels. The methods are referred to by the name of the function in \func{metap}. Table \ref{funcs} shows other descriptions of each method. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Description(s)} \\[1ex] & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Eponym} \\ \func{invchisq} & Lancaster's method & Inverse chi square \\ \func{invt} & & Inverse t \\ \func{logitp} & & Logistic\\ \func{meanp} \\ \func{meanz} \\ \func{maximump} \\ \func{minimump} & Tippett's method \\ \func{sumlog} & Fisher's method & Chi square (2 df)\\ \func{sump} & Edgington's method & Uniform\\ \func{sumz} & Stouffer's method & Normal\\ \func{truncated} & Truncated Fisher & rank--truncated\\ \func{votep} \\ \func{wilkinsonp} & Wilkinson's method \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Methods considered in this document} \label{funcs} \end{table} \section{Preparation for meta--analysis of $p$--values} \subsection{Preliminaries} I assume you have installed \textsf{R} and \pkg{metap}. You then need to load the package. <<>>= library(metap) @ \subsection{Directionality} It is usual to have a directional hypothesis, for instance that treatment is better than control. For the methods described here a necessary preliminary is to ensure that all the $p$--values refer to the same directional hypothesis. If the value from the primary study is two--sided it needs to be converted. This is not simply a matter of halving the quoted $p$--value as values in the opposite direction need to be reversed. A convenience function \func{two2one} is provided for this. {\codefont <<>>= pvals <- c(0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9) istwo <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE) toinvert <- c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE) two2one(pvals, two = istwo, invert = toinvert) @ } Note in particular the way in which $0.9$ is converted under the different scenarios. \subsection{Plotting} It would be a wise precaution to examine the $p$--values graphically or otherwise before subjecting them to further analysis. A separate vignette discusses the range of plots available in the package so here we just show the most simple. As our example we use data from studies of validity of student ratings of their instructors \citep{becker94}. The \func{plotp} provides a Q--Q plot of the $p$--values to detect departure from the uniform distribution. An example is shown in Figure \ref{plotp}. The line is the line of exact fit to the reference distribution, the uniform. The polygon is a simultaneous confidence region such that if points lie outside it we can reject the null hypothesis that the points are drawn iid from a uniform. <>= data(dat.metap) validity <- dat.metap$validity$p plotp(validity) @ \mygraph{metap-plotp}{Q--Q plot from \func{plotp}}{plotp} This plot is more informative than a simple printout. Note that this enhanced plot is only available from version 1.8 of \func{metap}. Previous versions usd a simpler plot. {\codefont <<>>= print(validity) @ } \subsection{Reporting problems in the primary studies} Another issue is what to do with studies which have simply reported on whether a conventional level of significance like 0.05 was achieved or not. If the exact associated $p$ cannot be derived from the statistics quoted in the primary source then the value of the level achieved, in this case 0.05, can be used although this may be conservative. Studies which simply report not significant could be included as having $p=1$ (or $p=0.5$ if it is known that the direction was right) although this is very conservative. The theory of handling $p$--values which have been truncated like this has been developed by \citet{zaykin02} and \func{truncated} provides a convenience wrapper for two methods available in other CRAN packages. \section{Using the methods} All the methods in the package take as their first argument the vector of $p$--values. To use Fisher's method as an example: <<>>= sumlog(validity) @ This confirms what was indeed obvious from the plot that the null hypothesis that these are drawn from a uniform distribution can be rejected. A few require extra information. Those which rely on inverse transformations often need a vector of degrees of freedom. Currently this applies to \func{invchisq} and \func{invt}. Stouffer's method in \func{sumz} optionally uses weights if a vector of weights is provided. Most of the methods (\func{invchisq, invt, logitp, meanz, sumlog, sumz, wilkinsonp}) allow as an option to return the logarithm of the $p$--value which may be useful if it is expected that the return value will be very small. A smaller number (\func{invchisq, invt, sumlog}) allow for input of log $p$--values. \section{Miscellanea} \begin{description} \item[Extractor functions] The standard \code{print} and \code{plot} methods are provided. \item[Omnibus function] A function \func{allmetap} is provided to simultaneously perform a number of the other functions. It may be useful to show how they give different results on the same data. \item[Reading] An annotated bibliography is provided by \citet{cousins08} \end{description} \bibliography{metap} \bibliographystyle{plainnat} \end{document} metap/vignettes/metap.bib0000644000176200001440000001523614163612400015160 0ustar liggesusers@article{rosenthal78, author = {Rosenthal, R}, title = {Combining results of independent studies}, journal = {Psychological Bulletin}, year = {1978}, volume = {85}, pages = {185--193}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{wilkinson51, author = {Wilkinson, B}, title = {A statistical consideration in psychological research}, journal = {Psychological Bulletin}, year = {1951}, volume = {48}, pages = {156--158}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{edgington72a, author = {Edgington, E S}, title = {An additive method for combining probability values from independent experiments}, journal = {Journal of Psychology}, year = {1972}, volume = {80}, pages = {351--363}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{zaykin11, author = {Zaykin, D V}, title = {Optimally weighted $Z$--test is a powerful method for combining probabilities in meta--analysis}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {24}, year = {2011}, pages = {1836--1841}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @incollection{becker94, author = {Becker, B J}, editor = {Cooper, H and Hedges, L V}, title = {Combining significance levels}, booktitle = {A handbook of research synthesis}, year = {1994}, pages = {215--235}, chapter = {15}, publisher = {Russell Sage}, address = {New York}, keywords = {meta-analysis} } @ARTICLE{schweder82, author = {Schweder, T and Spj{\o}tvoll, E}, year = 1982, title = {Plots of $P$--values to evaluate many tests simultaneously}, journal = {Biometrika}, volume = 69, pages = {493--502}, keywords = {multiple comparison} } @article{benjamini00, author = {Benjamini, Y and Hochberg, Y}, title = {On the adaptive control of the false disovery rate in multiple testing with independent statistics}, journal = {Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics}, year = {2000}, volume = {25}, pages = {60--83}, keywords = {multiple comparison} } @article{edgington72b, author = {Edgington, E S}, title = {A normal curve method for combining probability values from independent experiments}, journal = {Journal of Psychology}, year = {1972}, volume = {82}, pages = {85--89}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{birnbaum54, author = {Birnbaum, A}, title = {Combining independent tests of significance}, journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association}, year = {1954}, volume = {49}, pages = {559--574}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{owen09, author = {Owen, A B}, title = {{Karl Pearson's} meta--analysis revisited}, journal = {Annals of Statistics}, year = {2009}, volume = {37}, pages = {3867--3892}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{liptak58, author = {Lipt\'ak, T}, title = {On the combination of independent tests}, journal = {A Magyar Tudom\'anyos Akad\'emia Matematikai Kutat\'o Int\'ezet\'enek K\"ozlem\'enyi}, year = {1958}, volume = {3}, pages = {171--197}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @misc{cousins08, author = {Cousins, R D}, title = {Annotated bibliography of some papers on combining significances or $p$--values}, year = {2008}, note = {arXiv:0705.2209}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{loughin04, author = {Loughin, T M}, title = {A systematic comparison of methods for combining $p$--values from independent tests}, journal = {Computation Statistics and Data Analysis}, year = {2004}, volume = {47}, pages = {467--485}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{lancaster61, author = {Lancaster, H}, title = {The combination of probabilities: an application of orthonormal functions}, journal = {Australian Journal of Statistics}, year = {1961}, volume = {3}, pages = {20--33}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{zaykin02, author = {Zaykin, D V and Zhivotovsky, L A and Westfall, P H and Weir, B S}, title = {Truncated product method for combining $P$--values}, journal = {Genetic Epidemiology}, year = {2002}, volume = {22}, pages = {170--185}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @book{fisher25, author = {Fisher, R A}, title = {Statistical methods for research workers}, year = {1925}, publisher = {Oliver and Boyd}, address = {Edinburgh}, } @book{stouffer49, author = {Stouffer, S A and Suchman, E A and DeVinney, L C and Star, S A and Williams, R M Jnr}, title = {The {American} soldier, vol 1: {A}djustment during army life}, year = {1949}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, address = {Princeton}, } @book{tippett31, author = {Tippett, L H C}, title = {The methods of statistics}, year = {1931}, publisher = {Williams and Norgate}, address = {London}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{zaykin07, author = {Zaykin, D V and Zhivotovsky, L A and Czika, W and Shao, S and Wolfinger, R D}, title = {Combining p--values in large--scale genomics experiments}, journal = {Pharmaceutical Statistics}, year = {2007}, volume = {6}, pages = {217--236} } @article{dudbridge03, author = {Dudbridge, F and Koeleman, B P C}, title = {Rank truncated product of $P$--values, with application to genomewide association scans}, journal = {Genetic Epidemiology}, year = {2003}, volume = {25}, pages = {360--366} } @article{zhang18, author = {Zhang, H and Tong, T and Landers, J and Wu, Z}, title = {{TF}isher tests: optimal and adaptive thresholding for combining $p$--values}, journal = {arXiv}, year = {2018}, url = {arXiv:1801.04309} } @article{harrison17, author = {Harrison, S and Jones, H E and Martin, R M and Lewis, S J and Higgins, J P T}, title = {The albatros plot: {A} novel graphical tool for presenting the results of diversely reported studies in a systematic review}, journal = {Research Synthesis Methods}, year = {2017}, volume = {8}, pages = {281--289} } @article{zhang16, author = {Zhang, Y--M and Lu, Y and Yang, D and Wu, H--F and Bian, Z--P and Xu, J--D and Gu, C--R and Wang, L--S and Chen, X--J}, title = {The effects of different initiation time of exercise training on left ventricular remodeling and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction}, journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation}, year = {2016}, volume = {38}, pages = {268--276} } metap/data/0000755000176200001440000000000014147446427012306 5ustar liggesusersmetap/data/dat.metap.rda0000644000176200001440000000632514147446376014664 0ustar liggesusersX XS {R.OJ&&;Oъ { NA tW@Ʃ(GDhtkDEوtt]y4.>t}@40CB3pL1↝cQƑ+kL]C刁zt]ouݧO!kmmgKs#>s꺡%@m-?6Y+ބ֠sooƇEIrQqj'7.(Ro} g?+(.SC=k%ÝiN&>h q5c?3L[\qTx4.‘wg9,-l =>)WwBkφWwfo; Y2OO` 4sW7CAG?+|,Dp9Fr=| ppgH{K"8CWnQqr* d/|aV39C?oqAE$A,JT+LתzF2Q8Yh,S)"Ler 1:1 bt!3ɻoJt(1Qjs\41VG.bt(>V!?ubFT(2:efJXI䶉*,_*cWC@4c/;GzM3sy99ɀ Zܿ~m̽4EPsU~P3Rq?|br/| LZ\I%:%FGqJQXSמށ"'D|NOp9<yp4ڛ y\nv\Nzsͧ nv6gחJ.\ Lgn|~.uVD!жpL/.uMj(Ӭ9]5Cfޗ&~ȭc!p2Id_{jKVƏ{Us/g{$n N@'i <_xz]?9i0>!FJWr(Җ5'mt!miC:tI Sf@C~9}vv :ĥVw ؼ.;%mĞ%^,X% 2AF;ʿ-WiSTX(K*R_Gt[wZ]z2;sL $bY1Mf)ŒNȢ'TkQc/MP+EN`WOY[?uɥ)=uT&SH 3[,su(Z3:DR1sWR}q1jjzH(1)RYiz21hN_bpo;wZ9Cs-r$꥕c@>ʝrIk0g5eڤՔynwcmTyeCzmӜ=NL58?58KZS.;wM CFӅءqv?F{iܟׁhGFip@q *fub<;fG{XhM>c|6yLa(C{4v,`]|ؒЇi'aX6zi6iv=tC-pl~s"ؐ7&NjVX#QSHĢx,JCqL/8V+IQ"z4<w?'Y;i8ƨ5J<; dJVD7Cү XdfrcÓAyΏ,+۱kޚ@;&&8+0<+1ܮjQ*Ƽ_0Jgj2z^ h_\.zhZ+fti3{FmCUٮM6|Ν6;ormna<%|"ue_\qp|$8ْ:*[x(Aw ~2:zQo8_?[Pd eEM["9P޹bf 4 ۄIA`{ Y}M<<56Pwx{:f [?^N{k?i?ЁB"J^?̈́HQOK I8zXh<^})1SLjU6Db*k'e*~mzC%f q4e%1R QD(#?4 Dmetap/NAMESPACE0000644000176200001440000000231214563145606012607 0ustar liggesusersexport(albatros) export(allmetap) export(invchisq) export(invt) export(logitp) export(meanp) export(meanz) export(maximump) export(minimump) export(plotp) export(schweder) export(sumlog) export(sump) export(sumz) export(truncated) export(two2one) export(votep) export(wilkinsonp) S3method(print,allmetap) S3method(print,invchisq) S3method(print,invt) S3method(print,logitp) S3method(print,meanp) S3method(print,meanz) S3method(print,sumlog) S3method(print,sump) S3method(print,sumz) S3method(print,votep) S3method(print,maximump) S3method(print,minimump) S3method(print,truncated) S3method(summary,truncated) S3method(plot,truncated) S3method(print,wilkinsonp) S3method(plot,metap) importFrom("graphics", "abline", "axis", "lines", "mtext", "plot", "text") importFrom("stats", "binom.test", "coef", "lm", "na.fail", "pbeta", "pchisq", "pnorm", "ppoints", "pt", "qbeta", "qchisq", "qnorm", "qqline", "qqplot", "qunif", "qt", "sd", "spline") importFrom("utils", "read.csv") importFrom("lattice", "xyplot") importFrom("Rdpack", "reprompt") importFrom("TFisher", "p.tpm", "stat.tpm") importFrom("mutoss", "ranktruncated") importFrom("qqconf", "qq_conf_plot") import("mathjaxr") metap/inst/0000755000176200001440000000000013576424316012350 5ustar liggesusersmetap/inst/CITATION0000644000176200001440000000002714506265665013510 0ustar liggesuserscitation(auto = meta) metap/inst/REFERENCES.bib0000644000176200001440000001332314147440373014445 0ustar liggesusers@incollection{becker94, editor = {Cooper, H and Hedges, L V}, booktitle = {A handbook of research synthesis}, year = {1994}, publisher = {Russell Sage}, address = {New York}, author = {Becker, B J}, title = {Combining significance levels}, chapter = {15}, pages = {215--230}, keywords = {meta--analysis, significance values} } @article{benjamini00, author = {Benjamini, Y and Hochberg, Y}, title = {On the adaptive control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing with independent statistics}, journal = {Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics}, year = {2000}, volume = {25}, pages = {60--83}, keywords = {multiple comparison} } @article{rosenthal78, author = {Rosenthal, R}, title = {Combining results of independent studies}, journal = {Psychological Bulletin}, year = {1978}, volume = {85}, pages = {185--193}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @ARTICLE{schweder82, author = {Schweder, T and Spjotvoll, E}, year = 1982, title = {Plots of $P$--values to evaluate many tests simultaneously}, journal = {Biometrika}, volume = 69, pages = {493--502}, keywords = {multiple comparison} } @article{lancaster49, author = {Lancaster, H O}, title = {Combination of probabilities arising from data in discrete distributions}, journal = {Biometrika}, year = {1949}, volume = {36}, pages = {370--382}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{edgington72a, author = {Edgington, E S}, title = {An additive method for combining probability values from independent experiments}, journal = {Journal of Psychology}, year = {1972}, volume = {80}, pages = {351--363}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{edgington72b, author = {Edgington, E S}, title = {A normal curve method for combining probability values from independent experiments}, journal = {Journal of Psychology}, year = {1972}, volume = {82}, pages = {85--89}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @BOOK{sutton00, author = {Sutton, A J and Abrams, K R and Jones, D R and Sheldon, T A and Song, F}, year = 2000, title = {Methods for meta-analysis in medical research}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Chichester}, keywords = {meta-analysis, general} } @article{zaykin11, author = {Zaykin, D V}, title = {Optimally weighted $Z$--test is a powerful method for combining probabilities in meta--analysis}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {24}, year = {2011}, pages = {1836--1841}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @book{tippett31, author = {Tippett, L H C}, title = {The methods of statistics}, year = {1931}, publisher = {Williams and Norgate}, address = {London}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{wilkinson51, author = {Wilkinson, B}, title = {A statistical consideration in psychological research}, journal = {Psychological Bulletin}, year = {1951}, volume = {48}, pages = {156--158}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @article{birnbaum54, author = {Birnbaum, A}, title = {Combining independent tests of significance}, journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association}, year = {1954}, volume = {49}, pages = {559--574}, keywords = {meta-analysis, significance values} } @book{fisher25, author = {Fisher, R A}, title = {Statistical methods for research workers}, year = {1925}, publisher = {Oliver and Boyd}, address = {Edinburgh}, } @book{stouffer49, author = {Stouffer, S A and Suchman, E A and DeVinney, L C and Star, S A and Williams, R M Jnr}, title = {The {American} soldier, vol 1: {A}djustment during army life}, year = {1949}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, address = {Princeton}, } @article{zaykin07, author = {Zaykin, D V and Zhivotovsky, L A and Czika, W and Shao, S and Wolfinger, R D}, title = {Combining p--values in large--scale genomics experiments}, journal = {Pharmaceutical Statistics}, year = {2007}, volume = {6}, pages = {217--236} } @article{dudbridge03, author = {Dudbridge, F and Koeleman, B P C}, title = {Rank truncated product of $P$--values, with application to genomewide association scans}, journal = {Genetic Epidemiology}, year = {2003}, volume = {25}, pages = {360--366} } @article{zhang18, author = {Zhang, H and Tong, T and Landers, J and Wu, Z}, title = {{TF}isher tests: optimal and adaptive thresholding for combining $p$--values}, journal = {arXiv}, year = {2018}, url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.04309} } @article{harrison17, author = {Harrison, S and Jones, H E and Martin, R M and Lewis, S J and Higgins, J P T}, title = {The albatros plot: {A} novel graphical tool for presenting the results of diversely reported studies in a systematic review}, journal = {Research Synthesis Methods}, year = {2017}, volume = {8}, pages = {281--289} } @article{zhang16, author = {Zhang, Y--M and Lu, Y and Yang, D and Wu, H--F and Bian, Z--P and Xu, J--D and Gu, C--R and Wang, L--S and Chen, X--J}, title = {The effects of different initiation time of exercise training on left ventricular remodeling and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction}, journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation}, year = {2016}, volume = {38}, pages = {268--276} } metap/inst/doc/0000755000176200001440000000000014765270137013116 5ustar liggesusersmetap/inst/doc/metap.R0000644000176200001440000000214014765270126014342 0ustar liggesusers### R code from vignette source 'metap.Rnw' ################################################### ### code chunk number 1: metap.Rnw:119-120 ################################################### library(metap) ################################################### ### code chunk number 2: metap.Rnw:137-141 ################################################### pvals <- c(0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9) istwo <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE) toinvert <- c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE) two2one(pvals, two = istwo, invert = toinvert) ################################################### ### code chunk number 3: plotp ################################################### data(dat.metap) validity <- dat.metap$validity$p plotp(validity) ################################################### ### code chunk number 4: metap.Rnw:182-183 ################################################### print(validity) ################################################### ### code chunk number 5: metap.Rnw:212-213 ################################################### sumlog(validity) metap/inst/doc/metap.pdf0000644000176200001440000017146514765270142014731 0ustar liggesusers%PDF-1.5 % 1 0 obj << /Type /ObjStm /Length 2762 /Filter /FlateDecode /N 50 /First 388 >> stream xZmS۸~t.wv:(4-tĀ JﯿH[@wdґs#YF$ќ(#H51DFXb"&1n. B^+  &iCKX-DD ]Dia`DYÉ DkxI$SD[h_hb8 <"Ƃ"&&d2hTrb+V D 0ii נDacC݂Ĝ$ $K4Eb`q r)&`6 3$&` Yއ6OdHȀЋm(oɛ7E27f0:.@'3c_zyu\A?l{b1<x͗rH37&~c2f%R(/bw1ؗb4~e;,eK0t?6uH/F Y Ych 9fD~0ɠz;n xf]B2qowǗ_G`Uz8'OloLW2;-KL|[/( k:Gx!S:pTn)v?Ü("Wӕ%h,/l-8&ֈIz{Y CY}EO舎&єEgtNfPS%~ZW i'oIfNv@]OKPFf;K}$2kWp~otwyLG  .SZBͺ }T TUlY]PbK_TlJu v{4|pN7uy׻qSNH'}W ]\È]-Yݮтfbuhߙx&}L L| |_DwH& [QC'q^KEl%@% *-Wo_]ߓSx4Yo$ݨRPWE1,f ,cee \<%^^GeN[]rJfpk ܇K%,\"Ix#QE.+B2#bUk \ O ['ʋ*\|*6c֭c|Ո6a6oW ˹lcD݅Px^_GS+F%X bj7|?|N7c>Y !YbdЈﻡsp CXW:Y+MCQO>ywc(aցwNG,Z'? ޥVZBW;s4]_w ̀0#Xqi0Ƒ.H #>bٺXkamZoC ^1SftUC.rfp-6V8 pIzYr1xn8-U,(}eu;iKKV]x~׃~@fn`ȁ!QWCz~*JgK|WB\r~{UWQ6rUk b+[6ZC Ż5b۝&o%۝y~]pDh@!jFqqear4ZT&`:iLƬ*aЧ4Dk爬BlrD3Ґ=l~*~#|:--$N4Y.[<b-gT2]7)7Q\Q hnӱK);fxn%BO"}?KÂ93x)=<ܚ4fk·ܦ\MmucTՍV΍q&!N˷Hylޯv! XEhuVC!ql5dbn]7umrP.F㿒!$O{xgy${T!&Y:E?8u|w@@E"ȢM>ixnX?OxSCC Io^> bH5bfEʯіM 3`pm)qݒDZn?wmaQ;8I+94?)b 1M 'o8_IH֖=|<(: uX}=a\hou5EU%[5p=b$~~% 6zkΌ g`l=^Ugյs<>\q$ QPVx/+x3v T>5D8஗$H@1Iv! qm-d; l*endstream endobj 52 0 obj << /Subtype /XML /Type /Metadata /Length 1158 >> stream 2025-03-15T12:19:45Z 2025-03-15T12:19:45Z TeX Untitled endstream endobj 53 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2904 >> stream xZoSs#E `ֲdr$_ߙ!) )93|qֿJj?oͯ7χ/hvSvw+NR9*7O{媺V㰿ŁR^ܽ5{I:| vTJ+pw#>?oM.Q<\A_V^8 Ru#h6?Ds$8Tڀxt+һ[F!j.k *AcSղvk\;%~Q/+ME{ۣ*wtxuAt_Ǹ1)f$a9HSNq،PW&/(PҚ+8\0 r+&Tq "Bv"9.W6O ,w U~s=Hth?GΊv+ qXqm`K鋥m!4A_3zmK1Ӿ!2q?4(SQJ:h1,H-hX~{(ljPa1e Ǟ^KJ༡p7pcHh .Ki&zQby>kkt]2dO#!@K1ً{QDm.66j7$_{z ~pD2ɸ'>nUmʠM4~9Nwڣ݂ڢG SG1 ZH$ڀOY.Ҙ6%D-|(Y ٧2Af疏/$Oc6[|L^)<m>)d]ǂÒ`BxjSX;93x\ŵg'HTYSʈ]^=ϡ<)gOL4'SCOR>Ċu lp-lR.܁ t/913l$ٞ8`O3ܔ:i/h Q }7FSlo6T>e4r>C(^l^y8I x1K<8瓟R'T||W$Fq G'Gt !Y* l<1!*ֆ Gފx`h0{>#(:/E1UQ5r9e/,x14^xbN0=2Ӻn]wt$58G6Ⳅ5|š%v6I38"@5]4_&jCq1ıEY H8@՞\ޟ!!t+O"G,utZ?2-r HptMl)I=u^?s4Šk(t֕"(eY̞q?,wߧ 5wq쓏,CN5CH%R +>IH"WV"(mi?n#~|?wW~:L|_rX8LnJVHrXt[oM9Rm)1L<ҥ[hḬ:3{@sf^v-WEIjMj,+us[k0z@lDdy=>" cmIԒXHĩ/D$Ԣ-j4ꙆldO7n=%ȀJR-@M\It>Hrb`7؁Y|²N7.itG_8 -S#:P@VWB"n EN跀4N|^7 N8yC W{ߒ3ߊtu+/H jۆD4HkF1Ц KKC·-kiOz6E' {}6+ D$BZ6 ^Ʀ5Jd3/Ŏ|q9ϑ&Y7Ų\l~ @5g\ / ,Tn-vlTK~Џ d&p)"f^{s uek!)z/endstream endobj 54 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 1738 >> stream xT{PT˲ ughp:5&cӐH F$I&uLt!Yzw%4w;~$ɂ?Yӧ#";|tv JQl1prEc ȉ/)=L[zBeRY6*!BmR4T:zZ("PRQSLId60jD/}I6D`}Qq)^I5 F+TÚǒºQTA T,~3w:8|Ic .K˃BZ,eLiy[5 ?#/塚W8ə =!% BRW "˧/4$!wyo0p" "xopSWbMv#oBP=<-g8(OHG!{.;JΖJ(.?:㥣h)y8j&C::ǶXYaI) 0W^6$y|<\y #S}|u݆j,7 ?l1*[X|$QPz~fz=y{GX'?4JZ~հ%:,rEƺ  T|$y/ye;"7tiwؑ٫u59;@pY!^1{˅;׾fF_}x]ui{w.ZJuDBd+oXĩ֑e:Y o!Ew6'2 ղ$ lߐ~ooS\i|gDFJ#`YC3@Oká[1rAiEslAD6 Ѭ?w\{OոB8[5_ӎs^HRt0Ty(@S8]??~`(;8 Jz.t4=ޜӧ?_bShGntyʛ >DWa6+<]Zj/MLIQ,gxQx -zM ψ/K~({LoE֔ST*{ uٺi=c1G~1#73lIܤr{)o?}~O!D </~\# _dFmKj1=HQmPU@;#hiU36='"PNF)GW}OB Uj_uH*T :FJ|䢚v啕%29,l @V߫7k&h^68&F|vendstream endobj 55 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 761 >> stream xKQguZRDDs>â@*MS{C:;;nm}9"j-#$2(BEv7&.88\2Q4Mg͝ph3ڔMLd?d?7^͢F_zኝ)jULWP,Nstw,CO{jժdJިji28ILȬTUP%pa?4lsH1a@<{Y4F!yuo7j$Kj* ċ. F'<Ͽ{ Z6G`q8 [Xް}Kup#G}g&kK1q)["%CQ;IRcGH> stream xUypW޷KU* aCC9L99lHc6>זeK%:WڟnXA |0I2Ptξ}~߯BDҶ-]|Ig_+Đy2~4k333U*߿-;7Od_%"IMb3F"fEg, GSj↸ qxI<"jrAgկ3ML†׺8lhts$k^9F&ل f##gtH 3Z^S īRqD||b3 ̔dCPԯ2V nYԊzJӴCOr旛xmADYbhM)s;-{dITPd- :t@d_ pP[֬ӂRV~o$ן53m{xMT]DI&tف=I$ΡiV4FZ\&Fg4gvwv8uvm7^x^c$w0A\{XiJ }kT53Zv>B`7xcRzraMzxMJyJuХR^W^S]zXRK@O;R%:}g N -<4^lszQFE `ggYNs씓ډ M{ 6h=HXΤl *JZ |`OZXO`K[K{c<Է2A\\}yc߱/9ۍ0"Cy.źPZmAWS*1L_myzi +1pUjZVƤZϤ5K5őPMHbF -Z$]iGD1K-6,@T)}`kKWXO秼r~ډAG(9-v}9i@/bt@P@ Dqa:u /FdHmL1ж }&a2[#!y9#ۣyu%v53j7v&sͧ f 2_<1/ 6wsnWWC=uti,-?q;Jۆf#~zgW& WKQ۞ |j><#,1 v'8)j=ܟQ( s0DټұM7i3IV01 46vl(f WqDw?|ںsQ^+cUBȰeťsO"jY,Wa[U@Cb`S|i@=m͗w>J'v"i [j)l h`yHAKX8Kk?⏠.\J:Ƨ>7l|UL˩!#Kߐ,$b?)Li ږF?>JIΜؕ(˚96X m' 7$tl!}A&dZ3(ak:go0bA_pU])#PxhC9JT Sy)4PUE W(pVZ8* =/x-:$ 1XP_}BVD>$n GQ;^" w+B^|y`ށ'.hLv$SH1fǙ =*яmXsK,n Tj+*Kԕ̒ѥOocۘj=\M^娳Õs\.j;X@V2B샬lnvm4XBx~o?PN/j݆ C9[Ὃ)e@O :d8iekXX`)h E|txY~#k{h+Y\Q,7ze3i↔7J Oendstream endobj 57 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 3271 >> stream xuVyXS>!rOEΜTbkGjkjEETQpA"; ;@BX4@XjDpjǥ^V{ѧuDl;wOr#&<obh8l?wn|6_ܣ=gڷJ8?$nhC|X "XG'BDN!6K-2=b9H D>&MN!("^>Kc~`Bk?N>(;1I'b򇓯)LN16/\6>ms2ѹUBrOKpc$^WnBSrG$V<[ky;wHZxj@R?8xP9|G_Ҵ#v*['8A|_ E?ek%8eRxsiHbLfr\A8- WixlXp0VNGPvt@7*uHKn:084hf΋Q e[1i{/|K Ŝn4;[ ӍB`j[JFF7vǴQ9Z>I FZa#ϣ'm{ uISVTQ/,UTX]VV䋼2YZYYIyC^nFtjGV}JDq4~իLa|Nd*sMEۆ NIꥯT>bWyI3E}(9%*z9W;k1WPJeb,F -Ԁ*vEG1Q;ī~聝/V˰Q\HNaMHajE!o\]5|w3AܓQ*g{I-L lc|]m((7b3.k~_%=ԫIߠ7|M ZJ3+X 6@'SRRY+ yKUjc>~eX@-yS/|Yf tD*'ʴKRY7#vӃ =𩝒a,S܅ڠv]Lc1V-C9L\U VIq*W)vFFx,2eti\Qi9j%'wB4Pt֏}k}¡W0!t-ӕrT)ӕdeK ][3#q8Ԛ1ݧ9 kƷ2܁ANHL/nom 85՘K_ ƺ'5V`),,.) %:{Zێoiqovsshs C0;B+/ѹ0p[kDeDbװpj| ޮIMR%_Qm軑6(iKpA?$x:b۩ RL汷`jsQy_WwD7⹙کFo( ~'0s ^x`甴cF:~Y"dG){mßt@IԤ- }ݝmX kԜ}܇[w6:dA蠩޲.ƪn:K86~Y@r-xSn[Ax9>xG^Y/Kw}O^;\%2Α#'}|vUdR_u ʡ?K֤έ])) X^"vY"?k@qf.vF ^_jE4/+K̈́(>Z;60LM@9퇏şB׬j:LHMBTa8^%8J9qcpAž~ןĵgt"fG0%Z=Ab7LWūIJn)mAc$I]o8_)-5]1¾2sFwHE3Iρia/nXn7);k߸D洞ތrw@Y '@; l”l:\zOQ^L,aX"\+8F\jdGrg&?uH endstream endobj 58 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 3698 >> stream xmV XSW>1$XK⣶>NgZyj((Bx W @v <#!@xVǎթ:zꥳܯw{gr/9{ֿPN(3}f5֭vpC86frL's\`ogC9>LHL!)|bb֬}kƗ(jE-vSj/GS)*(oj !zJm>~OPj%RT5r'Q4}̑qNfs;r'??Nk>̌N?Kgf™ΏgN 爁reZ(P}եֿ1sJh&Saߡ$Pd .{A0NߏGKfqr *iQԑBk›W\>Jarr``L->4x6dŌQ,pΦFo@ k4:p؆n@bFDĆ'FdDpVdc!,:\} @ 4ӂ EZZ0;'MySMvo^p]D,u4o`㠔$/0CT$ tSC1~1a!*M5(yj6N}P2LTVor}jqfǾFEf 16BFyEԼ4e3r">@7/wVq,mod GDuOם.;V16]^anl,$$sC?%GZеMJ%%Oʕe0 Qv0LQsBVw Nn\6,e-h<Hu]>{rVF a? S|K aC+x+6~Eb572{ WlcBZN=AW: 4V(Tp>mi\c@LC*F<t̅Сh>:7/ LI ŽD%J#3"Q=*"$_wPF( F aZ`o~cce5e *i7% %QcqBCzKGu;aH18;S6\i%7&IUXgɆVW ljVniasljc ^9ID ?;80BӁ)hL}i ΁3}-:fEI358V dv{^y*x Q4 m @! `CoaEP^gsPcXKk*KeF[jGN?b=|,EjM& aK%R2:k)СtE<[TTXTD+a?gWEG"^_wExXۅD]JP'f}EI%@Cٟ&d-oOg n}YU{x&H lZFPLƥO 1nc= B ME'+fQWQ߷mjx&<Be[mk+ I{` 6%mըŞगix\ӱty!=~ f`(?%ݐjH-,,,It =eţ1km!؞#OAu0 V $p4&|¥c>qwH-CzK qb|[0"jtT%v]S`:C;+\z]{'ڀ \mDuDI校v\`LFLZ`L0$`Sxn?v)KaTk4@ m2r!3U+{-rIwDi**=I _Nm25mp=):b&+\vFZ8*}z")GIؑ9 hgG6Y ~Fh96H۽Sg+7}Ϯ;"fմ"xP0X l8w"<ܢ71gaHkb{'NE{B`T lX ΋S ,li}\,|Ngtw [~HWّ>/6LC.) @XaxB \-l;eDNR^KBU^Ae녂P7yÉ>T||s J [+D(%F.hT0i3uLCZy|dl74taLY[o#Ck-6e9D1(l>G|_ɒIN9öLl䏓bo"b7k3 mLFi\H?妵>'INE1(N֪btKۭ ֭K8IO*wZ)jisQ0Z)MBL$QFf_7ΜNQ w@endstream endobj 59 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 7892 >> stream xytSW5ƺV4@t  $B74nrQlY.Klْ\ ) P!gR$w9wm2yo%o}n1x6d5_5e~d[F2 '<8FM0.o[}IFeY${cWKįMH\oɛR6nI:k+s^}mO}aڄ/q^Ou<9b=1x@IL&)Fb*LL#/[6b1XBDDK2b&xM ^!VsWUkjub 1XKA!" 6!Dpqx"C4b1H'F %a( hЁY_k6 .yA2iHCa8w#xdϨ~;1tGΈldww)ܲn֔* U]֮Dke$onyH{B"hfM0H\qB9r2XE21[XZhiǏׯ|r?_il ZaO {I; U<'FÚ{+zR~{[5: 2nm캽Ҵl$QP|$ƴRPMYIk$~SgCa[^QDfE>oF4B6y@1hټ[FNu< ;2kPv!{4t'<{/ ~QଡFV<88&]K;RD􌹛_-[1Q $X" KY!xg>*Wˎ~@7IPlpctf]fi V`Y`ǑYcTLkh' R){@8\m| igD0[X3#ĂMlQ4Yt!H')sS107͸xq Nn4kj![,M0>q[_l}}"X\mlb4ocx*Ók%[[ě%[ZZ/PN#(7''ήe!m .Q+B5!y0!qk,;.g 9I67kIk9S튩i,3VB6Q =]2w31 .Bds0OlP< lI ӛ_jaQdWunO1%{K\K9;*cq6=j}haghY̳PMYlNsSRC (kbSTU.n$"\Էj~B~yne*Tq͙A;^4a[_}v䮛1a2. +gP^RHHsYZP =cIU -ue5x$ʦ@&V  כ((|{~$|̙$ɠJJĻپYЎcWc ӹxzvF%B7GbRb3(H́iK8~bfr8ĂJAʭtR gN1:^>zD#ӠbN\s00Vu^*^QNET*_iZl5tvv5D=Н+Zf6ӢɱӒڬ${7}"io*yEpZ c:Wrq\_Wy, )Sg,J]e7_۫mт5 7Dqt@oJ(f*|5wf7B#^CB؎x@O6,E}=dhMZ @SdoٖPawTC6~LTIgN2Tz=?!ZHڢڋbr]t6Ys9qgдni4µ-a TX\pY([\iv7rv0>>J#R5(NJ^%st5BBVIG9"c U`kj6?lnvbDQhVbZh;x+pWcbtYIuH a<U//|qKX2)y/zχÓ VnR+Li܆4el'@C៺Z+%D,[dZB$1Ӣ=G}-WV r <2jE;/_-qkdP]62Xяm=gk'N<=ѥz&~UK3Ik$a0 u!K֓3y0'0cw F ACq}q]UCunM*ODTZQ)HXg$@}^;9^뛱,f'enu@rpq`kjwuWz1I/Jڠ~MB1~^.I䇗7scٿki+*΅;ol}9ٝȢ:Kk)@4H$s>Yp{3pY6kOrEm!^Q̭7)Y|‰)Rԙu9f* ԌwL%+.:ݥ<+x`؝+HqǁoPP챖Ku ?۔|{"݊k*x_cN1+W٣\p/gpjDv%˾JrL"$roe0 m#mzJnLQxy1IY;fÜCp̡?9> ~+6,m"z 2 ҥ3씒#%n&6YQp2N0p\ =20eq/桅ƪM{<2EnN!3 q&\o`TF6TkwяLm:O8kȩ,ւ5wד &)f-x'0;ay fAEs3racIp*d|=N&%M@uSVpx}"CjMWGSz}΁e y}'@;vKgjeH?ip?n8u'̆J?$̸`25ѡaf(dhDqť啕Y)KOҒRx b˾7!V4M! ćfAK~l5rgQi|+it+ Vޖ- nłC hBd[2gޗw0oн'];R~2z-9s?DE|f;D8{YU8,+m%=puu|U%2[![Dk=EsV7yj9ϱRfZsh3[0{qpg7pJQ k]Q}?<3Uiplknk]hqM5+, cZ|Z8w:a8VLB8.DӎfY?p촕q??kֲ 07%"u.MFSR 'apXuIk05Ձ|[-{]uhDFhy^+39f'̙KA|kžHb =N+sXBw|߹x}lɋ^B//b8aZ81j 8._Ӽ#`ӧc0u:/+#_.yڜ7;ԼFoEUE^yV5P!Uy!Jʩ8Uv$,\`u6ZjJ* =h n@qU2>uպE@y}<ֲ2u9"E= 3ՂgyGϜo&uE.aggU|UR?_-=R!Kgb+0Ԟ@%gX}J$48a>!o /EP@͌ *ȁß0&>{^ Gsl+JR.r fM1'8/ijvMM0:M\:OZl6+S&,UIWi`7Hpx4&,FJf)RiR:m/pP6=m rիoQrJ܏H{8h'@ke0?<Xb )_,Hh4󞮀4r2luQA8=p @ FL@MFVE<"=+۳e 4ez\JAV/Nh'Ǚ+s7OW=e@7W|:My}h5ᖧbnw&KKD/W|z퓏̏ڵ3Za ,ddjДwNx78F~òw`jg?/!ZK.8 ]xKo%Ih qQ=`'5g?:Q1OGpX !,O d0&D^*~zTnt1ġE(V"ōVWWjyjQE&ݣc[߾|?;Lp,w(XvpKLNX5OUsWZr /lg 33rW=pڏItÏ{ 9+_M5I4 էj8lPVJ(pX|71pVļ"g '^ %]gt耼:%i@ z )hh R+qAZ3ܦ2_q1 Gvw\p-Gk- jCSzOZen5h-:*[t"*"gN&̯PYYTRTf»uN]D,ozZ\1*tEZ5[O4wwe}pjU|-MȮ.-; pCW j9aqN~KB2n}N}>?3ϴ}LÈ9t}#З2Br:^ ʨc;HټXg,+J`G Bо_ɿ\> stream x&CMMI12lVrM  p:QV//7Mmbxz]@od''W@KUM}dcnt}xeyg}NƞƳ{msyǀ_W[orWrU][]GᏎLssnwssnw 7 *~endstream endobj 61 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 5333 >> stream xXitTU!)""C( j "$ b<HBRTթTjJc*!D AҀ1P@Ѐ"8tF]KQOow*{zUYVꞺg߽;iTZZZyy&'׌%f|= -Q3_URZV.K_شx^/ؾcg '=Ÿ'Ogj)Gj:ʣJj5ZMAͦPsgzZHJ-^Sé,*I=LR5B QHMNOks/ !i^lCsAgC~>lIYK.'PBXpsĮ9c!5ҵI^N$GV4KP3Ћޢ#EJgwIǶ:{y;̎܈Znr9hv]Fhi?tvE ) ; 6[w|VEzh8_̸ ԛX=%|r @iK@*׊5{1ܻJTGy4PH ߱5GbMD[!r[O-KA8}[m۸;T&gY;xUG38QA>e!h3@s/gN͟0eگ.VHizғJlkKd d`v5[_DO(-.Kf"/V gUF/oaD= /Ã<"c@fwM0ȣg+.Khb]-L?$1w-$WL ?1?Cxov/gdk@Sy3;4 j",1]\O4;U-]"Uwqt u cp昋8 ;okq=_O]\bz5 " +A P!%0Ɉk=NDrYU;DJDQy֢ә ?8nm [ߠx DÁŮfo2K.$Y/Opx2Wр[ S)/Z]eqVxLZǰ{JmP7-k*ngxm dAO<Oz!oíFitl߬t2z9X,'Po&cDnU.dY.%Pqz=דJ"Tjد U`;s GT+tzs)TСPMWWx?n]J*]roÕ)Ⱥy&޽`3 `aas0< ZV=h sf'dAgG̿8jKY@&6̇x`})o͛9NAQrpB# _е&"  بoXl8 rq&M2z9>{n4x2`Ib i <`GY^a+ @mAd,zgS@e=lmU'fbpLx0('WQ'J]uB-?2P/1i J^j |E~.&WY=Hz19DVG!sT^E?n sZ{;U[VX2o%)&ܐOP)K-Q҃G3hue`S+_-ȢP(fVGsI4Uk,4'Յ⑆$$vPMgmAWHקI D&S69uBRZ }Qs %Y,\.s\ n:8g8=~"~t/xH:H]VhH՜tvV8.SEރE%c0fӕ&.t'ut%4X D=4bAG!w>,IyMcd0/<ٚc׊h;/./m<WR']R>&'I UZbWJ>*X.B&Jm?)s( y_T^JR.oi 6ȈU* 9\_^^7q&qq& *Z~[z?Ij=jCC?)A"Ԩx bxh z{1:g $L22ș4{l3_p>q<#mŴP1i(;S-\q_eNC2C80tgtJBB}"-h#>W$671DTHx[m6yz:Z4a13lKX%7S4ZKHۀ~Lh5OøaJC&a ,e ͼSH鐐 f8 N?X: g 6&MTTh{DDZG " x SЈ˃ }j4A%8ǾXh)BEA bm<8 M gW4) xSJQ6Ӧ.m;ufJr 68 3eΝ2ZUSi!UUJ*^ZLʝbaSKԅc q:|l9$уxX|2&khJ޻{ׯE(ÇZ2lfV**7d꼡dB!uusjY9s0y2)_x촎'Ҏp{o9- WmX¼nW %ru0`G;"m DՈ9<$R_G N &[ё ">DH wrE@;sp '?) ,t!}VpҌj}AL$aE*8<]D@Ow{c DpEbN`$6E}E<>ݠĽ VK U1#lXNJyStB'!]jU(H94J*jӅ.&̿@R?'G Hm"SӨ)\)T6^p0a%FLqW(j}G#'}ߜ?P pgKȫ߀iV_i] N,nE4JRxj=^A_ h ă%yMg]`穖O{/ ڭw?,\|\JdxL#b|7U"&AMxќ_%EW20 ڏ$h"mR!=k]F:MUg"6|[CZ!Lirn+ڶQ#ԗJUl/iNK>ړ|K L~ɠag[0(TQ2> r0ܰ7m)w_pYe9NLY*oQ{:\**w(=urzOGOaA7'^`# j6\bY9k笛vN[9 1zorM *F?g܅'Ћz(wE]f/o+]d xeV3rMz| SglS7$9r٠e'~ɿ  v8st㽃1~ MMu\N Km@ @i$+:jHE,]{)0 OCM8G߿F9?aSH")BGIzPrzC{a ji'IrIϠoYQ4r'Zgb鉘{~ܠ8ѓ*=sݢy?tN^ajCJ7 @PM,N2hb{DMj4J.A'CoߞNd뺓F]*W- ;>OVRFhf,{k݊16{.I'SHq.F6SlDvhFRVE&G:!ρc8stUD w֗;,^hIVQ"!frh{kC;gWn-Ag3P5ʸ937/sw/%'P 5zh\8. 2V02"YAQDF!9|a֦Y@ᕛLlp̤endstream endobj 62 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2539 >> stream xYKs'07sRC< 搪$^WlgR7$ZAh4~Ŧ(67/n¿qF2Fnv~"wFol)rfw)y˪/la{)KWg^igf'P>l+W~Qx;Si8t:k3]65cj@TUq+e n/eDžoƢ@e:Kg=`w%HfwnyFudSz|lLe󰐂B) Lz]I벱쇯[*IWLW^iJȗdTR:7.Nn6K+rf-vI\~+$lO=9<~1]&odڀ`ɔ~~Ě ,q?ﲆjkR%etW"O/zi32#/Kc;{zO ZLD !N1ӄB@fݴ̻ߌ<}VUFey^w(w;/">( --}}Id/&,YΉsH\XB-qW/tW)K}b-->fw 1Y:X~jtg8·n:YVy%r?U[l\ܖUSvkp.mLuҐupqxb*B!֑e_W*RCt2h٪KK)6̥0VB_.^%s}7-V=@1FȲPSʺRfg,8)`+,.<@H4^F.|kUPfUID՚S#ğ"[8_5><4S(f+ X֛*\ ^*/ 蓹@c@K}kFz9@ǡ=z)#,a[RCԐ~eX%iӷH(z0/MOSias}]|' B,|# K]䥚:?u(k7EniilgC',:gifxއPEnGI_VT"`,]Mvُ IfQ0y yբ,ҹ0w fFlnPoyg % Ld.g;=5TorGìЎ[X }Ayś :?u?2dЅ`@`o4STjD֑K'P>!sh-odN b= Z;Jn,:2i."y-P]3cc NֺoC @H]E51M݇~`?mYbM] 7_~JMJoD%e,(ĕԸn7B/V%XC)hןʉ+#vXHGFI%.CN)D[pݫ4 +1Qֿ̄of6}9yN1!eDOͣì7#)(C[evH ӏ=>w(p7>S26iKnfjvݗ08.؜PdZ{ i\Tl8v$h -=3iF/ޜ"߰ěoЙ˖1S$)gEHg#!AHX4Gj9wRC!SȞ{7TXVDJ'5Y.s ş'ԖvYotfz!U-Q|i1**!67&?F=endstream endobj 63 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 192 >> stream xJ SFSS1200K  @R3pFOv vKJ,Dv[ы #|}}$؋∳2~Uc\Vze}dc ? #IOendstream endobj 64 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 3098 >> stream xVyTսiSA eE "(XeawϽz=3 (0 lfE$Ө-cMUrpyJUT9_5fUQQ1v傕5zYW:ճ0~4k*?A1a?GPoHŧpriJVɓ@9 iL|'>\ſ~veNpyܭr&-nxaũX[bT> 5l4juޙiûuz!_L.ѼQpJ5U)j0Gw$cL[~A;{A5Vn~e~fTY=hi׹"徿cH.׉n#ʗҐA+iQ x]-d #z3Zg[ ,5rFj %)C̡3ޏ߻xPKѕ(AoCb̅e;׬A_3/u#Uxi̿5Uy}Pop ‡B3$Ch9Np3Jfl/@:cbg7䚤:@?+͐)D蜎+_5aCm"v)u;5 :< 6hCƤ-]ug취'$JلƪVc=+ Ka}$a"dKoѳʾVӶѾ?r=6%uq-mv'ICbE턠&Ad=FՏjˆ>ak$H7`3 63 i#GXuh $(r(N >?H@Zٞv#u,y1-=ZiƱMZym3 u}`Ec"v׋MΑ :-M z+ʂ\TKpޑR2Kꢳ`PV;>{ds!>+nZ~L_G2vr4 '#|Z,|{_OU{ljO>X4pѼyַ/.oQmW[r4F4g~c~8ES3%,-A鹗hP'o KMQs]*\_&@O7]9o0k'r{=VwꑊO. Cx B!:^k||LS^Oqť˽o±iTOCxxyGa#q=gUr 9XP+~ja'aJ \J\bJscЌr>h ybtXF "J$*qU;;Gq(p<.1}lINH{~G]gM's)KR@ڟ 61`ْQ.@`͠ O#1mQNm֖& Sx^^U.ȋ6ZoxKĒvsiwx,~H6\r!Ӗaa 7Wc ٶ3?eU@ѱdo{,`@Eo9kl t)LhO؋cܨgV JhU/b٩ߓQꘪ^7^`5ra耂9"li}~{.mt@[u3 /l8oGٱx_K\2]/kd8[B c匆;fc7;͢%^:\;HPO^ MՇ[llW.T;bpοsT\X:umWʯJD&'7'7TW3DH$m!]WM_>hrq!!oeYCڐKr\ II+it2Z%[xV[-bR-~Ke-7?uA=clkAL s&,F0}9ND oEcj  F٤S6.g[rdߥ jjs[ON.'b=A?OeMk{?gk1w@5np{f)- TezXc ?8[O8Kgi Xbִ,(^_nFʾ/hjcxP{[ev2yx>iOOO)g:Q˭?wh83R֨]ȡթٻ{OFV9x5;F?Bvbendstream endobj 65 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 4328 >> stream x[͏[S{xo2H [:٢8E]ծlIrEޙ7 )M7n1v7 خ|wuiH^f9T8Dg;Ԡ?t hC鿺-E_RTcCPjHΩf6l'm Pn7~1|v )?gtbqI2Ο-D1K|;_kScK($~ɏl,4I),If:rroj,ZUr:hVo}͌\@ɧ~w\_\h1 oؿfR7.DB?D б_^h()@dSݬA -K3OF|v5B1|g;(#_u‚1fN*;==)$jwXwMX_;~Q)_7E%CC~~ aaXLz1ݥ s}aq(9$v.DI= mw#-(w٧,ȏ}2Fq]yϡ!&ٮ!s⒃-EF 939m׼.E,~H,p/zmI&M=)yc/7OQ\=(ӷZqQrNb 闷 a7݊ohKAjD}h{]h*Ӛ)ȡd:l.Єnpj}3YL{iM3(8Ek'!Stm?8:"wwJpl {3nZfǼ>r[9JQ}֬r1(GWv=PXܙe؆IFH$ćqsu;S)EuSB ;Ensۧ:]jJk5n@Գ*=Z#v-pl£Ѓ' <1cjn䎮nuqCK g ;zl#ZpVʦAa=[y~EE9WmȪlj{ŵ>Mg^0ʚ[-;ִAWgs;48$1D(MamM:nvGU2Eug?30Ҵ-2Q7!a[x:&F *ӘOKrd`tBES[QtM% ΓmR--,VJ'_4@{O欝 5vw_h8!vu~ JwCvvcśN ڡ[`QJ\+gi=bB{?a,bTP9SJRzЭZGí;)2N"`fR~g ;,GvTBϗFcXM c8h </_ xQ#T@Mc1jsޚ<"żIRWFJ|3"6RIRJ)<$%aH1 )ҎtYdu&@ٲ🾴5A1$7V0 xżO06e-EfݛfիK@rӁob6:]#D# q58%-JzvDg*HQ&HASA30 =:KLzT05PHp- Mw͑jULz| 옓Z;BDs9J-N"L5 lfDG*8X(eH0H1ӆ"Cl,gՃyZ~8e0a_ŞxD?`d`L.iQ8՛iF840)/9^R985$5+<UkVX]jm4y8N4ɤ1|gp-mr($Sj %m٭u{6A6FQv8d(^o(B9g pɞ$8C'&B(J0cuN 1XDeGZLZCAU+r&7$](|29DYqT B7  PW3܅ܶ(~@)m1!:m A`p0‰ OCt#Aଃ8*FqYgёa+]$8wGhIMTO S;`0rs ;"Aଃ8䤹J'(D X!bHqc-RSJK0U+@+ F!o4MJ f(UG׍ P(Egycmy⬘቞c-E٘a01PZs> :C0OJ&s bEV '~{fg3Ob`9 ԣ3BL93Lք"d|PN$\//Z!bHqkh4ZpJ6zq 4 L SCR^}D¯1v1}QP`b(&T 1Q|8 ',.QyN4 <"V%XBCkRh`)UQ$PUC"`9Nn\ӄb0LlIAsyaD[++pRU )1(v4̋oUEA 1{q犯J>4zkhP7ĩaXl B7G `@ .xD:LTd8V s/\3d50Z[#(Wٞ 9"¬8jE"h ы B &gMCYb4O8pQ nVȧ [AD;|R)dL1'\oPTđ ż*`yNGɎx-'%)fa0[P9 g!E'*t": L+b;K8,-&O ~ƿƑ<#F/&Op֤D 7Q$L.UbhIHn&bP"aY%_;(n 3L>xAsqFt iR]aO D};Đ b_;pӞǗ+ဴHcT͍D,:l8rbV f!b@ёa+B s?=I¿ĮX + 'baWbKAL#Aଃ9 ~e"۫FGC R$8a\goA d՘#E(0[JC4y pA"-FGCjw0,I]WQ4 Y 8pNK]󵆂vU#Aଃ8C=8D3nՑa+B s?ΚQ$F {U4B+O<(=t8q _|ď L7_B8ÃoMN_)_w^`M%tAhcDzȁE/"*Z'R'Z79p4侈#K8u#i+*+T8{LÏ /'4kYXoGT߸9{4V}Vae pzO'k=1Y{oMendstream endobj 66 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 4259 >> stream xWtTպ>1 #pmXPQQ^C "˞Z" O1 "z^=IDz뽗I֬gyʵ׮{hٹ7%B$`|>?s "8wד&74.k^*Rbs׮[_;?uq xXK$뉍&b1q?XJ,#sRb.1xXEL!.1 ($$\!2y¼7??0湂mC#7@“cc\5Mդ&'=eWn/U.:_78ߖ!f_m97{.< fR(EM;=VOI:JU!뭆c?xOqXZYt d%Њ-[P64  H5@!&`!@2K!Fn.acAf^} NOAYgs\e+}b@&@gJ(Ӵ6OnBHC4$P<- ×N^ ('&#@%Cx#)V(%Tԗ+.&X )7ΖFM֘f9 +yMh*5,8G]~ D6̸POW?wt}`iQS>2yٲP6;pP1MO4–!sG_yPz gG$M؊˽`ϼθ8;H9B N&|hŭen`Y_nq{3x^Sl'J6J6%d t9|$Fe6 Bq ͤUk-ՊIt}{bkB꓀&-:3G^MYcuҾ6# OH_Y4r Zdfݙ". {lW6GJ 0/>d F˂r.U7H-bݝqYϏK3tqqqu;3_>!gۓl;}TZZmj`u7ERi@`B-L`f AX]RcZHpҮnOsTB#+`nP̐j{Wg Tƍxk_`a)mRg*nV^pz x0o7YDsk®v_E{G6NYT9d>CjڤZBtL8xR7;[7HU]R,Xߪ5iFUo XDEF;KKԋUK,*ʪԜE'^70'.$N[ZURW荺|?')ggB2Qҕri>M6d-fZجZR# RSfflc٥4]X /$?T$lVJp& :IFYi׆D7w'@T#]F.p'9Y6 cd\#tjl!Sé 09̠ڸ)C{}mzm2͵[^ uR=9}@P^2vorq@+"V )YyMm [6*/j*pL#A3HJ.F ~t:"XYv,/eO:e&fh,BThpCmLF?ֆTؔv{*'+*vWGs;ozq$,F3pT874V= '>`z-b\B42«ZxLFIV>w:xRX`'H)Pi2ĴiBbh5EK3e4vA8!Ls/-VsH=L֋%{Cn/_*N 02伽5)f~7  N#%7Y¢\-W{Y03!sQ̣,-Emx>e.n$4; E!u-ؙt_(Y>zX`Rఖ*,j(p)%']x @Hq5'M.g"Ģ>L\I,R/[Џ>፶3nSQ3W<σp>Xk1֡RR T=+. QK >{Wܑp)zL1ۛ6DBZ"M:c}zYe\XVPѸ w1>-J:NuG 1B>2jf$qvї;#ݥ9Vkԏ}F}>|;oWyhx.t` ri? Ǿ giO#j=z莝Zj~3!r > 1I~ցƔj!_v)b[S؍;"%9]. F0$l\ä=|~* I:\KmZUJc!MP`3u}|q 6f!yx߉Cߝ7} ˈϪ-H86 #v8vNȹ}ʜyE% n`JVntj$!uFIQdG?{X-{G50ūg9ciX;^[.![YcÒZ^830@e_0ވL h]9՟?2(eQ8l[ZmւVJh'|~±oB#|[cʯT)cڰ:ihkTDT[^Mb$s\-UWo5k-ȟ)S0)<*߀| x7,-z^ʠlV(V sv&¢U%ݥL|z:_Q(1 }pw.=, 9wFVp-fenPa^vzGn(5! u⥖#[3mq.:Gjx#w `0EdvIzMWPPp ޽ jLVWѴv{νH<1 ѕTendstream endobj 67 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 1580 >> stream xe}PTϲpcEtBsԚ) 3 , ,ʄ7 4]lYUgY}e]X^B,J'MgJc5EVSf;v~<׹Xft3|'(D2zO/-((~Ņ)LeΔt_=99/K_mɧT6RRuCͣrT15)2SKywHsX͸F/_O}"5Jޤ3R,YM1ȭup/aA8`U H<=htxt-t{" ?Ȗ'ԍꬨ.ě`V uom:ՌT d;oFkl它Q+7}!OPʼnDa9(UZZ|mQjv[w Cqޣ5E;(~~Ý|=݀r$[,G&1Ǐ&8wP0 IqP'v[""^kͻSYg|M qšw]>TQvCϖl Idl `?k2fBH!4dz:6?Edz-gr؟`sx2!#]ZɈۅ'ɊdYB= *~׀~.AU5-/wnrn'SN%?j{tX7zU%BUbuN HpH-&j iu}6_GQ,?K qE ~O츲;$ۡ5(ge$] IdOV'!*9Ux*%^Dh@eWy$I,rjCn2rœHOGҫ=ҔR`!p/xSrڲ]ЊHOD2uqɓ ܼxI#;P:G0p"9K:]zn# *B*FݼJ`C%)%]ɬ;.~;|x顀û.Ħl0G֟Tp1>gS.s[n)j6яL4U̝ "+<;b2ZyVtlmfo\(W\b}θD|*O_3Yܵ;2Fk+%$6g>*lf:<&[W%+io6Ly-*\ t1UKfK \Q h`nw,[M|[9/Iendstream endobj 68 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 644 >> stream xmO]HSq}jY7L>2lB ъYG9f9%[iSQ3]T#ʹjȔEIrp8H*AAӳ5T 2P6 c>DmzAv011Q ڊ8" HI*o9!#!"sxEk Z8% "Hh:x6e%z'|s?a t1QB0 axy2~(s'=Q8'!:(Jׁ"q@.f *QtA^P.E).{T+6j+b Usۃ$遪VBCfZᢕSp36oAPƬ Դ97;cУmp۵PFwVQ>/28lug'J$|[#+;5yzo?{@׆I^iz|Ci7|OuVY\f.ho7q(Tbk?>1bl2#0o`'x-eJ)اfzĸR.wTVU&0X/9wNe48fendstream endobj 69 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 3497 >> stream xZKsHΉ=T @b.졷-f$y'UR%|T*u|U]_R4z׿7V 뛻+`*g}J՘ի*+[Pi֔!YE|a[V^nJP9Xw:|G>x ocq7Ȼ\2xov;+BMd_颿}{،Vr3ZRW6ts [\M7VL _ފ^"ח(wI {L'k-bsڡwT6h^ Y &qP{PzliW,؝J>?2*θRhOzsͯ_ U)x8u.MtWjug>yE> rZA5H唪#Mmc,[y#i ,v,m}mIx>yB.&hO5rn  盫Uj+UΧl&e0Y`j=acOWlDJ*r`Fz6p[z]sU8P|Ӣ)4ޡ|3E?-Զ*ɤqbX`wKm HwE>d 0F}Ӄ usyNr=_>DU]ӓk h]*o\3z Hǧ3 "Q Q[z~ IuC4҆f*17%Rbݑ*Z)fkbڑ G p닡)&4`>S{ s@zT2<7Y(u`cPv|.(`G yo4U'`0_r9%=&xtcw/Pt_Avlj.i]X!DH;Ҷ8@@rYK0*ȽFeE)&ugi8n+KxDc PZw"> Ws'G ɐԺNI~rƲ*:>^IgD$+#`pȈ}:L8uǑ"=e;GFϾN f#QN;2Kʱ?/pUT|8LIٜÝVE 7/LN|Ni<$UJKl"BXK%L$' @LlSE?(1Eh}JKC>3 or1r2?ɹ@$ a4(!j{ Z# M$ۂ{ic;5C(+ZnhZ]ڼhG}i3/@?N@ 23|v#x2\E(@hga+rFYcc+ڊBٿn tE3u(1Չ|>N5B~mmxbQ Enz!LLS$˫+*Tf Z'3YAJQٲTs9L P@1Wb/ ԫRF<lj[ U1C!8LO*@ÛevL5eU G,1aSͰfR#=bJjcTwI{-mqvߗz߈0FiàҿEWQ^į!1RL/ר S8eaA$8%s/#YJu5sq$jXϫ&2F1]75P@e炆.>yCDlkï4.F9#fe9,4٭ UgvZއiU`AE|' `i\~y]ȷA9c| ?d^.(p,̂3ռ*3n2 ɗ _JH! ]7R@+I4N]dB[npT_:lSd"-Y*ęዥ=s&K2ѼĦ.L]5TYRŐ T#l]AKQN[받;EΓ,)m8/:qNHP3Ƨ4a3sLIV}|ƥX x-c7 jRYB= M[İRcyƋL=v 5'2NC'nFRHJ|H&bh{gܿeF!P[4`}!wK nh# Y@Q-n0y_Ծ| yG1q}2" z9kDϳ|LdFڹƋ^62|ge9@"i5|{N}Iz>)/V6/Y629\t$Sl˘Z<&yL'Cr9Kys,;Rk/}(mB > !(B90@)̟2]zF7u{x8"N>qmvk5'&:ЉǙӷfW勔Ḧa(b9^jʜiέDVDulY ݣ8,G^՘xo)qu+L[;H(:_NyY5x`dTv}"4XlB+玫k5UT1|g024~'+h낇8M;$qEM#3kX'H?OIqeai:G\7rS3nD C8l|' >ϐy_}<&{]z ?\в]endstream endobj 70 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1683 >> stream xWIF)9J Bxd9h<m$ SՋ/烻[]W_U_Ғ-)feŷL,)9SrY#l--,iJfr_&X1j\I5-kM6nWi938ƹApk Knab5yZ^f䟡6C+aTI!7gn4QefhC/(frQRrv?v.V\[H?TQX~pJ Vu|C>ɜBNSDWfCUnO7eG}p{T:(B^7ǁJ-][ aIYAk7F劳Rkǂ?s4W>L0q'?w17,9;0In d<^ӹp*]R'Fd'8Oo{PN!x묈x1~41 ijspA}!Gp$w.%l?; &dJRw+WKnnDc@8 J&gyƒ\?Dd ,%wQy }Y_d Ⱦ :]\zuMhU:H܈`JJco qi'AO6ytw:(+m>5^Y\fV0WuWݚ o%]g&>a V(w/:<8=Cus\5sYWo49mgW"QvR[TQ;TwVxƻvU\ҧtIJ{E%WKce6[%FzS$'MUJ@s2&J&4(A$M,-.R79MIzfd:$6Ђ6F5K|8f:l򚿩.]D9iJ (Y8c[8,tr'FX! Upiju:pȶ6';P1P-"CنX@83MNbJeTVW㾁]w}UHeзm؅ Jc_1ids{/aLUfՃehQ+Q򴫶C px^~&#v93: aZgO)~Jɟ {e: 1UEBu[Bq #>c,0yyD U%ELhO ;LTO=̂|F^UӜa:rf$7Hd̡}Cl_KփaHŴR /%a}>a_PM%8]</5Xr>ywLEgOw,/1'&0,7&EE}HL*Ը9#$9H3A+3p B9P#IE &H].ؼ}_ـq*Pwuo],JJ|E*Jh3j19c89>*O׋_/a 'endstream endobj 71 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 2585 >> stream xuV{PSw!ےf&⫵ֵVP ވ7 +O I  OJʶbViv=u{nwfg6Gror~;wG<oVd?^aqD`.Z}蓄%ښ_PkA'!D.Lb+B"B0U-b'4WB_l |~J N8F^dM,ˬ_g[~~"}0xgpwGE^tHL /%Jx+D!_zjptbn(WdaPؘPF o1$WpuퟞZ >:cEU[ BrK`D4s,q$BWpi9uXgp&yb64l6>> WcR%7ȡ>HA>*+-?3E ɐs1 \8z` pfHz 錀K %vٻ'~-"<'u&r<--'!+ӓ@Ga=>O~ is!3\0w@? N=?0P0>?3B}tz{q5cjizθ遽2LSZYJ 'eyZo M_lzSA?pG{0zzm&6>Km*/\V$CdlVWkh]NTet)1VIHXsc]h6Wmi,vrT/.$/KvղTj?{i7vI @B3%l&ޞ !hOsOq{F8_ '|cz@ۍ>sLV} 8Q# #FNiQ6e}5kj",_UJc.gs?Jh7s^`)lVb!{ZTMEv ͆^B㷋?~KP 5U^D8Ṧ#Da7-;5fus^`ށ}&U @tY"xNh)2MGAv Q O-2[Y{`䑤t:u8ׁQRKgSk_}a9 y?f7ur:po&X$l`5؀v5kJܣ #%uO3(B;\->Wx ^F0HOL)愽oc߈K)s論S@#XQCAojKɀ>7’U @숆&{g2& WJ"rB "w% Z~.7G-Nbb)!Mi #uRͽ8 A;ӦۺroutLޭzomzg9ߍ \>$EHCy:_nL?x+{`i~WC`=ä3i - &;1:+!3͹J;8tW8`0=|\"'몭EOkvEN 0]+]WyWT0RqVb,=͹aݾ׺~sѽ}ElPJ(yr7azLh:8\r˽=_wK\x ~_&/Fs67{"& Ӡfh6恟#mGǷVk \<<X lA __T3/Oy#$qQ.t6 8em~k>vgל~XIa,bedvZGAOOtdgtKy.ϡ,wW߹܃Enpo»8FR'vӋqe/ˍH}yYN69R(5BzUv^l7۠®wIN"яvIWQ^U3yM-֎lLLRr[5FZΌ-._ߕ+1ZWQ^(*t%%TgZg[)R'wɏ6cu ED΋Sx_Ny({ciѷz3Q+= ( AR .. ୆DA GʺqPP9Eyqޥ+sG}2֚5~a v}##*5sLB[1C6>!'172X>Ǎra\ϊq ^l3X ~Y#_b\hJ4uvVb o~z0o{}.xIzH!'\GB-S%opm{Qwe+;4C_m H.HO(+)-H̠d(wl; kVendstream endobj 72 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 3731 >> stream xmyt8а#"tT(@)}@f%d'Bpb[fY.HѾYe;rqlB6 !qH)$@) hˣp3 ~'S|~HfϒܸaYъ{MaX77\36?t$ϝ_l\޴DUZV^QYU]##Y+Y'Y/OAR$_QHXUDTL\d9*j\$OEΞYw9هn 1x=Fn\Ӄ7d휛~s-ڭ|?%|7}wUݡ fܦ ߞ4?ly78rF&jrG^v|a^ p. ay~{,Noc(=E+ F)qeqKkM Zdڹ67O p|}F,)>g=JRWz^sܟ|otD: %@r# l&nL얷gO͟6&Jav==)|^֒j-SbЈ[ Nd2~7=`ȩtT>O?jؚkVchN2aC`a-^n&&$wX>0* N'BHp )Un)Th?O!xQ='g#l G=w B/ne -0ia8#\ ;ގqacCB? PnjA:W6f9yh*qI,fF~[Fmvyt٩o*V"l.lXBGfxe~eFmS77INҚ ,g3wLj[6@;.fY;4h)cjЀ@x\2PsNvNHMm%@co1,Mhp fhG?Y_HB3e|CQY`5xO8>tqY)[@HAͪmV9cx@=DO݌}KLYWVRTa[{hՈ0nw'.qL+3;~5S͠ϻ Űpe,L-sQxAO\g9~(/_ƅş۞2aCݱ=mƠR^4B<^g? #KN'~6 &\&^&@[QUS@ی#øANEN{cЇFF_XT6颮u擮 vOj5zy㊚e-(9=7J)흹EMpk7s|Sf.q8Ox/=^>+6ŶqvhTmAlr'q w\< nt1&uT,W*EM\ϢzL/B_QoQ;PZjb'^i  (S\Zv*Vnp,%2ڦԨeer(S(YFE\Sz45 gqñOt&N0U&TP&џ+l R?q2RxEeë>_]RBnT'I׋Fg4יL]pZ~y84sIik hgMC"[~~ ,>ChLy R|T->11I 1Oˡ*]cbD5ETXqӶO}A>>K!;m$GXx͍f6>C%5RRZ-`*Jf]ʔT^x+4B }ۆ-A}a;>Oc'U!&ɨUS_٥|5իq?C~`w:M:J+BҠV+ NWpxx$4zЩR;C zƃg7s\1' MF'Ói!ycS3'٪h\P=MИǗ4\Yt79LvWxJ^aye+6xOpGFV}Yii4RjP+'xEniq҆u/")OJN %`G7 <i5xhdGFn&X[]X'cS(B_jj϶~OyYg% b@ T?1ﻊ{kpB49:hdQK P:֓m- >\?_ / e3g=L.-:՛IYԈsMhF[B٩}>2|8x$r"KB,x0Ji)at1&3QZՈ7։ k`B; SS5zEZt+e;h``L.(YS!pWvgv`TB6sIQA#&4Q||6m6-%zXO9)>w+kJZwmfBzueDZ3W/3#,\T#k4ZXZng Qpc߫X@^!W|[DTUN9fێƊ*j6Ft ySnp%%endstream endobj 73 0 obj << /Type /XRef /Length 107 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Columns 4 /Predictor 12 >> /W [ 1 2 1 ] /Info 3 0 R /Root 2 0 R /Size 74 /ID [<58243345bcf255380a0d9931757a09e2>] >> stream xcb&F~ cqnL 7^$UK0@ L]@BTHp FI S$ _ $ >P).A endstream endobj startxref 61882 %%EOF metap/inst/doc/plotmetap.pdf0000644000176200001440000026444314765270142015627 0ustar liggesusers%PDF-1.5 % 1 0 obj << /Type /ObjStm /Length 3490 /Filter /FlateDecode /N 72 /First 590 >> stream x[r8}߯TĝܚJqb;m;[XEHrI%ӗݪݲi KAt,eiL&YfTk3Sƥ0sƍ`<LńG=y|ijq%>ΘhL-HДL kQ $9f7->gVYЄQqř,F1t19:Xfо,hGs RZ+Id>34or$CUyY0#(J@n)UH:6ē)DhsQ#j)'#q@\9ƍ@5 j)4sa0cYn:c?x<h6_{s;/W9??}O|??1P5 =AI3!jw%[:YŜY_ h>7A6`N~v]TCMNjHwl} ^n`^NwOE $;p4adc2-3vGbv0cY[. }?`PYrzy.'口djdQ)br (,Բ9)ʫo%T[5`Row{=$d\%Er&dLir,2 Pƃ97Jk7rw4.$(Kѡ͸@p4CN\0e(d5DrQJD ?>spv3r[NL[}4k /V^3a|tV#Kkwl4&su&խbeixԋ(' :ܻӣϼYuƙ&E 7Zpk[\'kHKXW/w t\t,nl  -%1vd`[k)RI[2vJ|}d/`F'8.J;KAz#J`ܽʣNw!IE&@&?&`#L@ovM]r>5)֥s2TPW1́'Cd<\I1淴tw9xyw[L`e\'4 77!v\\/|jLtQ ?1_Q|=\b߉|L+ +ǽAIH*Ir-ZK%,DO[o14,6M֟q6Sʵt4q*oHNgr.j%.?0!Ij ̵@QR: ^Uhr˝lVh}>|/)OSKP]}˭"E F&`Qwm{hڦ0 POm$ۀ kH&@sgXMHAKJ/,˵p Wb1Oq_zTPː+j p:fq?79/f5{nR!6\a7tϤty;GT}V0k;HSٝm_sryoT3h3SiwDM;k#xNv"5 g1NiwL:V)21YiOKt2V{i8ݺ8-Jo-tmOkSJu,„a-<1rEC_fȦ4QOrcnmS(#b&F'^geݚt`˵G-}BiUmZ(<,-oe(*Un?%e;|/L#RCw _#b,7[MV|9^DFy4,J[k-ZU=6KoxD)L)Jfؚ=.Cݓ?x%RM<0{ t^_P:TE븄__JP}bx376Kendstream endobj 74 0 obj << /Subtype /XML /Type /Metadata /Length 1158 >> stream 2025-03-15T12:19:46Z 2025-03-15T12:19:46Z TeX Untitled endstream endobj 75 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2112 >> stream xXK=\ۘV7 bd6 6=y+j7$Uw}U_VuW5zx v?ؕ+c^}7[WyWF#纮j2 j+jƱ;<7vDmaSKׄテ@_rлo派R-m+[H .M(*Hp#b$UC&ejra莇M:v] (vH 4WRL#-|O$d["U"8֔)-_2@tL~˼UDulERr&~xn.TvU8b6޷m2SFgn9B5}ē b\ dz_Oi+lUt}Xq/u*0ȼޟR/"sdP%)KU5o>囂l7}9!,8^4ӔWբǫ& 69(P.DzNpT]y77WYϽS.Oq3jyᭉ342!rY ow G˚ Ƣf?X):6md:U,L]w E"ee 6C;u%8X581zn9̰ WhFDFtxY ]o{[LF6rOV9ASbӆ*zU jNV <^=^%L_f3}uZSCF&hY:s29Ǥ8Z9tv6dqR#m/o)aN)ni@.n ԍ.?B])-[~]A-Ʌ)2y}ѓnr19 /\U] ^/tXr1.V4z~_c73endstream endobj 76 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 1524 >> stream xiPSG_]AAI_YvƪڱVROP!AW4 9`DDMQm=-T[[Gn:c_:~jvfg$T??J"Z'Y}4 l!7DM&_$OIݘFQ ET "(j" 5Kͧ l P G#qEIGH9+@:dt*艟_?N%;qR;Q: ͆DV#@mE-=~ɺ(t!?H9z/e+BU.%{OR] r4"8 >c L` #& Z;m5inTNkZ4 %!qno/'|Qvf){r޸im ={{ g+3;Pp د/Cmtqir;WO"0 % sx @e_Wg"Aϊ}&qρ>fe0ͿFx #g_ux<|s>ʃM]͘sGgmcxmr<6Tv&qtt!ػ{|.)id%at4ӉMkX-W~6{F 4]X}J]S]YY]SP &=71aY3kwp`OXnUwFo6\+lrT Lo"$hԘ$>}ݾRlBjdR/K^<\އ)ˊ|)2x]bY~(FIRkw1[bXl"q k!I@mWhdz<~a,QoIp->6!xIPS>bu`W!Y+萎{tW`[Ig[<.ovWV$N(I"eeU*A5mr{Ab|= \Kܔ%'j>E s87iG8qÞPñx^edҭX[%@-(2/ sCq:{9 t`]Y5liڂSg/vqfT/݁^_dԥ{lgf ,h4  tʩ*JbA٭)1]ٜ '&FDg3Hx\s:b˽gkc ? W(*l^DLx&_`C-3kd2?3ӡ]l)(ŬT ;D,' y'#Tv IJAs~KPRkp2;rjyjsk(ޘC 7vDnެprvJs*TvKJ[5jx7H@N1!:ߗ2dk/jm> stream xKQguZRDDs>â@*MS{C:;;nm}9"j-#$2(BEv7&.88\2Q4Mg͝ph3ڔMLd?d?7^͢F_zኝ)jULWP,Nstw,CO{jժdJިji28ILȬTUP%pa?4lsH1a@<{Y4F!yuo7j$Kj* ċ. F'<Ͽ{ Z6G`q8 [Xް}Kup#G}g&kK1q)["%CQ;IRcGH> stream xUypW޷KU* aCC9L99lHc6>זeK%:WڟnXA |0I2Ptξ}~߯BDҶ-]|Ig_+Đy2~4k333U*߿-;7Od_%"IMb3F"fEg, GSj↸ qxI<"jrAgկ3ML†׺8lhts$k^9F&ل f##gtH 3Z^S īRqD||b3 ̔dCPԯ2V nYԊzJӴCOr旛xmADYbhM)s;-{dITPd- :t@d_ pP[֬ӂRV~o$ן53m{xMT]DI&tف=I$ΡiV4FZ\&Fg4gvwv8uvm7^x^c$w0A\{XiJ }kT53Zv>B`7xcRzraMzxMJyJuХR^W^S]zXRK@O;R%:}g N -<4^lszQFE `ggYNs씓ډ M{ 6h=HXΤl *JZ |`OZXO`K[K{c<Է2A\\}yc߱/9ۍ0"Cy.źPZmAWS*1L_myzi +1pUjZVƤZϤ5K5őPMHbF -Z$]iGD1K-6,@T)}`kKWXO秼r~ډAG(9-v}9i@/bt@P@ Dqa:u /FdHmL1ж }&a2[#!y9#ۣyu%v53j7v&sͧ f 2_<1/ 6wsnWWC=uti,-?q;Jۆf#~zgW& WKQ۞ |j><#,1 v'8)j=ܟQ( s0DټұM7i3IV01 46vl(f WqDw?|ںsQ^+cUBȰeťsO"jY,Wa[U@Cb`S|i@=m͗w>J'v"i [j)l h`yHAKX8Kk?⏠.\J:Ƨ>7l|UL˩!#Kߐ,$b?)Li ږF?>JIΜؕ(˚96X m' 7$tl!}A&dZ3(ak:go0bA_pU])#PxhC9JT Sy)4PUE W(pVZ8* =/x-:$ 1XP_}BVD>$n GQ;^" w+B^|y`ށ'.hLv$SH1fǙ =*яmXsK,n Tj+*Kԕ̒ѥOocۘj=\M^娳Õs\.j;X@V2B샬lnvm4XBx~o?PN/j݆ C9[Ὃ)e@O :d8iekXX`)h E|txY~#k{h+Y\Q,7ze3i↔7J Oendstream endobj 79 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 2872 >> stream xuVyTPJi{3uij+jOsWpEqEhXD@HA$VeS"KBB.WZJ[՞V:相s_sw˽W@ p![?20s}-}\(Ox{7&װ;}CöGD*^&{iGb $&BbXBx>/1XJ|D < xyE$ H|sy"\/ xA׏\ϓ3RDD7Mvu;mtSe]8iuF>I׋EbYE_ I_\dΞ, `,* 774n?Xa ) Q#1(0v!FJy@Z-x%^\dX[S\~PY|weuϫ7p'ߺ`)/$ o ÖijS/եT]^˭m &cl9BMΒ(ZC~4o觯 L6Gju\׋Q+jeb JqJr"!,(>GaqErvڮ:d'g`֚z_,HEpܥӗ?73{oU[أ7R.cTN^_nni p*isu) &a릤 8Ҫ>_c3M|r6 Cy^@8VD^w}Ѷ9Hpq?wau1/EJ&7T7tnl %rYGaIo0:zlR Z3~}zsEp*Ӕ2|ΉT 䅆Elߘ Y`֝mxz<zAqX՛3"4|+Ʈ黙(X#h3YUs5XĄM|z4eRC[5+35jT|!IUFMMUsܞ$FI9)t~UQ(1uёUARVYDETy1f?YhjIh%SsHV/Rs=?DfD鹛QLL,NgҪՆ<fUK1UƱ7g%9Քpd !+d('$= ٹD1͓(τ!^t/o=>c?APto eȣE) $lg"PT~imFt_</n>kjdkةRM |3è7L (>SayAШ&L$f[ROhSAبmgמf[&k "XՎ1uѭM -DKD ww{y{_A}D;4W+u7Z/5%Q?o7K9(L^ bu1d%wBk}c^u"k/)]qmQ߻/dqƁG/$Owq [d:~&0O:I: m.x%|h5>Rqsl6gLeWX_!S $u!UL*8J%VGM8X;G?t0 ʽub7'ٸb3˓6 &AJlW%jъXEp ?#&W.Iq%Hf~1ζ E# LtqDO/4:`SneڼёSuu5kBW3@k"hGE9϶ I\)ąh IX&N  ǽ"QW` 渻Ŀjvendstream endobj 80 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 2520 >> stream xm PSgo R- 1-퍃vUKݱ Uk){/͢Y_mk@BwvTg M;Tj$r(J"oT(7,F jDwa4Q<%{VE\n\dq 𒊀_7oNX>4zy]A%SCf.v6uK0ur( (I/(πtHk*KzaHs~X$q.>0R{m5Yf?}\=[G>lqBFHf&0ry`@ ٚZcK#eM(*!ȵhԉZysO D?\?SNޭܞ/ Nߠ)rG @t P~0:Ԋ֒PL}AD;H1y=юl]73G#*vZ3 (ә޶ήX[=UybBqL 93p;/䝭</ (TҙI}^lBa>#g/Ln33UhbLᨐ?c ަ,CUq* 7ՕԕJ~Sђ?W(.B8S}⯫PtZS.^TkՠGMfd4& NO%l'k6݁ os[DkM?Ss\ҕA(П \LL\WerG̾ʉuԉW(!sjkRqQ;5R(6j1qWܴ=l-t Y( ]Oc WDmTg[uK([o6AM{R+047XiZmNhzŽE"PT:}u&?UDYC]~;Eiy8%}|6mb~miOE.o'w\V$/11{T@? x.pr&7F^\D lY5-wEGFDQ(jpS6*U7 ]ȉɡo/,V)^G^G "*hms.!:E^s<| d)ʡҕ9Y{k͂VGMFV8L?ecֆ㭖N?^59b'˪p=N07_.p ̓X|6snS[d)$Ig.ol~_>> stream xz XS׺F${;+ij]jmZZQd CHBHdV Fbjizm{9<<al٣Ώ# {؉g[en[${`Yr [=QUy].y}ʆԴM雧Ϙ9륗_9sCNS/p^Chb1XC%!:bLl %6SMsfb*XHl%/ۈċvb 1XJL'3Lb1xxXILDjUbI'$1pb41pD:1C bX@bnAa>=Yad` d>4*=$s ex##GIv'̓/=yo䂑roJcn[ԧ.fȧK ZL3e&ޞT{hbn0aL0EPmA23\b/J+eR`*(}\gS̱Jۍ<>scjZb-i9ܨDhԆB ^V@e;ű9w!F5̚Bca.7rdNFdbv]:_`OÕdw߿[f I|}:/uVfb4u91`#Iޡ,P?q'"&_E6ޟzfWN.pz耲PUŭ޳F!IIÌ )0F2͝6auzepʤD{"\#(#A9=ꛨW~u [Vx}Ao"hTe*cdԔ^EGT"x MHȻHvGSvTKT5@C? t)4>:+UK)vpֻਨn5pHlbgo{"BMőHaZyZ‹)C.p}Ax:Q7 Gv q>}驴Vi[bf޸2aGvZ$ b>T]7@E$]LdTբojʶ+]<)/R 0ͤDhLj<'1<  7*509oiY%|FyuiWVv|,Ε2z w/R 5Q߭u@e&mf@,L u}k76hZ‰hB0ߖ&4)<O?Xqf%Pp֝3 &!bIҮUBK(Q}S64oya:f+:aL_TB! eG='G(8 axlؕDrh \Wcɑwh8 S}ЂK5̞`8ۄP3vGx? ϲpv8m:f%KZw t 4AP9U`պylf cCOe\|}V.?ryŕ0JTBl co{ AȌR@mϴu yyZ+!<[ ݬg-RSಱu{Cu}۟E*Joh80DGFC8'VEfL~4*~h2j}ƦٷxަҠVh5w(XMe֊Ù~{gw7z E>=zB+J~44A\*P3S}8\Y.4Vx%NIvs\)f;7H`72Z „٪IHXB,U'c>NWw7t pZ(S[AEMltc ;wzc4XFyW#(ç|#Ig"OL?D,oԌ#ܬx=Y/)iV,Tv,T!Vo/)1]g (1VO# :5&!^EG \ks[ɾkJɃ>]4v ͔ZY(g[Nfr! !k$W/! i._H{' *)a{&zLɄ4M\Wwu'~k]9&Q hEh?[@YAiw ڧZ 27pk~]U-]VOgZ1jj@)ghx3W( wfvgvg\;बE0{~Nb*$Fvh$;.e 9AH 5<\[svԶ yV+8UivnП!M}k۷O}Z33 .BȖZ!^IKn'V4Nmyy,sRb-Z'4lOzk-`'htqd!d4Y"sx9edi -v5UDknV+p'Z66L҈gJlnol,V+js⩮gATdDod5 Hv/CC:}d<  : e')-aiNns4>n#ژTuGu1Fw1$ _:1g܄Ҫ*Oe:\qydw.޵rq–w>ی;hy$X(`XY΀Ҍ@?=^_$--PPɕ[W;  ئrr{UxUMdڮJ F nv $# A++…!r!p'3iJ֪dmcU+rz1L.f|`=|@%#1mg5OpfAQ[19^vm ?1+%^bABE]*XRl]9rBC_N٨fG(̓l=y~{'zϗݸe;?ߔ ąuni >K*sCL{Mn۟``c Q=0ʑdW3W!/D!Sl_:;H֢2Zuf +r7mIXqIpН5 $WCl0PlUܑgkzÎ*DM7YڰMXP "Ө*'~y>N-;9c6},b}g?=`X6xz.LJ*T2-j /bc;j >@/#8,[R2=r!}pHAэ#cWF9hnm v\J{[QՇ62Xk-}{s.N.{DnAq[1Q.sqgnr 8z~D=}y?08T\9iclVOEWPf^:VW\=nJ46m6Seڑ$d.mp2UrnU,fG=8`Ӗ%Ah<P,fh+L GL_p5ڎFkԎAis<$k{\][_0 p%}n`5@$͈ `" FbSeX+ax0^ }z|$?AD~C&XPZ_b*%TBJX. Ժ+vV۽Zӈb 3{_1j$Aly-44bk.HP.} U! c<:U\uW5z.Y/̠vUmT@x|sW6#ٿ)#+:7_bJI?mZ/ƠՂ ՝bY+lÑ{ނOahh)J<,(7('#p.c_sA$Y*ޣ,x| )YiURγ#{. B'RTˬhߠ_9ێ;Wjjkkr:Ojmc8_ 5#Rd e8f=,,]~P?T3j)U$gmsyሃ ~ͫkOm(% - ]QJ8AXSv$ˊp p1\v e뗉F=CUrU4U7ٰ/QHSrju2T 0bx# F~@&f2x¾ƼJ1ރ4J1OyI>W AIpwy)$XS4 >%X皺N؁K!3ghMZNr27umM?*-8%֋> ~p(wrBOO8} o3wץt.{oþc4VCvG}1J/1=.Oth 8|!\QyFCCeUf .J7^Qx 50sdn@|r{V( EUxg}sm9mic>Ԡϱ{X㻨g6v} ny&r=fE3E3BlR-UnC>\U^qCfUTdv%K\۸{zb+HtVWVyE G( i5}q4|ڙD̿MC mp4 aEݽ:wJ> ̣~y~~UK\E;.4z.ZVE1]:8{v?7pƴx- M9=ZӀX]{y: ׸[+Z/>jsQYL!Hh64iz/Uy =@]\T0]K4{=ѣ4i( ѐ44 ksQ empN8e;q 6M@Wޢ,БEZ'1"J6W‚*PgKnOVǘ*)clyv(kl>{Ž@/ ͒{a.'|IyC>~/t'VǡJꡟKe& Hy9zeʷuСXfj9/Ei1] b~;xw'.^4W#r4*GI tTp>v1k!\r F>Y&eD4&O:_a@ԆG < Ʃ8Uv$=?*U$JRN Et1J VPuEeC}Ne:ce S7cO;xwΜlW;xs:-zk%>N:Q pߏ^ 9yVla9nP)6v?'"U%JX7_r1WԩA!0tAU9PpcՆ§7~[7phÌLTVT+9Bi7f  H<)XN$a<7Epne՗bRm*]@Bq[kƂf ,-cRXTf^t*;egՕ,UFR*OVNHc CxajU؁P{ghx{^yŽ4Št=8 $A'^D$4kw}=`UO!oJZ&噞W! EiE2* j G-'\wޢOᤡXmβb,7c%b>sR)3@ IBlGp:#}\gʨ48 ?a>:aX՞{d$  q%k) ݏJ=ۃ·i;ϕW__,c}t)Eq=]MF[8/XG+OlV(AAEAgzy7X)7.vt[#K^kk7ŗV=h"wjXkۘTo9_p\_0S':Kר@Ye&9pMf6hΓ>(6m?]S ʓn EYn*7Q({%ݖnJ: M~opL,0%IIpIpTg 2֑K~b6^Ǖ[ `2Zxmܺx^fr7AMFᐳ|gC8@aR%o) Fܤ˕ߏ*:0q'~Qh?n$>E]K0esjj:{0cw ġO70◀cy/Ya-။ 4 œVF!P:}h7T;T.h8QרΤ-[ nS^bs܀pe]ޡ*m;-&[^uיb):339 .pq&w3AOj1&'FvISp1Ii)VƴX'6ʁńo[T=/O|m+Y] |qp^$_Rus`u EhMobYl %WF#"cqgFޣ;~awwTbOhD#z f?2ju CAgxV[Z ¡M_0j=\&:֪0PJ{O~."ةed[Zh|1:k <6}FpH40q~f_ sh*-e唋޲B^\VaEI<(! `VpL /zᚸ8N' iZ LU-ŕQUޖtIvv?rq4pxgSW ڦ2Kmy<%elEa4F$uok1(չJ ¡hzni4vCg#,zЅv}qH%io`cO|##7縋2bB̊z^^{cc$\^fc+`,'S0 Ph+SUռ\TWZ$+ /~c/Vv'endstream endobj 82 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 1249 >> stream x}S_LSw.n܃ s{0/.,2ADL SKi -m{UAEpenә%&\V}<| ![EH${**xcxR<+_^kV\//%bPXҺ-"> j2OH#q]ҳjת˲E%,,.2^wbXf쑁 tqI@( E+^Ż)*ґi.r o{\sk{>~a#h.x\ 49g 0)?_^(mӺ٧eH$+5T u(w~lQrẕOxnI*  H;l咣˪- 6^gZ,=ہs,5$ku.j_1h?tN8`7E ZMwY$8xMп9lEuYU_0ziK$Wf@$O#?Vʯc1PZ'D,bM3^X@9~42M͖#71Q 2n lt|[umSѡW6Wo|5uvRwMYgIfruvCZ-MMi:w?=Њ/ .9>B!eĂ٩vWS} 7rjO$H9EVkZm{Z4)'_׮!0߉endstream endobj 83 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 3210 >> stream xW{tי#|gLxų $ΤIӤ='IIR,ū 1  c-ii[c-Yec;p#&!7M ,r39g@ 􏞞HGR1~QPPP悲y%ZP'L,F?:T"&:&ޜ4w;o81yYȢlq=d9<>/myzS,=< ThUQȢ@&J$!@ݻ=Ub%C_·̙r1O^^Fd6ndnҐEf P 5^K J}0ihBw7 Bi2#Mruy:w.}9OϞ֥3?+e3YtnͧWq"ik{m^97ڬv~ )D7I~ns r^Ԃ>9*aa~>%䂥 ]8_dW(ޅ/ZtC:Ph6A,@WrFF6}jzo z%I_{V`%3?}p#)ø~_ -X^Y3eh*D?-=Q|&;nEmRh\kS>i63 AXk( u;KdH,!^o1- zUw7ұG1}]5n_qlAnqŷlqqZv& .;Q\Ȕh%|wz6 Г2deS@a2kQ[oECOAddZn&6 5d"ioEͬǓ+D-v䒋[amߺ{#{:)Z)ޔdJi5 }_@?11/c>*}ͥU I^Vܪ"&eu1},' KnR}Т.K:8Q{3h#~.p>s7F!xKLBj>f%OV{(8Kp}5ޭ{P'8%uѵʖӃձv)''OpK2s4 (1-&=VHCGTC:ڍ:Zk6vɗAE.v&lI?ŃÈ =,O5"}aMcMRJө.uP(4 f7V]k%QͫPu! szX4_d~Tie]J']n-~.IiuqF =^HU\؀EA 4zۮsdCh0tXz6dlch1%_LB*V.#\B=LfaVk%mpϸsLࡱvps3) `8I%2ހ7T:G5&KK{V=7^g4$sgZ[.kaXF>٘`ǪAº"L*!l#h y=k#o#dmđCa V=ಔW_iC#S}(iDnD9ϫԿ}m4|'Tftw)%dݕV{c(QLN.jK1QiȸQ/b$ &!6Lmpx2c@ B߰}mY 6:],e^M)4v07M]p,G&]MozѐJ$Z=̹ʅҕLSҸQI~^6sh'h֧4lWg?6^$yi1M ig'9-CX"<ސ?Ƨ`r twg]9ɶ$.0CNƮ$U~}&&J4vlSȃ>xfU=㫱WO/9i< w)ۡʰ9͜, D\P3h6.]WZ-sxAy.&&%ºwꇃlQgȄˑLWiL$gha}- ;F T} 睴R >icq+Hc.}{طWNYIr]r ]DZ8{[F+czf P~O)=TEբqA_"s>WH 7 Q'bK84Ա/@2Vŭm5dt"jψbKQKgYr~9'6X`Sq1{EA9*i*5~ Nbb7ˏ.  Gg;g/tK#q*!+,jRձܑ2qʁ/?\ $)ޢZm"%HC 5-ZFW7:6@u_9y}ՓWJMzTQfu G> 0EHQxsTȧ #"WV:xh F1duғt/, q^a7@ 0CAҙ&3dyDendstream endobj 84 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 4638 >> stream xXytTU~1!EI{ W@@EZ@=}_խ}U%"l6 ".݊:iDϜ939:99y{jUTIIe-{ڴi_*K R4z/xѱTkr}CVzFe-5n]veݴoȣr;%3RfjZA=Gͦ~G=A=O͡VSsyS|j:ZD=@-QT)UF@CFQPck!)d\ɞG#d w-#sT\6f]4;ViS?]/W3әKP!rz^䵧A9&*Ck3gK2/U|litryTcLFS }LƬ@/xT Όv& _ik[*rV|&ٔ&`\{;}] 7W,FϡiyA䫳x@)~i'c?{l*,FX/s"gnǷO?|}+3"<+K kΖbur;] h3= Җ%C~yD7޳GyUoxM noy[ čg^eWΗsgQFrGO:=O/:lR R/˅}xI˚u@*a"m}~WYtxQ %v~䇜:jYhVjإO>,)5 #lM[\MGsE߲ꆿe]lhG y1 ]X!gHG@VnKT"8Ki֓zfm&k>!sDG k;Nnkvdr#bf@L VDV^m$nAHGNIò_+s.ReZoZxy(^Q3nw{E(2%x8[W5GA#:K{ ܯme'__>+^O) 0P2b7͘|Fo4dP-p&ȓt'CN d>V,g?Q5~ "\kZ#vX?[!lrg0pwEbQy BF j -4 'os,:q/v9B+/L2#"'g6Ww?(ӞQ> rK2M3%%N|u{dQm;EvM,ן|ɗOEϳ륏k'bj.>K}{? N ]{FSF*|b/󴈏"&i_Y8ל ='{a!z۰<aP 5YZO'@qEϾK)KqY/ GN'nYRB0{7Ej6 β6$LBF (fMKCu&bocgƛqgF'xG i\' ԯM pv3v' %n5VG2_N}L˅$?+L\rt8'{a <8;"e ,\ء*;bqZ*e L'.|d|e_j tY;tfxjVyIDahg3RћBaD_bCMӠm#,)d|$~Urh^CX>G2xE^Zʉm͖&{sP>| -H<$leT YoΓP%SB!鑥붴c55/=I?_*jOwoB:XMx ?<\=i5h#>NXd<~+8/& y/ z^USE:(w+^"qBZ{+&Ů;B0*&H׭Ya:R[VTG "cz={H+t9wʶѺa4EPNw{=ȉ WpI g^]JUYבEz2{+"׋\h^=:/^,"[ڷJWopmj7@1.r#`3&cXUPҷ=/|ί_~~@痟;݃7 ɤ"{KZ8L/NG{T:΅25;-{;+ޓذ#5huZԪzD+z\h ?IfBZZJ4ƌLځUk!i AK D5ūl:u!?#~a0+d&H"xRG! | .c[\(ڈ#;̿EE_ QBc7ư飅}?p; AoAj kIǂx? S3.[S߀>U >H)Nl7Dmj4V I:ً~bˡ 6UsREϰRŃߌ"PITҸd#TW>3Fd02+m\V_M{h"ynwcvz =4p"endstream endobj 85 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 2624 >> stream xu tTߐpMdxM {d14`@%lIfL&s'-5e'$ jY$- !Yd)b x^l{=y;|}DLF$%dz?.ǡ_kO£F_3%^ݺ}ǮO͘9ks˙0/1+2kELyYΌf13_0L 3̳|f$B]3,KD$i{"+/ Jf+a,KЖ8:qw RTt7aKlGi2ǣPZ$aFwq!lCVxOn\\uO>URӢ7:cdXvJ- Y +ӗ|ڠ ؽ5@|ERI}ڈA )]ra ];( ٿa@F*v, ϭ}n.YWN-nL{o{,#2FHO)ɱL. rWO}kG nUaUHRJe˺X簁HmkP$S^n { Hc QQo p{={IFk9(:lNb[h(e;יlBE)vG[m;􁰯.)s2(r&,kIFXOVͨjPn\{RN11%.,<`zZdIa{ W#O;7QGΘ@ʼnxNP`+#q pF2b^|\(tR[zlf+˧^;ױeƢFjbyDq4" 0 E`J% ;}4 (*j!!r fdqh) d;탡;>Y37F0~宦tESaŷO>>:wcҀ!$ 7<2zU|J׽"lWUOJF*ܣ,,KmlDd[ȕuy0c@Ƴ0DMΓ'@P7 x 6rUH%HS /2h͋oLfS1%.eU I& : 4`| OATHd jnG&g,DFB2=O'#<"gG|:h%E} N:^G nD4=YelMfX F^Cj|&8HƘ7g [qaq|_*"nw0tSc JKe:^mO&mȆvԪS*Ƀ::sqI9g}p3'>xa>2 im |:T#_chCƴI^hhW΢R*2*j?opOdÕyYe3ݿfyOrylK+ یY.MEE|.|uZu9swk6:ky8_]\?wNy}0s8-4p;b\&ә"`ؐlG0L8H{淂|\ҟ-P14;pz(} wD~\Mq:ën֎f' k\@ZG ͬ&ik7x|ަ7~t񢧞YeX0 y`oh2=Z5pGOse"ny%2^no:RifVPz4DYUn)?wGp?> stream x\Ko$q= \4 6 [kAUs8jrf0aDGFF#2YfYŲpaoǸI5o\H1f3X1dd/̒ʼ˫e^|LL ͇l4)LfkߣSgV2[l_/.i?0} $?,iRW66[-dRY36n6'a$#Qۘ]|2aRV~Ed8QtwbClK eӷV},8|2a:tq0e48qb0TW/K 6.{`éGFj4|U(~W}1O7GQ[cr<>q8e7/9mhfG~h3w{mX&yQ)s FW#8˝ifTG^ƝAADd8lMH-}[#.7;CC[;Li=N)P,'N1(P/HO N~9W@h\SlrJB>XX K0s"2H2(BH6:갴^w lu'8[x6X7a"N7R'7W&R5Zd?5d8x빫t.b`zp6jT"c-̹Lkf\@QN/,Eƫi"DL&q~>}XDib=fXa&RJp(a9AMլK.,1If\.?7o~\2PJ<5X\F"-=\ w,u%E= Q6ɠ^hjڧܞs9*Sr#OB8ɞ!S1) 4ycr&Aْ4(-}P rݚxЇBP R58w+ )4KR^Ra5y|v .Ae88ASܗօBP 5R58Bx(5)t5g*6.)*J¨b Ǘ3rdzF~WCmO0 Tn(8q, Jzv(m 4m4DȉNڮAi[TNӯiއBPj*X9qvAe@}̹]Ua0$[?6WZ:`ʡ7y3I{]Ӷkr,((FqhflB7ә JR n 54z9 4 qV>*M-MBT k?=e.? eX<ݝåE,xN-%Y$JS,j6ThMA]ơ4+mHք۠j*X{q ((h%xP49&,]Cj q5XZjjXqTARP0gs %nP2UP)Rl$r }c.r0$g5P[]8mhL ** Ñl0$%PJ854:עsq`b{BjEhVV '~GD\&oFB ЉC'H"6*M-Ĉ&Pml ^y'. #"Bo ,3eJYk&Al,t!U5-ևԇX%Uڏ'LO]7 Ð/<%,E֫BB ew =t8t!_9.zG@Q#=[&c'=S A`T4(a5P|[jjXqOvev@GyIOoo*@/뜪>/v?&@*XpgG:B 7v\$4 >l 06 l}4Y$Mڏ|e@hSFPJO tbWGAE(Ն.Ь ^6hQϿ G=iϑy'J+x7aT8/В ]2^P_)ixz5:ZNfc -PE zT_L$E%w3t=p %0B7M__P-/ѴKM .a g jK_h2,̕Z..p uR\ V0n;)c|cwwtOBX/Fg>AntEvӭWt˒w7\0{|iWq6Wdw4Npn KWVZ̿` ;G:*oCǃ^nKWbmWpuwKY>.+CI+P~nLfikno?UKleIyD6Z}aPpuN[^s/]Z2'MGVEqwndhDMU bCEauq`Vm/K>ɅDù»<:t%LAx_(f*0N,*1Ĵ %oy]05O8IOFN|«K2^@^tmo>"*õ{]&CnK9q lRX.v?D` _AʛW6{D5;]N5M oU2%Y~i0_O5өv)UKa0]>cQ[DA;_>I%'۾MnhT@ Ap|}|#*^l_f0; z_ =!3{ѳ|3Idvs_]B|3#(Ltt ?A=:fA⶞V ¡> M|88޼${߼:ߪp;[1Hzu~8SU#oho֩C)_ ﶰbφ㳋..v$'fKY6NAg-e ]n>pq$oԽ;FMe>ot]6I(oKƦ/#zW߃j:OT`/ ^}n8mD\r8=oߟ}~Bm䊌Ici'#7ԜӸknVuj)Ru'3Ed,e#p7Pώ3L[a4W_ "㓷'_ k2wp`K1q^A_bU7緊qc>hO?~9=]mHǼbv룸UiLvM  q6):IeJ:":הSV4}+*QV\,cǃqR԰O5O c,AkEidL8l d,FP8l`VdKA&BݡJAO!+hΘwYWuWi@sxA+,C&NΦ;yWڻg5C&`L4z 5l 8"n?+c+svdC@JF@64&㎫c>ok}tjZ^}(Oӆ' mbcr0R|%}AJy\[o0[8mw|"e._i+\5')X[;폼Kfs?ʓ8Qh^*U7Gn[ܠZ-jhw=8Eݡ3C-= Gy5 Ni3L%fa%z%}Lto2^xTHlrЎٓޗC72}n9JζF^+|iendstream endobj 87 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 1385 >> stream xuTmLSWWaE{3K} L!L@/"Җb1L[&2ephhdќnds&這~f.LuON-Ya\>^eu a[ҥPwou0JȒjQ̸4'F5(Z- <ʲ&"7œU|cp '#GAeLQl]]KmʫЁln?*5|Jle#?l_/n+\\WT8d,c~g>ȗxMG%u5DQpR)Ѭ;mmV7pAW͘Tf6Z ~)a>d2io6S 0 Si+i$%Tn.rq<38/ƅp^2OjR1Lnܝ?Pu. 0NE1DIbㆪpg/D0d~F톀B*< wH Fd:>dh#%: iAMhCK޹÷uDP0;d0irMYqĆ貹dj:P=Ȭݍeubxyzx+q*&`Vट:kLp0)L Ie~_J P[Y(g(~?%29ʌ6Z ߤƩ946>3bU Ke1 x)$CB(wbGA]6Х.諧pȨvdck䕡gJ4FbmG^62Ok$eBH2m3wt́ ^s y=(>O;8k٦iQU%nouIk`9p wOvҁ1R›p>#G)!}Q;/HhZKg\dpuP65lL*"h f6=0#&|?$O'kiQj ej A Tエ)/jendstream endobj 88 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 6209 >> stream xYytU]lN) e-, }﮾6"}q}99JÛoyt᜛[~bdYL~`$?,~qmn)u uPߝ-C+G|?pB7~E&LX\TaMU[L{>zq_0  ģb>b ڡ턤(eZld+;;ݝ HmiCLž|)OڛNN|Zp5N6<*ILc3T} H H.e)n'g`1jŖ L_VQOoх\1OF ?D4DžC!A^Y- =| '~p?}ցgءegz6QM|b.GQph;DΤ!clV4kϲ])J_B%O৽6;(4fKI8WA[+^HQ-򮕫Yďۦ=NEwHH "h6 ݳ=RSF勵b~? O?16L& U {)`.yc0FRk2.piqpfHRy.Fѝh*X`1I&h389Yt<9$zioʿĹX兿ƻA^ܳLu؝ $a,/JEkp4neG`P5i&r$=7bqY%I?< $BkD-p:\uX^G=ǭ(qZNξ~i=`j)W5c*e`ZOF=h(ଜ IeҔnk16_;|*& i\  [T- [^&' pOJ:7yPVE",uE톅h6)CCO!讽]#;%x~Ϗ͋g~_cwpf4cO)/{`<4ʬ*! _Z='JٺS㮃VsVZrX7NR6+URҡM]f HMܘl7E8 %Gbs#"||⌻ 2QP]5*m~c+xl;<S-nk=,;fw؋+J1j1?i:-,H1T1c>p+G/86krj4gtPO>yJvСx.RG,+l2#j݁mvHE{]QSJne Es`WprBڶιzk]&FHJ{wAw=:~E§ffoYƖtZ^Fqi4ϗR4pG>?E $:Oc^Q«gTfs[%rAR݊9ôa"ttȥyoiɑWFQP~=K|$-{,F#O2T8IniUwH&ܞ?M׆?V_Giw$NՕS u, yp)w6{:7uаA$32ޢs\4:$qG& '`?~s( NF\d}͐P$*QHlGk1Wm#@3+xyqn -NAWᾝG%>J޺^6 AeABmR^6,j?#`@gol34,Aopâ^R9L,p E#ɠ(&0O{F}@oQ 䵡&Ͱ3Éclhs-B?Ej܌< g5nY`qFv 1@fU-Ԇ@Ӄp^!ϡ;Dž*NX4P@t+:T1O*cq!@szRvTJJ2SV@r H.mJY =o&w:Fϗ Yhl:Vw+o3ˤjٕb>"cZa y y4ov$?8x݋ u*FOaQqi=TOɗx|m!'9L~i WvA}G/ȠԣHGϕuY9̇7|J!n B0bkŞO-cke5ZYUk` Tp&5 ]-'#T}arZP_yuD@dx'L8EYюٔtC^Lf-o+$P`"3 >q>-Ћ3dfȜ*6l$_̾4z*FpS(ԃ^<ǽ`2O3.O «DWѐKka./r7cNgt`2 Qh?AlqH߼}w8g^ .t@lh峐Z>k?9k;y9q5tldօ., -L;x_>~>Jcq#rFg. gyio Z'A^ߨPA.Ae'BIqn%k ҎΎBC]pr.d)Q\IuMT"m߱m뉎::ol?O~-( ҝE u#eC<^ ,.ɼf ?tN]5Ema']AD /ӟ^Kޙٍл-F١[jR$t+X5@o}1:#ƀKF[zbs`"K*f!"8d7PA+pq9yfҌ["sc,|G \?uX8/B=t Kgv~nI&ZH{6cԸI{ʚZ%^hmP uQs̼~g9;N#fcd,m.@_Jd\Wҍ~t?^K[p/8T.Ry(\zo9Z҃ub~PKҜaXU*Fvn5(No!l:ǂ|"kmYvGܑ˴[`w@IC{hqjکr\rl@⁨#֯ݨ386ڸ.e`&8z&w^Y8AUmæuCE[ j˴q,݄AT]Յ$0mGksu,cu`U*F0AC}݃bӢǝԎU4ƴ^ m]N:Q 6eRy412Pf&endstream endobj 89 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 2991 >> stream xVkp]Y@jlJg&M$Ҥi#<`y MeY,Fc?Yo2~ʒe[` !bJ 7$fJf4kzIWi3ݻ4s{'(H4nUO~Lwsd!3faC&vr j{ڢ⒝Z-+_ǥz*VSk|j5zZH-SKR*%OQ jN1J[qZSOe$h62^TFSOΜL|'z'(Wb,',#ْHe{dc3Gz ~+kD%-Py8`3EXbfv26VTzr$WW5i 5+3ˌ}}2ft񚬞+Jd׏, ?88 OcD&!O!IH:HF/F1>xnmPC5!²^m3 0_*Y"cDGpUqG5*zV㮙"xa3)mH#d}=)lGErУ\FB46#EGvin@ɀΥ-j*!GÌH<Q8~F:tIX=$%}\dCf$ٜ ̹9 1߶xI(l2q(4$4FϔJ5=hoUŻTXiM⼌ { ݛ>vET$R2{6[od4MTo“>gp-qxD]7ٶ(ˊ@h*% AvzOpxS$k,YhbrO>'SL^]hM8+ ԺK_)kczp(CI_D,9yA8;My Zȶ儨=uZ8ZA">BfLN-FIyE8t7;BЃ kS7 Vlsc>wm'sZt ʘ.Ro9E&iB[p%2-tVk)k}-/<-D|r*D2Bh,}86Eg*[XՎBիT(v51!S;i(@^%ϋzq:I!:ɻNgLq)⺌qk 3oG]n`e[7C u*Egw)=Ǭii\|ZEDX|NBf.+`)&h5TC 0 p6΁s'[c3B n1V I$ۻSD#"1y<[rӀ'tIyfi뫰M?+پnZ ene?#/ !h6챵Y;#WTD8nMVHkimjn#SWn5XkCsey|ʬ䖆;*9oaYmN^cQ dͅ}:$Py{NA~Oꏔ_Cfz}ڠ#S(p>\,=giZ<-/`90Ad^'h6ӛ<_+}iUW2s?)ip?${n&n̨Xa`UcHTԬ9oPt;~\r.[oHZu%+e SrscUX#*'I*3wL_OuNn31FG_9Z=*ͣ/&uE7a]>w쏷zu !/C`7 z3k5YvcͽK=b"y\iExun-K'cFA"?hN% ` /o4qIͽCv*Jp<`X%7l6~~ƿt KLrg)r{p&U{+ۂE5|5|$qoL(\BԖ*9 y4)=)xֹ4mnw'6~ A!ŽPj;Lؠ"mXN=6'wq~ӡ#)1޽NjR^UfJc0*u{ pf ~g:B7 C 83Acע&d@oוΐO/f,՗v lMrto܌->YT]NeK;&iVS_/79@fYzŏ^sE75tt65,6{JOm^+r~,:t=<Ȏf[cendstream endobj 90 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 6693 >> stream x\oqY9D@pqXgGҿ?"Vz'owe ])%Ǡcϟ]1P&?|tO?D 9yוCj]4F?M&֛"6Ls P4OpCb ,sSU)n"$;-\H"spfL \W:\`(oMR`8f !P[f0)0F7 k'$]^a01ݒoCƣ03]?l 3M+Lr(iM‰9`,q3ce((ȄLEٛ( b$(\ub a CPnw"߃L0#`ưg40zs=崳nHqpAvH@#AQarJn~\{D8Jfj p͘;%E0+ڝw /wH0UCC^Ъp캊 CP 5R%q)j`,,0'cHC0:; <>(R%t*Ƞ$6lQ8 Ch&aE{)’vfw28F:LNY;13Np!1UK CPnw"3 㪝$U;'0E_﹣hm:"ԊeӸ6O+LrUjs1TZ;X}„ìe 03]U0(H V(.N*LA)MڋKֺZ[ K$b 8&AA$AB8*&txt &C3STE^EPP>np-,aZx 6Nh&r(q,%$309 P+Uڏ|Oeg Ch*nTT__m[*^#Y` +@~|mk/ n3#Ki\8W= g``F(,FTS*H5A MʇJi%ʐc60<:9A)\ ,@3Qݗ0wcVv=ExWQ|0bۅN ({us}VE䕺E-NXFgl:xj|%ͫoVOZ 3'Jvqxg.';R02c_啤-)S PP"ϸ2sw-s0- (i9חNX/=Y`g: rARI_ jYTL`^8EQ RI9Y9!9^Myht8{^M Tyٝk|j/xY>C( PR:*LB)J"0R#0͌Hf*|ϐ=g: ge)0M:l` ƒP+VN\7 Q.SS^IQfW\T=8%OBClKuythjؠjcpET2^1M9-H yr> *E^qQ ^D B)J"#r BK1α"8\9y8S]%+,h00XRv& y1(h@B9<6 AMP 5Q%q?mlp&s{Z#罎՜:g ږRd/O/Sn$vv]EЌH2Mmj-MFZo^kEn7LOGe`PP ﯆J6yPX_  [qjFs! T0HlM**L5B)*`E^TS7c3z>)(3 MVF%OTB)S ˓)0URtKym`_MGUriV/:Artضc(#]âjb_pC C%b6F/" YN޾ _.M9ȵPA7{q]mSL})ww,.m60mnh1e #g4C@L5^TEWÈF1Nky}?0xL|{('<Cw#[0ӣ$o0>-в}}{/ ۇ0n ~=C{Y?u>(hjɈOF>2-2nwsR☶1y%''?*^p7f}˕\vѠ}_$Z1{i?;2Y'먼=*> h'~\,fMvC(qSRP@X;T3l ?0>8^T>UByGkWf+e.cZJ>t성W|tBQo?:8ZcY ^2i^.V"N'+U'12c\}{VXєonqiU1yU<%34+kcLt172tϥF?0(lc7Y#5;e^ԲvZ#It۝ʛ^!y@:+J4 Xy;g:}\}I y{4,$-FϢL>s?=l ۨ;T*UijbNܗP05#@"gzg)jG8g-iF%dt,Dԏ :N<1s^oX#ݵEl]B<_qn*"l* k;`vXD[Xc %[JK7m*6&0xeS_ 'e5Wunzw%@ #[6hP{+I{UYŷPv{c4aj)>'fU5ne<隌9`4< w][^WQlzR_9qϛkYA}ԿikQ>oժ?QHaد䩶OH̕cf?qng<8h%5_}bܾ\?+ 6Z6%?,vkzv'6&:0حǶzZmk RaKu6PJYe'@2/D/퍫 #hI9K1W%{][F -LW(/191x̿Rx450?wpFed3Ҹe[ʐY H|E$h,3<2EGW{Ep[~GSB^|~m%JU4JI89PpLgiZ3c3{}~/=lNe86% OϤ5U d?֘}.=>tn+HNu+ JMbӰ:N T _iβhFjQモC9 uvUx6BH6|>xNAopm҅9Y|W /FO8L3lޏS><{Ija& Uzcv9Զ Y̒cHj_0*?#OZm6J3+#7Efk~Q7<-w&n ?A7l f}oE׶=y2Txs_W\1J8a5ACXyB̝n%ޔM7 E+B## ]g*WO.{[Y(~gI5~y0pɘi/ g4!x!z?KT[rsM|G9ilI>?cK9m_鲒,V-?t{`_¥S)חFjsg#rTχKkGhi"oܮO&`v>~^QU>WhV\߰3@[_Nwo{_iG~1 t[/'=v!vpl<`G/ Vι(~HM(endstream endobj 91 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 332 >> stream xcd`ab`dddu 1$(25w 0Qt,0 +##tX޽53~OAe=rIa:Y˺v]g*{ZG\Fۖ;Qendstream endobj 92 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 448 >> stream xJCMMI8J  @ikJLkЬ{tqnsmu{&U|zZg t;bbccX*a ~깦o}m嚧e,ltSuy}y"͇|z}…xR~}P`ŵNjy~\qH\q$XU\u|sYQW_RRQRr{ 7 *endstream endobj 93 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 275 >> stream xcd`ab`ddds 24$~eaa}Q};@JAAſ+~l^}> ߷]S.W\͑Ǿ{o沧w-}ӽ_w/ˣ"ݸczy|o| w¢J啗.Xlr`[}[.j+f;F {neEwUWVvWV%c;{,9>9.< l{7endstream endobj 94 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 317 >> stream x2CMSY10T  radicallessequalpiTSD,C~YE{Z@{.7zzwv||vww 7 DZendstream endobj 95 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 104 >> stream xcd`ab`ddds Ļ~_Fhn Y4t<|'㓟?^ؽhQiwlե%% g10D6 endstream endobj 96 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 5650 >> stream x\͒$7n+؇=e?G8$u=̔T5XoG 2Gٻ}pa hHemOg7b"48ѺBajC#l:Rxx+*Ӹo4wn.nh[ +4Nerd:r'M ;Ð :%VsiW<ϯ'B e:[ԓdO;h2pEi`jZtC7چ%Λ,P=ƌc{Nfpŀ L`@,  cMm-%͹w7X$~7݇ q=o3-шudX4s uAcH)4F O`^ ,O'8žHp(lH|{<ܓ￶OULHN:.6g ";}O|m%L.TuvKd4}lSdoz3CB-n`v,/`fXZzběgr^?lҰ,4O&dfj:@VǘN@R7/Zg"s5]@N.-짔.HqSw>sfK]Vƍnx_5,HB|25> ߍnR88XYdũ%q=Asb7@MUeƝ7qkH[3 lŁb&B;@D%DW`} nQ52 w|f.y"0D??q)ES{]>, 9n5΋J0M!΅V?5]fJP+ɂ,h tRwh-'wO0O[Ao4UP.+ﰗ)FhvމGvh;޳w$V.k\4,7>j)FZ}qل`rގ'$œ|#ӜV3QMnp6+ BT(}4naIzjJX|<9~~gK5iIv}FYl]L1{[ JtBu;BS4q40T7x >KOx{t1e$NjWSar8r7`:<vFjywxě„CUvSuUdL {@$ J\d fKB&3^\_Zmɂ˭C{ŧ0Iyq6'Pӈ2iA_<{nwnŞEWN64ڌinGV61.z QFëty Jҍ=\^ ,"z$alpu03C`.]O` Yɰ ?+f_Xx|s%W_t$l%vX~٘:R pPoiB]CY:=r>ޮ;곟Yó'~21|"ϺqsP#gt^?I@5CV/1zf*  Wޝ٥* ?'!p&ӕ2|5~5rX7''76;e;잓pm @c! t*mU;h SkB8vryhB4+DBf K?%߃ԋQ+ϐ`yCu :Byt!B_@2k@8priPT* EҋU 9<;eHed`N} W͚ M RUtZ06`0i6uQɻf‹u(ab `'o_a,B &^.87:Ix;iP`)')A4 8zChlQhbhXwL T N`]cH1 f9c'SS4uA-]m<8>*-EҋUc@W,1aɓ~J`FБ$FTEC%0Л}TYj%kcPQS:0a!2hӨ$`f4(M]P $O ;gQil!V) N@|`D\lhÀgpLcZ%`a̫XmT[ "!&΃U.ϐpHI=un )"`2uV ;Φ}` U6uQil FD3\xsg'v}dAJYsU:EJ@H+9 G]bHaMX8_xƁ=MI5[,JA pUW B>p 'Cyt]b]LK'9>)ÂS0I 僫Z+fY@:H25]J( vbk 6%u>E' !Wh}0- `+UҏuqXph3:rfjV) NqXq:Q(2-^eN;& J3T8 H +X)~0\pP!4۹]oPrnT 4Ns >jVZ.X;&B3xryST DdFi j( .r{Fd 8x LF|&hpJM$+Aij9MCzZ5+DB K?>xP#+tw3cAmg 4:AB9ܶ9[?ΤTIU1{HGcKZZ%xU2+2^d9=W _:'3ѡS3^;sɜ7nǓ\হ~W)3i/Z_=Jd8CZ?x:+`3Cq}E(FoE|W|w5[[aJf+ȸMi}a ww "ibCSZ[GBy!Mmc@jǗOQlr.3.hLiD>#sgGA4uڿY~S#70$8Za8}eOߢp&g >Λ?Jܜvwgn׾'|_H_a#s*ժ^MWn}>ݻu.': >p(iCEI2endstream endobj 97 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 135 >> stream xcd`ab`dd v 5420q$caaG~= Pn͟?2e? ^WTֱ[CwϏ^o.9m]m|r\y8'endstream endobj 98 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 8624 >> stream x]Kodqk7 >J# y8H;8{陑#_zGRm ,YX,Ūs޸8'_]ۋ?_xn?u6\p$m9mJ[am]/7wחWwh^=-vOڶc՛kt_Gyr|78::ڳŁy !ͫ +M΅\jyjMk˜=n¦?l/R=-M؋"z\^7⭎Օ l}9_XW \Mx竡%j`j>ƐsGl.~ c޼=\- ɥmɛR* m.|oFiZOe#\5Vߠ̶zTEoj /L֕oXym â9Iu#v<VX?_t20WR)Dž[e!Xw`Ŷ| ?KKAA4p%W9}ReM LZ_}F}J@K2QLOϠ(ޖjB#d2~ FVPvgS_Si9؟(*`F,j +x~v֪lsi2W5y^ćUۏ0[{ڈ'G༬:{!oy;}JV~ӁaGrN?2+\~,`ݝQoϸ(sTjt> Fm܄);ŀz<7yr|R͟h l5~S&ks3ڶmB,a ;8mc5 -msHR 65w+{*bm_pv%7&zl(TZ߄hMJ~ۂA ܧLm.ff&Tĺԭb +\hPn)l 98`a˲~P)zgNfEn4#?H冫0@x') r9\zikg8hBIJ5TJYc&c7H12.6=uT.?5VE720Fn2hQGqc6 D\BHqQHyȲÀQ#i!]` KCuЧ>-T !B* [1a]fkڂrҒj$$9.mK\9@[91إC˴E"* ΋i%nlJ;nXdeVGAfFC5bևI5DHe9f b9I06\a2j -Ѝ"vjČ3t)&$3x48 +9.in*8Z$&AƒsAX2JSn quRC%0Ѓ* Q1K K)eU2l$L}fJW̿.E}."Z xGC3) 6pR"(SM-X樑A0 VcV-c b0ze1P ,5ofěL3ĕ3 9G;7ʘQiLj Xֆ&Ahx!fJCCBԏ)p?h3g-kD|Qţ99$U)1C ċǔ ͈gW*H"hxx!)$['f(NHpJ1!!e D@6x *GXKdy|Wq) DI:(X݇@|3 B)B9 Q:NiƍHY/gD_(B|"xXPJZ57R3fqk9"DG*wgJ:ї1U;n)-f'Mme79V LtO,h87ta4p9k-,y7Hɼ)őt Lid0_| ]45RFH Devé">+S+SM~]C@+XC (xGӁX8J "VikȄ:(nV0|bzRyUTq),j):PrZB[TSp4>RBL ~*.%"-dL6~. *%YmV7j.vڦb,I[A;kV_y n1#G @m}|+ɇ@z&Jep7i7|IkCOLqc\j`|0X]W&NN3'4p;h@y+ H,iPгmp Z>翂o`}ūv`o,r<,ldtJ\d;x:$Ԁ{Dd60%AmHt 40|;@Z 3SJ\ Qqԯ(JّFI|ue&%ZYG}@ RIFqSe|ưćx }ð3}t0LGa2WqKN& #if~, cұ H>mT&0Q׻dz@<xx\O6)iapc@i=hW|!e>4R [OߜϑpQp{p,@@iXR6 :W( N1 a {(O:1gm @3 Yl%A| /PaݐtDqJ<. _ [+x<}C:]@#ˁ4;%B:;z!ϒ%kߥ)sN|E?en;(-Jsa}''PF (f0_|hɨoeFыDIM <ߴ( 9c @_c$۷FG"[g#Y/YBMI?0@'~@;OiB|τP8b I;*5)$LMK3صM}_;~ fյң ?TaښTPkwGh\Z2)P5uYR b U EUCn Af1x2Ŕ $PŪcWƪdФXջ.O*0y#X)0c^ꇄU}N:8S/rX_G;jLgŪ'I\"BeU0>M`G XŃAGBR-QJ/2dh*`5rVQiV# m& Ph`5&/PJ*Sh5*Rj,YrtA`A96  .[ VV3f z%h5c/h5 7/jƷsF_K9Vp]_\Ɉ(?+8"DkNM ֜EA@& WeH\ 7! aHŪ '.j VT(2X(]p?U9Y֜L * V0X82X͘@*PL՜,2U4jF Zq? \͔hmZ͘ȂV!" V3f^E) IV+aU^+X5M\jkfUTqlV!cbxV2#UPnp RͅG?*$"YCjT3fo,#UttHt)TPYT3w, Tzˏ2LDx(NJ<|m Tcũ&T]QԡECGRE+J(uL1ReP:LG!0/Ũ3UjuBT[PǒQjJXx PT:"ԱGu8 á(DNG!pL Q:B/IuPŨ FX1xjÕ+@^E#`(:AEet " SLT)5g͊Nc _N^?/\1o(4CS.AS!@S38hrVh2A[]!S*2u𤮐+Qp"ӱ"UP)XP]fSkAVdK S2uh|h*u]KL=^/!LaCE&Sϓzb3!S/o0QS؍SƚG]VQ B$] .zl<FS=`)0Y7,B L!Y(0EV|囪 jCQe ,_ a!“i(:2:R^үSϛMEMC@Ӏd 4% Si^ om(4% 4 ϮiA^PhlF)X_bSpbS*,')8U,+:ōVָ`D),%ENf*:w FQW`xxv"U*~W5] PQɩTqJP1)V}ӌ_o1EYѕ R[AT/@Ti3 rUjD5Rm RM RMO RMRMRmB ڤH5jo8 pT34éfS` QP57jÐ- C B4jՠ-h c0jà9 2jL;djp9\ũ 6jݠzC Z1j# ZP3jG@ Z5qj Z7jiUK jvaXêVDư%;U-!2jIaUKZeX3ŪV$ϰ%U-W4jaUK9 ZZjXRWêV ؠ%U-6jɶAUK ZnP{T5`P jcT!*TQ:yX8u@'ũ] L )L5g0հ4yGZ+|ׂMJ޿o['t/g~*^-.#}T|: O.Ep5ͪ7o|o0.. o.t'8Cv|9]{|rM+ݽ;#~Tyyp%7ҝO >?|xWuvq@nh3}SBta?j-/n~"˥#\tg:ՋKF>]|W!uǃח;aY<|k+HƎw%e.Ifk,x2v<.nWžX/˸fw-96;~;_mg7ofawZ@}ַ ?Mx47 N&S5 B=Ht|j,l/^<[גW@zf7FY-I!|o|q75_WtGsc.&72aPDw>55Sk+zƥvUK®5 >zq-d+z=,䥮fn1z<ҥ" Gq6kyo7Q{cmm}ÝWw)qٳY֫r_3o4Wm |hnX.8m||e.?wq U%E wo?Vwկ:0yw CwZ(AAtrIq<5 ',d f? ]qeϛA8\n$*sэ~"-oV#AI݀Ǥ+dXӢ;pS[Oss~7Ṡu'6N6;i7^l } įfScN zj{--ƵzCggk*W7J_n]?p!JԊ3=}B{|'&waB)+<-vn=&$P|_Y49>vi4< T+ȶ&۹=<=B)h+Lu^̖~7;~o y+f_'nb6_y:lkED,7* \{5yC'L)i7E%ɏ^̄ q2~Y {y?n|5?k]٫˫%_2 v#Znj0$§?ğ>[ N 6Ols+Eln%j=)ӷ?(|NKME?,ecP0 \o*F}8]?^'?endstream endobj 99 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 7387 >> stream x˓qd]PZdiC ;:CpCbz,pV" UUY{66lfOyl>Y֍sfًglBضu_?!MiK؆l^y߮휦cL75$-O庝2_͸`K7͟'W|Eb9"]~9!tOn \l|ˡjb<3ꧺ?}?;On` 7K?n.Vv_R.۴9_+>Z\c]) ]}1=0{ޯo:Zy_o׋%>{_xsj+ImkX.mG>FoKLs.l 'leV)yvʶ,1ad&2|mSļmql׵62˼aĺ15.r\2e^.XJ,ۜ03-a1G/%Ǹ`3V y]76aH %{vc`:"@_ ) Dl䴹~ɲn]R\] Әe) lB㶬gHy\cKR3G$58Gſk,[\hٮB/)"7y"(O~A.nnOpa[-p \ >PU\%{`<Gy*c{(ٴ,wYSyg]镵:7XFyg_m((ݣ@Eby'x{{KxY@DHKm,~̂@v$вEb`90ce5mUwlK f#|,%UhYRL[0|,k08|,%vd-2K-ȋyZ>a$8"m9h 0|,io -2KFNjPOd[gO偷-<-[rE\gMYKa=,PHc$⢲8**?"'oP?YжbHZGPBE۫FULӻ{ұ_LѦ]0N0V*}2e6-cԣn-./}*ςry˧Rb-4rGO;$ G*|$hL֟7FukܡB&5σ2Na&o`} HAz[E(3HRAE@(u )/T2JH9Abh)ad@ Xn(РԂz5¢)Iy9Kڔ %HB[nAu021kRp"3" )* OQFa*@eUN{JMuъj¿nZJl4aL@-GH-z/)* ^V.).pA6mFx EW v}6q-Z8۲F>]ָi+9[+a(RbhTK#'塞 CyKؿ,Gp"8VٽZCًR D2zcehQKt䥞`@✷2ZЙ-J TC;y9U,'Zp4EZ*HWt 4piPs 6hP,-mK+.u 5x_qrB4 ¹e\D f@>"j$Q+@OII ܂=6XAX(И(J¦ ]Fg:6#%ɵ*;&1J )h\M)-i᳌QM' j|UQbINbtK[JxR=clf D8ڒv{s\~| '{las\.)-kĠ" G[Қ-#3A)SHTd]>,szewHE2X!Rhask:8ށ4$'*HH)+$!k#,5',=,2xa Im@ 5itg4$!rBZX,)H/0gH++pHZ09Q@ s-oMPeɉqDJ# -J-nԃse@9ѲdX[Ϥa]Ez -#RΉQ|ΗH@8#::ˮ !"o]d)e@R $!,p&gG%/rbMT>.3䃎s %-"p]Cn"p$% B Hy()B"p$ RhiHAX%N(T4 $!8L/˩P \Y, $"8N/:Tw,q^4 ud iJ3ԅ5΋@5U}uƪcUߥ[Xխe5VF7Xs1X3X5\u0\u?1\u_2`fi^kp}pj U1FFJFW=kzf1^cxճg:Uφƫ=azN5\kpxUV V֮8ƫ.Jʫ[ƫ] W]W] X]B X]fX] X] X] X] X00`ƫ^zbꥌ;ƫ^zd꥕j W@3\"NqUPBE+B y/jˢ QgT0sk{t CTޮ *0x {J 2kJ} D[Ȩ{WFE*fpF Ov' 9-I5'E+/¨9ŒWU¨i5Y*T LG\Ss&OWpe4ʩp_XDN?WcPԜ9c:"tL$7TDE("JJP15s6SbPjH{JBo ^ fT$L2 RjFaERsD'YBjn]y⥐ YTଉG) AR!h$pSHSpIS =2˙(@etF-( Ɋʨ8ZDԂDG!̲TeWH-tK[O!7o@jA()"ezM2I'  eASnR;}M\)vӁjS V* T,xX@pӝ+ QՒrgEIP@JVRE4`T jIp q%U2GIPpɟ(zU ǒ\]PNjБUU ʪj0%BZOg)9p*jb-BGmbڍQ Qn%CT![OOOO=ս= ս = ս(=(գ0#8գL9@c@YAC@ճgU. T=Kz&3Plg@ճgV#UϾFT5z7Lu0Lu0Lu=1Lu1NuYRNu2Nuq3PuTPu4Pu5PJZlrmno+T/ S0N"8)^zc+"T/R2J0 4T/S3RRHE%U(T4RHՋW#^zlUWF^mwRyG^wT}G^wTQSDGNU;tTQSӑSb :v3VU(0}]fE}Wtu]zIHQx"й>SI_E'+Ǜ;}7AV66FBӷP9Iy֟\]aϼK* \G>bEmh0RoMNuίGABvo-A:eڟuo-<{T7 ~>)̈́X41@B9N+M׽ኤ6?i߹BsJ܌tÝ'(wC(uw{Bz:^&I=دw71M\/SOԜI80VPe?ZكG'$Ӱ{H2/|oW IZLx>"yw{k ك]z$.ObtڻpUٖʟX7}/l ұkϻ0Iv'TI:*ǚ`?k;Teu' JKa:һV.2-vTMtW: $Ci\iH$&i:kD­'d\-[>/5oA%6J޿ nˡUjCgǥ+}\~HSy$ {|#`@ـRl] \4sǮ:K[v^\lŻ;FW0||cIڑ$~r," *y+p!G)+QH O!~1]q-̝t{KOQ߰۷eѹqyW'/:71ĸcgy+W(vwT{yA(;Ify7%7hIH+\,&ij'hUmXTyo$²'aefnZZ_MZrȑL{bZl!t+Ѧ AQMgq+=TmÆ<( @xjCDyW$O>*K2^fӯdpÀ8pOiYk`U!H,9iHX1ڵ$ư[?opّ/mW3옞wA_c\PF{#W<\T"EnG4rC˯!I;jn( =ޟNWr@cE^Yn$/+1ڴK`ݲ$ [_=vIFB0\-\oBH~7{w_wP#9m$`^Ҏb 䒿[ٽFE+mEJyȡ{5Rh,rTT v˲UQH?a5ݏWR`nEpfirNvUG +|?d~pe;\8BSI*ոҼ\Ǖ֬Q+z7X|*z#uYQ2#4zRN q~X[9J'n]<(CQ7]dLߒTG[F_zw#RQ2Et˰ٽ%G\Aj 5#_﾿;p່`W}R'yQ] gYa We5p$Y)~l/ed|~)ڟK?S ّ|#H:bj#.rۋ fEw“PX]OOVB ITt7;J3.$RVM%/`,oW߁ *.e2q F'yRdZ#uTq7n%jΣ D~yE~%gendstream endobj 100 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 4668 >> stream xmX׹ֲft. Z/qy.q86`-t6U]ڌ43wTfVm].Zʲ nJ\<c)v엜 ]gtϙ#iS5IwEӹMr?oOSᔻMC3W^/mjsKkvC鲲UUkjG+)V*bHFVNbFgޖTIVxn-2gtӲkoyw* !Z|k!+  kJfZ9POAB!L60uRx ==\PmgYzF] Q1[hRtDsqk+1bWvp;AP&8JD(A>*dFZ1{amvn2/t>J Y&l#`=iʻ8:Vɨ = Ajlfjw-="y5)@6V\BJ!xxD.>B n M󐦖$,*&)NR,pBBȽqB`1V(S'OgԾ{[0_EqZ^gd)[qa9F{W*-Ii u֐"WZG=_oj,TהA *$n K_Y6L$MJ;QxMFZ4Q/gR\>/<gź=9R+`-mL,>0҈QÅ|>N^]N\J<(x!(ʹaI)XzeC"c\Ut翿TYHf͇غD.P핎JürMny} 4|=͠7}!8ƅ3\/qQ[欑c貄:6u?z.2W Nb8{0EΗ38_V@_YSW,#XWg'Nbpi0'$bFu|wGv]8AaEu`ށs;#4-XMGjh4vv'gȓӻFO>)l7N6-2uKiŚ8<uw_>`C8Gi,#i94@2IyS\ތn5 cPIa4 -Cyh9 - wI t'n=qT9tVC[bwz]>R5b7+% qc!Pg{4; {2B7Q"DAD lY33'itb0ǁjȊ@Sh*;q 5|!lű@+ݴċıHyw;`;-Rcfff-7laMpHD7*bow.؅7ꋹc߄m`ggfWu*]UKKKZ  ~; p$XTpd@\-cq;`$`異ʹbK5N-jAj5ouYYkLi쥖vhh5Aʍ*~vx'ћ<5'ыKȹ'EfuxK'N0^1lŪڒrچ9pGyةqᨁDij%V`Otpx7Da߿XO]#pʼ?k$벯_"huDŽqQ%?Z*Vb[ "Y)o20EPchi,iN*I]w{vEQrRx"Y~y"u͋\Ql-.{ s=;R.Vr;41l~N壖RNtNdxC8qeƲwRpܶј$3P5cޔ5;9 ̝ξ@ׇ7>x *5[AYjk`n]5#W?9!}J饵BEv,و-f;}Tl,/ \wIѶj%=dCVۍKצ΢ω,^dLm+wz {םscu.ZRz~JSS#bR7p"طkX؂ )c+; g 46@+pyo| K~OLCo8'z:XT_ڶ67 }ӯi\ V_ A+ }g> ( C3>!r.b]cdbTA~q 칊ihKI6N~+lZs';EfQ]OK%80ʿatƇeP' *z?v a}=n̒ 9[8?G)f@l|N!_9St~VDBZp;#1P?K?[?˲I9nς&^gk@0+(Ru~Kd8>Db.6ZPGVa)n5刍QzKwԏ7Ogp.rsp-/?gȄv0)&ۗo^ikKe lN '?4{ #$endstream endobj 101 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1161 >> stream xuVKs6S.<.;!G'i;d&5:RCv{ArAoԴ W)4k-.(XхZBiZSËvPVLVP0~|,IMJYeudb8yW&Vh) 1-JZm3A$xvu=VY^ FX!R$nšJ̀KXm08%7nz nQNZ19e|#X#\K[ )ZE!3)`XP5Qâ{`,ps|U2٢)g2K;ܷ첞]%]\R@3v^ [B+ ϞO]?'z"ʞey8z0ъ]GR/J=L:jjx1#c?цDx)h̾AE@B!`ƐTI{Ca.Zv, %RUZD u,l̚0Ci<:0AWhPߺqhnUZa2 ^ /$aaX6 IM´v&txMFn^߿6xp&sCϭg{phm2ݖplI9e~ Qܡ`pDsi@U>NP?H/z,VÛ:ZǗ!i>/,SY QpĹ —0}sC#ʋ85.Xz0f3Kq'V5,^U8 ) .3S(jlw_ ۭ_Od22U|84)Edlg~X,[{(4T>K55amxZd> /W [ 1 3 1 ] /Info 3 0 R /Root 2 0 R /Size 103 /ID [<4bbe40fe6b3ccb45bba8fa5115f0d6c5>] >> stream xcb&F~0 $8J?N (8;A$d  {4jA$)\"%SAlN)"HfI0;D2M@Q<,lO)"H  endstream endobj startxref 92044 %%EOF metap/inst/doc/plotmetap.Rnw0000644000176200001440000002250114764251131015603 0ustar liggesusers\documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb} %\usepackage{mydef2} \usepackage[round]{natbib} \usepackage{parskip,url} \usepackage{graphicx,subfig} \setlength{\topmargin}{0cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{2cm} \renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.85} \renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.5} \renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.15} \renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.8} %\lhead{} %\input{title} %\VignetteIndexEntry{Plotting in the metap package} \title{Plotting in the \pkg{metap} package} \author{Michael Dewey} \newcommand{\pkg}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\func}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\codefont}{\footnotesize} \newcommand{\mygraph}[3]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[height=6cm,width=10cm]{#1} \caption{#2} \label{#3} \end{figure} } \newcommand{\twograph}[8]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \subfloat[#2\label{#3}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{#1}}% \subfloat[#5\label{#6}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{#4}} \caption{#7} \label{#8} \end{figure} } \begin{document} \maketitle \section{Introduction} \subsection{What is this document for?} This document describes how and why to plot $p$--values in the \pkg{metap} package. Examining the $p$--values graphically or otherwise before subjecting them to further analysis is useful to provide a visual impression of their distribution and to check for excess $p$--values at both extremes.. Three functions are provided for this purpose: \func{albatros}, \func{plotp}, and \func{schweder}. \subsection{Example datasets} As our example we use various data-sets: \begin{description} \item[\func{teachexpect}] Effect of teacher expectations on student IQ \citep{becker94} \item[\code{validity}] The validity of student ratings of their instructors \citep{becker94}. \item[\code{zhang}] The effect of the timing of exercise interventions for patients with cardiovascular disease \citep{zhang16} \end{description} {\codefont <<>>= library(metap) data(dat.metap) teach <- dat.metap$teachexpect validity <- dat.metap$validity$p zhang <- dat.metap$zhang print(validity) @ } \section{Plotting using \func{plotp}} The \func{plotp} provides a Q--Q plot of the $p$--values to detect departure from the uniform distribution. <>= plotp(validity, main = "Validity data") @ \twograph{plotmetap-plotp}{Q--Q plot from \func{plotp}}{plotp}{plotmetap-plotfunc}{Legacy Q--Q plot}{plotfunc}{Plots of validity data}{plotvalid} %\mygraph{plotmetap-plotp}{Q--Q plot from \func{plotp}}{plotp} %\mygraph{plotmetap-plotfunc}{Q--Q plot an object of class \func{metap}}{plotfunc} Figure \ref{plotp} shows the resulting plot. The line represents a fit to the uniform distribution and the polygon is a simultaneous confidence region such that if any point lies outside it we reject the null hypothesis that the points are drawn iid from a uniform. Small $p$--values are to the left of the plot The format of plot shown in Figure \ref{plotp} was first introduced in version 1.8 of \func{metap}. The previous plotting function is still available and it is possible to produce this plot by setting the \func{plotversion} parameter to "old" in the call to \func{plotp}. An example is shown in Figure \ref{plotfunc} which first calls \func{sumlog}. The legacy one will always remain an option. {\codefont <>= plotp(validity, main = "Validity data", plotversion = "old") @ } Note that the \func{plot} method for objects of class \code{"metap"} uses the new version of the plot. This change was introduced in version 1.9 of this package. There are many possible options which can be passed to the plotting function and hence to the \func{qqconf} plotting routine. The documentation for the \func{qqconf} package should be consulted for details. The \func{qqconf} package vignette is also very helpful. We will look at one of those options here though. {\codefont <>= plotp(teach) @ } {\codefont <>= plotp(teach, log10 = TRUE) @ } \twograph{plotmetap-teachlinear}{Linear scaling}{teachlinear}{plotmetap-teachlog}{Log scaling}{teachlog}{Teacher expectancy data}{teach} Figure \ref{teach} shows the teacher expectancy data using the default scaling in sub--figure \subref{teachlinear}. It is hard to see whether some of the points fall outside the boundary. However if we use the log--scaling option shown in sub--figure \subref{teachlog} it becomes much clearer. Note that the scale is reversed between the sub--plots and in \subref{teachlog} the small $p$--values are now on the right. So the cluster of points near the bottom left of the sub--figure \subref{teachlinear} are hard to distinguish as to whether they lie inside the boundary or not. In the log scaling of sub--figure \subref{teachlog} where they appear towards the top right it is much clearer that one does fall outside the boundary and two others are borderline. This reflects the fact that for most of the methods in the \func{metap} package the overall $p$--value is below 0.05. For instance using the logit method we have {\codefont <<>>= logitp(teach) @ } \section{Plotting using \func{schweder}} A function \func{schweder} provides plots with a variety of informative lines superimposed. It plots the ordered $p$--values, $p_{[i]}: p_{[1]} \le \dots{} p_{[2]} \le \dots{} p_{[i]} \dots{} \le p_{[k-1]} \le p_{[k]}$, against $i$. Although the original motivation for the plot is \citet{schweder82} the function uses a different choice of axes due to \citet{benjamini00}. We will use an example dataset on the validity of student ratings quoted in \citet{becker94}. Figure \ref{simple} shows the plot from \func{schweder}. <>= schweder(validity) @ \func{schweder} also offers the possibility of drawing one of a number of straight line summaries. The three possible straight line summaries are shown in Figure \ref{withlines} and are: \begin{itemize} \item the lowest slope line of Benjaimin and Hochberg which is drawn by default as solid, \item a least squares line drawn passing through the point $k+1, 1$ and using a specified fraction of the points which is drawn by default as dotted, \item a line with user specified intercept and slope which is drawn by default as dashed. \end{itemize} <>= schweder(validity, drawline = c("bh", "ls", "ab"), ls.control = list(frac = 0.5), ab.control = list(a = 0, b = 0.01)) @ \twograph{plotmetap-simple}{Simple graph}{simple}{plotmetap-withlines}{With lines}{withlines}{Output from schweder}{schweder} \section{The albatros plot} The albatros plot was introduced in \citet{harrison17} which should be consulted for more details. Basically it consists of plotting a possibly transformed sample size against the transformed $p$--values. The default is to use $\sqrt{N}$ for the $y$--axis and a log transformation for the $x$--axis. The plot also contains contours of constant effect size. A number of possible options are available for effect size type: correlation, standardised mean difference, and odds ratio. <>= validity <- dat.metap$validity fit.v <- albatros(validity$p, validity$n, contours = list(type = "corr", contvals = c(0.25, 0.5, 0.8), ltys = 1:3), axes = list(ylimit = c(1,200), lefttext = "Negative correlation", righttext = "Positive correlation"), main = "Validity") @ \mygraph{plotmetap-albatros}{Albatros plot from of the validity data}{albatros} Figure \ref{albatros} shows the result. Most of the points clearly correspond to positive and substantial correlations although a few are in the opposite direction although not far from the null $p$--value (0.5). Of course if the actual effect sizes are available it would be better to use one of the conventional methods for meta--analysing them. \citet{harrison17} outline possible use cases for this method even so. If the studies come from different groups one might use meta--regression with a moderator for group membership if one had the effect sizes. In the absence of effect sizes the albatros plot can display the points using different symbols for groups. This would enable a visual check on whether the groups differed. <>= fit.z <- albatros(zhang$p, zhang$n, contours = list(type = "smd", contvals = c(0.25, 0.5, 1), ltys = 1:3), plotpars = list(pchs = letters[unclass(dat.metap$zhang$phase)]), axes = list(lefttext = "Favours control", righttext = "Favours exercise"), main = "Zhang" ) @ \mygraph{plotmetap-zhang}{Albatros plot of the Zhang et al data}{zhang} Figure \ref{zhang} shows an example using the Zhang et al data-set. The studies involved come from three groups corresponding to three different periods o initiation of exercise. The points are labelled accordingly: "a" initiation during the acute phase, "b" during the healing phase and "c" during the healed phase. The difference between the groups is quite clear here. In fact in \citet{zhang16} the results are handled with stratification into three separate analyses and meta--regression was not used. If some studies had given effect sizes but others did not then an albatros plot with the points marked for group membership and with appropriate contour lines would provide a visual check on whether the unavailable effect sizes were similar to the available ones. \bibliography{metap} \bibliographystyle{plainnat} \end{document} metap/inst/doc/plotmetap.R0000644000176200001440000000476514765270137015262 0ustar liggesusers### R code from vignette source 'plotmetap.Rnw' ################################################### ### code chunk number 1: plotmetap.Rnw:70-76 ################################################### library(metap) data(dat.metap) teach <- dat.metap$teachexpect validity <- dat.metap$validity$p zhang <- dat.metap$zhang print(validity) ################################################### ### code chunk number 2: plotp ################################################### plotp(validity, main = "Validity data") ################################################### ### code chunk number 3: plotfunc ################################################### plotp(validity, main = "Validity data", plotversion = "old") ################################################### ### code chunk number 4: teachlinear ################################################### plotp(teach) ################################################### ### code chunk number 5: teachlog ################################################### plotp(teach, log10 = TRUE) ################################################### ### code chunk number 6: plotmetap.Rnw:167-168 ################################################### logitp(teach) ################################################### ### code chunk number 7: simple ################################################### schweder(validity) ################################################### ### code chunk number 8: withlines ################################################### schweder(validity, drawline = c("bh", "ls", "ab"), ls.control = list(frac = 0.5), ab.control = list(a = 0, b = 0.01)) ################################################### ### code chunk number 9: albatros ################################################### validity <- dat.metap$validity fit.v <- albatros(validity$p, validity$n, contours = list(type = "corr", contvals = c(0.25, 0.5, 0.8), ltys = 1:3), axes = list(ylimit = c(1,200), lefttext = "Negative correlation", righttext = "Positive correlation"), main = "Validity") ################################################### ### code chunk number 10: zhang ################################################### fit.z <- albatros(zhang$p, zhang$n, contours = list(type = "smd", contvals = c(0.25, 0.5, 1), ltys = 1:3), plotpars = list(pchs = letters[unclass(dat.metap$zhang$phase)]), axes = list(lefttext = "Favours control", righttext = "Favours exercise"), main = "Zhang" ) metap/inst/doc/compare.pdf0000644000176200001440000074456614765270141015260 0ustar liggesusers%PDF-1.5 % 1 0 obj << /Type /ObjStm /Length 3552 /Filter /FlateDecode /N 64 /First 522 >> stream x[[s6}_mӒd7Iĵn'Mʒ+ɍ_J#3B|,fi)Lr SJ%"c)R29nQNhDe'g,EfF)|$FR04Z f[e5MvFв1L0-+a83$%>RdQ1Z$ RCRKEfA]#E|l񗻜E[(O٫W,-d{wt q3~}w!{0|lzy>۽YqD~O1L' ac0noa͕Rifop7WƁv{e^?pdOsmN0j zHgxOQ>.3@;7) no@^ՇG9vtp@ĉbbzYLQTL6&z0(fhưl۹f\?*_XvNC~$e$`Ljy?eHtJ9S MR)$;eKG?7  ˋ8%EFs]2ʣ:6D.EhPPK? jj0]IZ7ma>A1iY;LGFy^c}qwb>̂0"`YԢpl죿'# =*KN[x~Cy,t*T, P%HzJ]2~2NyZHz+P]S@r1=3?*%ZnmxiIi(:+0tϨ ,-=U@ZvR kPGppB):znLFrq:k4z8Eߔ$40QtKIdzoѷ ^7.FEDhMZˑ!$B0]/5XΈK9y.mF3D!i-U@v]h#aK34s-N"68)$*Nj椀'?l"WK$tY{BD]7 P]r*AfI鞘xV i?W2J.nIͶ!>TlRh|wzS,=Bf!|M+详T]i EChA5kCu@%+dѦ[r[E-\ȧ\ݰY],߸ Fd (lt{d[z}w3'kО dܕjj#9*n*`QO-z-DşZ }A8Xᗦ:2m>6f ^ -eqjnA+kJ/*[~Š]_Gg\=UƍOgt˥=|U%.lAB _6]}]:`&̿AG(Q_sGzy͍[]yS~G-,F^~,{u0(iMTxO.,h]H>g `ziᬇKA7Ek.䙎3x_7'ϷvfSk'`]F4^eJ.ZiZXu5ۨTHj&2Eai:%j궋$kU۲+(I1xn62`þUR5Kf 47]}vv6Nk'AWhWZJy=nonî9k8q+5& -ɾ:]z |׃0^?,ary8&V\@6l!U;pk }Mn Ivpr6\SGgu|Of_Bc'Fu}G\FcWf:^ HjOd1s~z F 8fvUKWh`ӅGiiuI[kl[P-] GEuM6Q~?n&kp]_yG޹ Jkr(i8eo " tʡk͞z,N:GUT!o eߤc2S8yi2gP%Ú92復}-+^ \ꥆtQ/&8mD6F qrm _ңnk1}gendstream endobj 66 0 obj << /Subtype /XML /Type /Metadata /Length 1158 >> stream 2025-03-15T12:19:44Z 2025-03-15T12:19:44Z TeX Untitled endstream endobj 67 0 obj << /Type /ObjStm /Length 2356 /Filter /FlateDecode /N 64 /First 534 >> stream xZ[o۸~?-UXIms6ET[IDZm7dqR90RR|s6`!R3cʢ̠K+懂^|B !3>vC&B@ʤPX"!%VP<2%8RgAVc 3w (LaȰ %Zʹ1n-^L+hi C\ O0m=I,`x`Hx>T2C`ؐhJ *!B(tpZ!42)ìR!, @kt zahbU4҃\fATSRC':wI"b XЁC k(K_~a|Y0q\]WQ6sF3~MtyӗbYt)tgL8P)m9Lf1`4FпNje|Gd2_b$Y.էd_CqonGYӌ;^i񏃷wf>II`$ɖ9y|y$ۯ{1^4`C+qRvՐuM2] `'Zfd1 xOf~HgQFg)U>m6y=?QZqN=e$݃CϝH+΢x-ΓIRu +7AF`<*;^ՇU+V}(Z {Z`iǦqM]U_}}y78l(@=I!o.Ƈev-Ꙡ1AqIUE'xgMsw+Mka-QhhjUěWڹr#DM?EvSM+'s1W>SK~~1/4nƗ<[KFprs MJA0+w% q wx2M0|5 )tiD1+[ax\i,o IG)kD/`:ǼRۢ#+0 턽7}ϑl+n՗v ҆MS6=u۟o!'l'oa+y`&t62Uýg#[ >:]q̞p/_E;Flh.{hوG#rxP4X]aC4}@U4,նne<­DT{ܦQ)gn'~ M  muyV=Æ!JAel_.?j_C8K%TaBMR_'\ɷdYR-Y4_h4V*nC3e4[b|@d< xwEo:ZTԧ)̋L$ƫdgw`~_RXVn<dI4"4BLI]CU{}Ʌ(  9[ѽÃu8Lc<=D`!m6 !; &&d݀\L@;-oL<[-[;uk?՞_zYTX~fLHI(٠Y!G"R6r!܄$BEڣpp`d/M׃apyh Ժ[Su^n߄ _BZu2FWU_lktQ~t!F8]t. a#*~VPQ\iKxj0U|0TcUg|(Bv£d.<>?/Ӝ]ln>b'IߴsI<훟lk}f>?l];D!~r6*!A%0D6[c2Q醐%*gڛڠN4-VWzl+|DQв4Ju]iV?%} O*  o3 PxnUϺ ӦQYy4X D%q֝Ni5&¨:_]D[<*Ï ?c~/xģhrǮX;KUɖ<.&.wx'_l҂莳x,ˢC -2k^+[̆.ٖU5kw?Ї 2K@Rl3t\' Rbc}RհdY6pAryS (&L$B')6N_^2Gg[?Ly/ێendstream endobj 132 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 3056 >> stream xZɒ=־zx1Q{&st(t7$C@Y@:4Ԓ*R~UbUѿwwV7W_ ~Jv7۫խdUZ+j{}gae,[mW/_ z 8/o9k|z*_VF qo1Ci# FFRxt~ZB6- UD6 thFT<3aV@ #ڗY`a|: Q9-~wVF:YA]F+^ (NdJgXm t$w5Ecuk-Y%%*2Nu(ȐOٽ?I렌"{+ =lV\OMdsr3kN4^)zBDXEnч5+~=B;SM60 )ygFlGf :BDi3[t>poo.fEo`L-jq(,+#,秈#GzSI0Nqk af. H{wA-.jSn>i? _&-e shB?aa7~iOl% *1터 .hiTs^oT}1Hn?^Ɣ%h7 wv8Pg}Je+~v6z)(GG[(8;YrOͺn%cRsƽ9PJ8wK&G$!!ړ{tbm,)}G DyeB`iFMƔk$Y*<\'R5 ~uVvq&O{FS=mSlonك͐Cqv#\6]Xeu])ؼ!v=80`;"c{vgzr>moSsFGb8 g<18J '\KPPUB `p>ftZ tE,W,,Is|um;,4MJfCȹؐGʫTjYq΃k  8 lΣZ`t=O'f,0Ren0Rx pΏCC\0:i~-2 \6E~EvXlkh@=-)RgMSӌE @]Stq<,'pRw:Oͤ.|9 bi`߾IA_rJcK3GCѸ ;7>Ԡ)c摌CUo(gֱ 'ɗ]&xQ,8t{N> stream xU{PT=G|AM{oj48ژZV,FT( ( .],>`y HEMQƚD;Ѷh`.G;sOoMN*,,QDh +LZTuNMq`|>)}.qKAv^E;k)Mr<<0^c 9kCyE^]C:NKN}71| )n~udb:u9Rb])ޒf8kM~2IkeOōKN#x_ jeObMdEVhZ/^8Qrsy|PPrTgL(Uf|-zlI\^%WԂKs(emzfXtIyqt{!xUK}"H)y|rs YJ[bFì8LX]{všWb`o NadEj@U!t]ms^fz_ӌ=:섟$Ln #;=ZVG:C0rS/ T ʺB3Y&(jOLS}gngb`#(/-*ו6tDλ}dZ`529=e*Z^Έ&B"Cyq;|=ϹV;1r+Mم,3sn"x: l#͜`,$miln;n/ ÚA1o)dEGuN@Uv|GCJY.c4|Br֕ZrEVĄK\"SzlkȊ޸7aDΈ[KWKbbl߯: :*  Y40#ϔÔc?kI\_t[A1)S {_B)k@.{_8K\dP*Q! MAƈ5}'dWD^9/Oxj ]E"ēqLbU(Q)TkTCzA*n[2pT [1o2^X \UòbFVkU| G@\ :YrdRF%` /l!qC{/Y>eX PA硂 b=- w[1ëk4@y jT΍ϝLΘJQ}Oendstream endobj 134 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 761 >> stream xKQguZRDDs>â@*MS{C:;;nm}9"j-#$2(BEv7&.88\2Q4Mg͝ph3ڔMLd?d?7^͢F_zኝ)jULWP,Nstw,CO{jժdJިji28ILȬTUP%pa?4lsH1a@<{Y4F!yuo7j$Kj* ċ. F'<Ͽ{ Z6G`q8 [Xް}Kup#G}g&kK1q)["%CQ;IRcGH> stream xUypW޷KU* aCC9L99lHc6>זeK%:WڟnXA |0I2Ptξ}~߯BDҶ-]|Ig_+Đy2~4k333U*߿-;7Od_%"IMb3F"fEg, GSj↸ qxI<"jrAgկ3ML†׺8lhts$k^9F&ل f##gtH 3Z^S īRqD||b3 ̔dCPԯ2V nYԊzJӴCOr旛xmADYbhM)s;-{dITPd- :t@d_ pP[֬ӂRV~o$ן53m{xMT]DI&tف=I$ΡiV4FZ\&Fg4gvwv8uvm7^x^c$w0A\{XiJ }kT53Zv>B`7xcRzraMzxMJyJuХR^W^S]zXRK@O;R%:}g N -<4^lszQFE `ggYNs씓ډ M{ 6h=HXΤl *JZ |`OZXO`K[K{c<Է2A\\}yc߱/9ۍ0"Cy.źPZmAWS*1L_myzi +1pUjZVƤZϤ5K5őPMHbF -Z$]iGD1K-6,@T)}`kKWXO秼r~ډAG(9-v}9i@/bt@P@ Dqa:u /FdHmL1ж }&a2[#!y9#ۣyu%v53j7v&sͧ f 2_<1/ 6wsnWWC=uti,-?q;Jۆf#~zgW& WKQ۞ |j><#,1 v'8)j=ܟQ( s0DټұM7i3IV01 46vl(f WqDw?|ںsQ^+cUBȰeťsO"jY,Wa[U@Cb`S|i@=m͗w>J'v"i [j)l h`yHAKX8Kk?⏠.\J:Ƨ>7l|UL˩!#Kߐ,$b?)Li ږF?>JIΜؕ(˚96X m' 7$tl!}A&dZ3(ak:go0bA_pU])#PxhC9JT Sy)4PUE W(pVZ8* =/x-:$ 1XP_}BVD>$n GQ;^" w+B^|y`ށ'.hLv$SH1fǙ =*яmXsK,n Tj+*Kԕ̒ѥOocۘj=\M^娳Õs\.j;X@V2B샬lnvm4XBx~o?PN/j݆ C9[Ὃ)e@O :d8iekXX`)h E|txY~#k{h+Y\Q,7ze3i↔7J Oendstream endobj 136 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 2787 >> stream xuyXSgojn#.37UlZ[>U(*  aJN PQw:j].En:j0g:7n3g&?=yyBx<Eel盱7>OxoN8%q}BW )^.&v&? @=b1XB,%er‡I >"| ?B@[@" ro?"uCާ(f-ӭs謡W}8,wjw aA-xt__ohcD=[Uvg_t>E-{R\AAsnnsܑ X 7 OSrD-f^#὘|f2 -4$4D ~]}z{GYTuv:\uALd{Ѕb“ m5R+\ RPrÒ$!g_ꊡXW<~L%v܆iYЈ?p#OjK_ʩ*“ddC*F&74VWn5o\*o;EMT'h ğz? -޷&*4gٸovTgˎh)$RD*ff$AK* *ʰ81?btm\tDyFg|ˬ S"1 Ph"v$ZHaP 4 Fs:maqL_l#lt30\8/uH(m!Skqm3xy`PyvGV֍8)f\6 pl?5sLI"15kɲ }c썮VXh*2!=pTNK7sAJU&&RW28o?`ߕ͎N4UW7ʫ ExW4jIkmGE^Cno4bpGU+\d&KHa\@:9dC>[ᑭQ8Yx-̕#8*̥,)HQTX A}`Zh0"]jЎR.MVݫ7@P3*j@J2 tru4(81mw1V!*eoZ 7N%T~ыme0.tu̍ C|s N) [(Yjl Pk H6~$ncϐHaIKə[ 6:Ҫ; Q퐯~oE wC&ǣ80oטp.>|rκ>$Lwɕ!5E} zdDĨ5J T@'FؙSB"*e"kP.}*8 ~HI- ]=F6sChN_\lzĢt&RWFmk\͛oi7E蟫%~2OQ`mNmL87X-Wb|"˜ڊa vGx'߲{g೘}ܧraJcmpRSZF'J``iDw^1piiF"XGد*֗K`/pP=ynjC$"9ܷkks7)mL-4's1w9+m~N{}c:p;6c4cDF67շXZ Ny~;_فyl;w9@A1ىvvrQ B^1yцhd#w4WLx^һ?xwsKyabm7AΗ'Ղ:\p.?'ډ_hXo2 iH,1M[;e5[BU,e%Wby#!xXS' hʎ w ;; UNKNNaU=+;v^7~oSph{'eOX{o *Z r$sLR"K X.@ah?v £طNyMgy#vYfˡ isALnxFSc_ eGF._2] .EIsLB@Hڝ@\:0Qk^u=4!h8Db{§3~XЗz̷yZ1CŨ(quڲ**yPnwqI7B7~XBBFW($PHcGOfGObGfgdB&j+XjR/tLp{Inzn ^@ cPM9Sw8tK~ }wg|Ц$k~Syȃ/ݍ mRendstream endobj 137 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 3427 >> stream xmV TW֮J#jRKG\CI4Q܂(4, t߆^YZ5.88jb4d1D5FOt:uu}0N@gΥ^^Kf ?F:D!Lt24y7Sy'&%l \uE la2[?`fY0Kuzfe63o3nƈL3z>i҅ %'/Αx)]r]||q:&<1rҌIS\=\>ĚקcFcOw_{0.kKk9h ʼnb]\l<){WrЩLo7701L,36Si e $&e,MO8s]/aәg%AD&xO464tU8۸$M( նФ0dkBFO3grF ȴ'qб5u@@Ё޲)u7,KoF*^ $:Nek䀊Z&s{6'm7aIο|yᷴKk=g}`0%2U!@&T_.X#?= WYnck17]4C'zXߠ9ovҎui־pa絘%ۃ#Cę;X1ަEz'rNe @֒i땠P+%O`VmuGpJoxB),^x.{xL. $ޜQz"в7p_.)t9z?cS-n=qFoO:qGmI9Wxvϑڄ8mNj.!tOG %1 lNwP"zWu3q"]AFv 2HJ/,dZJ:Ieʢ;ɡ(GB\9(VB!*(UUTVAo tBNz'Zmx{áxJtu )qGsonbJbjZЍ7$Pr49v D{B}E3 { 4JRQr4jtu|+E<\ԞӼW&ɩ%V}Ak/Nͫ샯4P)g;4ך(&վ&oKh*#:Ya&Vk>]- yCUAZ9P)TELEƻp] Id< $VHLXpc5 |l{nqyDB1ln=eCzh(wc˔ɢxՎҫ3Fأ3j[E%{)~*gIx>? !=S܊ۍVv}8tOyA(ꘖ`EHC3o~=k1Gޟ̓\u."$ZNS+ח2;}bpvkUXXެ%9Jɩ5DDd*UJEaY`T"/yUQaYlgtT]rb( @?*mU_͗DΝ4]EMj^X`2gYfu}q?Zx :~n&?.ݪ4k|u]=jĝ8S,͢)F椹 w;vhcp# х8 #9싈*r"!!rf%.Cs3t}in}}94&ráX4 ,xU$4%lo~=UyЌքݰ|"5+~ KÔ̳ _a9,Y)@3 ű Av O=LM&a 剦:@ڔ&2˛+8^M m3CXRsV(s $! 2.Q֞a'2kԙS|HiF=_f*4B^ڧ,5w i|@r 4 vMpOU9ISX$S.\wwBC%9!TIt,g>>aaw2̜ń -719Ǿtsd3ؿ4=G5&/_THɕ3ֲ+%{fn/Ra 5\bSuHO #Nxv7TF ~-..^np?Ʉ.w0dADslww39lbOsßag GVLe_-.?"}6I OeBfqd|2PQTQ,zugramL}R+uR> stream xy XSF${;i8tZZZ<<#@CH !$!2'$ICTN:iZv_{zz9y'ao]kDDDDD cVL:yr?#鷌(7i16w0pj dn-3[(Z,\Tk8nyN܄vޓvﺔ6N2u+6}3g1Ǎxyo4A< ˼w!avݠz4)tXlgگW]HtǙ=$З<87}Z479* d9c+)n-" {yt#&d?+kns R)Ѱ׿^469CCiGAj~{)3oMiq`#X.Kܶ/uwN"b?*/N߱Qh*2t;oKꦷ6hAkh4nb9po]pBYBbIҒNA=0i۹ue_{j;} \AFzPN@iYUZKP+Jbh7y ,YO)YStƒ@mPKy"g3biQ0FްtۑLi ^Ghsm E"օQBLVScfV^0:e\ǗPh bVo˗Y9hJUP;/aS0#tג =jV >:981깱83 pbr9V~M6&}Y[hLJ%B 6XsPS[f*`N;67oL(-1BnD?_s YSv( r*%݂vwv`X XRVJ*x+^oS/yCBN1*Xnp<7#!92 e%ښaieSLN8 KBTU48gykmyu_T$"#0Ǘ}t+K/kOԼ%لfCOVM0vߝުԫT Dj* c[ *Q]AnmSnaOPOJ2$:@<|L®SȽf LCXk\.D>.PUI&ӥANwTXGtM!]<Ӯb6RJ2*w|cihF$?|wGqo]dC~+ ┾ xAxCk,p d#l"S)2Yw ONN0&@u7Wvм\hE)M/5t`YnΖ[?= 'ldM8\6SC@~ACݛjpbv;iȐAा~f&/ q{߱l~⦚r䞋v1 J( &AItVW+-rҪPA]_Su" nhIh2]Ç:zp[0I7R#Ε|q_0{G*,?Tv yԂJ Ps9Rk:BxXPE.1M&L2XeXjIH:d#ǁKO0WX >T\(u0i<> )s3΍Uz&ܢ* 36)" Q<tg+{KN[ϰxAh5; 5kZ @S7lJ\ IϽ {8`{ '|yU6va ۷8.3!K=ך;wx;zEefQN ]XntGl&n< aI +dN:j暢!2Cވ8_r4 ktcPyukt3 ODjUJNϱ,_mٗg.^>y#K]x`0:T\Hx*<)B6;U[7S{s"ijVB1!DO::n]=u~@\ʀA1wl %e/nBSo!Uz)$nRN΍ qK- KxO[P,2ȫn "fG8*4:0K'|dRs:BsQO983T\5[8sOEQP`SPU\?i0LYM&Cؖ$d:E.e(:ݽ/O;fcUh_ž<4KGtmpaߴ8!.\bkְ(/CػeU5_k̬ZXVKBД.OqRG_zeveX%8cop,+dTN0*oHPjj* Esi$<R’*wv⒘+EZĊ@_ˡԵj!܇ٕIgSz;\ IؿE5k_2Bg*R6A$m_SPSs{m]56+c9Nߞq^^>Ƥhj~/R wbP ` 5s|6=Nٹ1m/J*ez\n+Oaא F*n6?;`WNIBW m!";$T ;xv|@}]Rb(?4η(Hn(hWDc+v~cuVi5V!q&^ gng:kݙtZؽ7XuY[;g5 VXWSũ?ㅧ51Iu*Jcuû;Tq[;JU@=/fT0( f `N޼t77#K@9`6=Zt& vq9%T>z,wHg<*Σ}Yr%<_<_M)9c"؋-dl!UDI(65+V$Š῞\3a@| bBC$տ@,$J*S*Ȕ6:|k}Bn̲0faֱ;:frTs检:{Î,n:IN8{V\*Xj8WuU{1ɔ=~N*Q{k" s>->XZB~cVM7Gbj b9*,mw[JƦ/9}狰U[[ 3I{ҒSPcۍI2sZ],Oq&U7Wȋ!O%iVi&yq4>yr `|Mɉ[<s:mT(l9,(Vf]U1{.?Kߚ`~i?y/e>z%dr~M=؅YTEؤpGppEɁCY'}LU,*1ո T2L%z+nClF O"u< 7Ta:i1vú|kUUu/G4yj:Tbk  Ǫ}z>y;y.8p :nc"HSjΧ]SjR]x?3w_haA~W,޷\0.o5FD9$1g]RsPB;|Ec[ Lx/C;m˨N?NH @ASKX)6-L:i;yboRnz"8 C ݋N&űG}}}:39'O?v7/^_M{+- J?]ףC7xg'u5Uf/3bU%GMi9|89.Pdp,ȱVUqpje5Yei}ԨV}>Qt>_܃a_=wM:5SVVZ`cc#l,y_vq}{ݤCc.N'zAQO(ZԪ킪&7Un֊"~;@@UUVYB>QoM/K Vp„蠲FSfln*̓h Ҵ|$:c#Jf)'eZferkQ^y+) W $?Ma/L D 5w^ͰU4Kt:c,dyāSsuI*4{*ZƠUh\ܸcP?͇ay" mx$@EiF"*+W'Hi>a]1Yͩ'$}ygoާ;^祢mx@[j,mN8QpNv/gNZ840"PNK%>@9 ֚r(v6=pлߺK|%hfŔ $3A.1V}4_10p@|t ~c) VkS ~W:| jHݹ-o53,oCCx^n3coZVQWZ>z/Rsa74qC3p4 kd$%w`hZ_?C( XFK{;/ЭJ; h51 tFr'FMzz~<0(5|IzQ n3 2GhZ-Z[Cs!ܫ<=\ro5mgܫ:=l賞 OG@ݷTppn)ϠҭjbԘ&̜@pjV ?)-g߾tVXlMyñ^8.X(]k;"8vnS L/=K* &:8`w(*.86̆"1UYbcu: Ƣ1+\t8Jȿ/eW9N7khIMc-Dh4x&EaYPV=8]\cY*D|:)%yOr2 d'=ߡ%ɖ6,>-?hEgl1YLt $NpV\AVÆ{oط`faH@y?ADzz!Y) Co*@SP?AFJ_S5,2z`ؿ ._ W1p֬11%0)hÉ#I L |_ ay/>Q)݊s?H4Zx?s@8p4`~@@I3JD~oq%c"/-Y7gJ$Z!ds=-.7oJ) U\ZzXxB,kzBR/1tB)ÿ/?_wz\~]Qo83 }'"T^D]HƤ hoyZB3{Lihfܱ-Z&Ԙyyt$俳XRQHA.QWC[PJZ'.6G 3 fVdl,| A{~%r'*Y-.(@8%j?Q,CX",/TnjZksvnZ g\ދ@x8&|vo3>BY)<> 7ەfCgPQޑη"Z3endstream endobj 139 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 2862 >> stream x[tSUB2E)%(q9 KX P$M$M99iC\ZjkA,h (:3(5<0;08faK%ӧIRׯ[*s` L<8' j$2TF̮֖TV/Hk՚uo:Xb~'<"yUIYEkVvZrɋ$OI^2. %e%̕+LҕϧT|[6!|jfbwnW^vc}wvi/dYseE,m#>S1*PbX#hKGNn~q D.+`XX\&>j/ Q*=@i=riaDxKekhY*H3 aQW1R 44-!F `MBkbW AT4$Eh7EVeB.Pgj(3C0^g ~21=hҸhFOMXx$|k7]EkuR?Znx= 2x5?1.(3+*F-h MjOUvmS/,!g`%e2k 7ߕL$b%逡ZK+Q4Xv:JʲkXd@`?zk|m޸:OjF:߀fhvŬD^^EK?8-~Ż"CC+łGJ)O+v'Bn B70G'sBoP67lu6L|2\$[l.;;haxVL?vc5Qj!RyЍ.tnY֒"t DVpYhY Pnny YXp0T͝@Kݣ ^ :;3֔MBM@2lByEԛr 붊Reay ݏ g"6v{ُGѭs  F>~̓q\ߪjtǐ!kG-wS&ЉQo 5VQ*pc]qtY249b1*q /ME{}1חM1䡯"tBaC.rbі ㊰]P'-}@0^O8vQڍ5exR]>M@X|R h 5Q>rYw,o/>X\;у78|ˁSȕ8J|b->E٣*/>%xgcއyi2t ]VDmu|Jm)sP6Р6?I>>M=9{ǁ1I*Uo)~{2 ćs2n"dNoP } 2M4`RTv\<ӃPc#C@|{AL91ESwM6NDfO;[D5&]C7B|ɱ t -Pʹ NR$3.BO0 I:}}`$T5i5b0^w[Efh sNUShg{G&G;h8r˲s 5I\X)3DBY5딁0)Ƥ^P;%O?eG7 }&fXCnKcSZ|"JH;[P"GT}J[~7Zp8aY GxOT1엾 hI<]n?0 ,I9 k@OafuIq݋L#`:&o 'цmU] `\3NWFOA2/1F4կ )?yy*qnZݺ=]-hS`#l>֋{5yh> stream xXytUrh : &!H"΀tz;ݝvwztV@'! >=Ŝnǀx漿yU9T~~_eYYYMxnB3/KG^̆t>б<Fd'V﨨+Ko7lܼh{~&azYXBL! ī2q(&+,b1XM!BbxXL 'AD>1Mċb($ W:fy! n!jg\ߠ =!Z74=L6F #fp` ĐOK V豅=hYH. :o3 pj)X߻ 8 qI7Q{9v*-{{-V|7:C_cy*2s;&3ǃD할Wϒ-[l,<:&t Fǿ2^, "^kw„axĪ`T@e%:{:(i %lmz! '\em7-F!:8339n x1[ʎJIHaMM:k-Ld֠2t bA' caO՚4:Qmz#Q|cAޏ~?P({:0H^.vs=S~'G'4x)k3gHR¯IWtG&TCw:pE/-[w߇"?\~l+a_ 0j4H]soA }f:uXÓ^6BȮF4%+IN#3A؇IЪr8aSIZװR<5>|.v|or^G3W?=sp+Nf19w3V>`n-L{ -XQFݜdsL$Xy Npv]栰%h }bfp"p6E;<퐢Җx4<ؽ}Ѭ{-WBe ϼùRPxMq ׾|g د'< 'z\H4*bF!RP2^_IҟTNeȄgFD-qes)rӅ]yR#i?KNAH]A8T;}/?s-nҹRtk*v ,0{鼜RU2ۣ 5$|;[SGcʶwpsϭm덲NҨ3˄9;w=%j" ǽh1Pi]z'.`<i2iPa5`ik9,)T*@!Y'ؽJF0%ajT2oJ+/Ьtp"Cy•I x3 `ii='e[uQp@hؕŔ:-.褒O3 (u!#~L+Vq$vqW|EXGٙt5 DC-ft *R>& LIi?z)qI1V`/t o~m ! #?Sx }`0OZZ2F#4V( x Bzٛ]#a}ao6x7ja;́ˁ+ˎv*>O4tJX~0 hq="V;ب` 4TEեեbԝD᏾ĶKe&bָ5.sY X_|>5Me_%M`"c4T.@\ic,* WEl'^NJ"D6h3X^0QzqB7k~!LjJZCC|NT%aZWq3xŬ@t|9J h9Iw?:1( ^_׸Qb Au:(i4I]H,}d!5]vR.jWոYX}z̯A0cs ,pqXx z KVUFk3"v C>EDʧ.=RutvH`4QqU,43'ZV+Td6a1gd>^R29O(7 {;#L)QGgҏF9L)'2Zi`%s(tGm-9Lv>IFMc@-7o|0Iu^$ c9;PO0rSyOzCG Trcj,C x'\"u]Ɏ~qU>m1U8㯥# ^`f\/Ux')c)bj8rj3IZzK];cjvQ,4--GC&xgР?jlggLS)F8+eN)L=L?TW ?.,i,j=*;Ottyn݇ءtiBRmV?*`oF]osS(_4gzWYYIٖ7j(#+K'? TUU;!E:-_J@:bv#jy6mgLd/T) lzPaۨZ& ׆2$~g)yyi[wVz,Nu9;;{(4'ij.W7dK@Fv`1c^7k^aie>/zDn Z2Z5;K9Kل3~ FGv>Oc5~ؾx<"O6" lLZs,sWg* W,_j\oZPMg>>{ug|KXdRv}PB%`P4pաo2*ʷ٩8B/b=8(lã,Z^(ts| XMJx#e'; l3%`+4H篙vΚ9ɫ PD1δx)PړBSY{ w_TJ~ɚj76|3vu%,$6qs޷vx Ӌ 6VF qvX$U<~m42Ëki@SY.fu!XݸaF7a5+`B~~?/£$WcΏ:c3\i%c#a}G&̔H'S! pEDciUȃ0 auEa.ϛ1J&.P k5vM*\MԧFB_Ju=+{Pǫ}.XTVP ~{ n~<{_?j֮i]=uL5hz>^-gSW=ۻE?#gL}mE./p]z+[37/-\~ M. zץ/f(=Ȕs!%]eX .\U^Zu MfhvTȿO?SOr/脇oMiE3^f\d_N^aX՘Vw堵(:5=K+}"^DkKwՙᅧ/M0 8hHh Ę E2'Эx0 灌+ctJ<&\~4 [D@@fmuY겟 $?T*-hM/taFσh4Ĵ69n3 '3Ve7ˣ%}6 Hq B f^՘&$](^MbA_03%endstream endobj 141 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 2161 >> stream xuypWu1h$8m0 @s`sOYuVJzuN-_|pM $ 3P&S>y]f:ә}>6q&D[ӬZnᱢ4BD^z~6A UUa2jI^Y, 6bl;VakMk` HMF&%YxKOY: Q˸ P-GByoGODȁ"!pL%I8"cgw)bAa7~9zMFŽekUGdH(=˗^Gs~zmJRv$RUH,e!%B`4Sk5*ၣm}]RU;;T-݊N> m "D[! Gv:;;uڥ7=^׬vţ{sW(KCwz$u p>nLFmK#P/ˤؑGhޟbe0 !22HpEPmL^YӱUd;_hS4[Nӽ 4l*| jaKr f)U yÕQN?:padK0?\W7s:D| o QMj(|%-Csy`jUe"Qe-ɵICzh&k3/.9a/3eTC2 8C+7ǣh3aJ{üE;=~dEh1ru~/U`۪zwQ'ڮw:}e 7QIt-裥2Ԩ ,Pl{#M r0t/{Z/;EVh<LjIնYe'k8;JO-_<\zs}Y4QΠ>JASm] P?mnj7|IVWUbmꚕ9]fNM_*S݀*]D3ʌ7EU՜[1o~9_9!O hHX +b! x-S|ohh|X7sKLJA$_PZZ?!N^EsrSt=?nm%2M|%# Hendstream endobj 142 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 1701 >> stream xmTiPTW~_5>kM2#D eF%P:H- ,t7[n",<0îd Qи`RrQ' 3Sӝk̃=u[w/MyzP4MK6)VL)qv o+Mνsa5=\:hMXOQV*Kͣ^S Wb^t% (O* =zfx^+'DH]FoW`FiTڏXdA"[#~y9DxQt]Wϝi8q6PDKRݧF(A>r/wA_wp$uI`<~Jdzz195ZkNc9\r]bx--ynF aKZyO%n潧 Y9wy{3ѰV6M_a,e*fRT,Nop|h6EV&3qd7~QnhoV _Rŝ4!,JHy^CN)m4B}hꓽK?ȅnOݽNwbЂxFoa2mU> ˏolܱz<R\bH iݗ0*5->]:b[]w` lmjNNFuvYKO:0Jib*M0rIJ#|*9#Ih<:MƟ{q+a3$Fѝ<!agݕ6 \24 J߼+Ph>Ө &(2rϮso`ʠ $d]tZ7 m=~<\O<ƈ'" Ej K}&?yeKbkJ iW<ڈ>aM -6em<|Q_t&*#QŞWy)E >DwN)'f}'친"(9^Ub*7 ߑט C]]W,$(gITJ;U5vY8!茄شnͭRSYs&Mj Y.O>×qWT3^s^0UOwaHx%S,O`k.juiK5? ,$,I!( gѲCTz96 Cn0߶N~=Kۛ=8Lקmrlɗ`,1$%[O|UyT %J)m tp,tTr}R@zdz~\x%W#*nI$MefRSa}=8a2@|vUo92?H oe!eu:A=G̚8@mF AR{ e`i![$Gdۯx;Ġ!,YkY6cwZdЫ)+0~/=TYK.X`Rst]<=?\A'?)/jV YȄ,SL dWY+V/L`dKM%c7'z!(c9 j^,y/ ?F l" ;Ih6Tsޜ%endstream endobj 143 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 1581 >> stream x]PTU㱻ODrgjXrl,J!,,Y]B@]e( bbFS٨XSS[/5=ޙ9^ hVӁj3X=C)T@djlu#">s3_;e[5VSj*zz)TS*ZJSQTAR"ZO XD2A AQS\VҒ9DK3=+x #1ClT2u6Çyb$\$d1u'p(ӝҚh$XbuIMHb oÒ6zt 1.fAhU[]ۛmjƙS gvl2A!_WPn(H(x"Qgڰ ع+_ԒҘ+dgAlq l 8ptd0WiyV㞂\U-ZM#˹V|Ei/ 6(`?x?1 kqd^B<^Sm6*^?p tgyUpXQxA eU>kjxEZ5y vj`+$WMJ_X z\{;槕y>U;NFvmqSa;3̅F)I_E\۞fޙ|y79`l7YudtZ}.9}_sS;?|G3~^NpH{( z'8$9d%wLQ+reIVBH"6_o3x\ lTZ(r:Ӏ=89YPVUTnܰ'I Nbp! vgPF$ r]3BZ5(5*b3 F'<#2ؠ)LI,]?p`VID0} 6E#dFK~夥>F\v# ~\z=dxOUl |sn7;8O +CE /e%?endstream endobj 144 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 635 >> stream x5_HSq?LnDPJF %`AL!}fYٴ]3ܿ?me&P(z,ɇBJ~wSHop|HZ0Ɗ3֪-l}DE(3Z)ARwЛL7-&ծ>hu[o4t_1t!Y9S Ma7`/AH8'6tPDUho`KcID< agBBܹIj1mk]6V+X,IHřeY ́<%CșR"_ZlNeu> stream xhCMSY8O e  ) asteriskmathradicalp71|HsZ m$)(ny}|})炑{}~yxlw Vxy~|5wwOwu{{utt OT0Q%D}fCyw=~~~q͵endstream endobj 146 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2667 >> stream xZKsS|[)-y`E\NqUlrr hWdg{@ˇJt n|zJ_;\Tۋ??W?ptu-67a GRle%p/MaEY)k؇b[g+<4αݱ[))9Vk^wGc~tߗܖ rWNzנëwVi%j=*E~ZR)̓.l**fGo Z\HoޓQkkKn zkѳ[[-nj UA'-+talQPi0_pFw=:0=]u2-ZgD%K%&7ad,Z#AIhи6Aӛ[zӭydo힢oBo3@;$?|ȟ"Od[:u凕_2 &'O[< {TX{zˮM|U[urpM!,Ӳ$f}`*d"Kk5q.;OfWC&k'bᐏj-kbQQmԢu%;ۨ-\R(7 ܨDlq}Mx[\Mo+fyψmC$MkcoOR|܎HPTmJ[Oߢ śj*k] 4PaO{D XmamLJu %/ SU6GXWҪdgsЯ# I̯K#7']f)7SDu&j'/Iv@ g\4T#1/$"y08z}xZS"jc;@B=%%ĻIq!:i ^>%}385#H/QfG肣k..;$8tS(ͱ$ў)k Vj|>b-.s;V '4|ha4U:WpFÙHGb:~LмYuLx3YC %1P m3.sP(ݵ q Eم(r`ˋUo<'@~H ΠpOp xc\|Pp㡔Oq`ηdޮ'+V|6d-qQqtq>*?y Lv4_ωvMݜfX1oRh[d4 %B̒^$Vc;<#jpHLX7CHA,nDž&%N,,(fXuW}{:4A)op|jK G}{Ҽ 1_ =:07N:E%Y "{qT~ E=iI (Ѱ?Ec aPa :, ye]Ca]uP!We~JlůNYϡA%)b6{X}*BgMF'mt/av42ZW GR>N |*Dk3@in%W˜gyKA3ٴccC>Uv|YaE>DHޣ+I2#]Аb/Ւ*}~U>*U?1yt,kuؐ9#c$Chچ&_v&& @.X݆aq1`cy.Sy#7Ю .&d5,quKYljSQ2 aS݇H JboYiE4hIH6qHq>5v^~}`ZOYvԐSCN?K,j8epksZcYJ(nh q(+12WP Qk$$4A> stream xcd`ab`dd v 5420q$caaG~= Pn͟?2e? ^WTֱ[CwϏ^o.9m]m|r\y8'endstream endobj 148 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 4663 >> stream x[]#IVEhWod$;b Z@˲%Ã]c{#"3"3XP?3+>ǹF~ѵbѿz-v[pB6#bW]^X'Za]ۙSR6㷖k׬NKti߫?Pb}1{W Z6NPczg[,ER6RB*1 -z*5s2բtIbZPԶhn4۽ Eg =9/Cs049/~oiuPiNŰ&p/C;l ^WS|3~]t?u嘻eVwтcf<_[78d~i4@]w܂ ;ׇ7q#џۋ_ Ӑ짲as*ꙧ{lS+ck=a4  qxi{*7bRڅBq>^xy)[g=c57m&7ћkw_J >eZ pn:m_d֓"~76_ [vgR6,|zm~6k& \Th_~"#?/6*Qv5dj\SlU<4-͇>:"ٱli,!C. H`bdXt_ps۟ oN9 :X +`y \<`W <5iAc͛ړOK O%vYu%8lԓv#0!>wan $BO[DS`ceSNL8? /M9q{,>,꿊Z5òEV*9cr/o{N%ZwWjmS ¦wEr [ÛKvFuPQX1NX6y<`[ZqB-JYxh,l!]oSUFMnl)-ɠ W8唂)i$p^WKA걶}jNoP v4 ݟJ* /pOץl9dZY$6 ǾĿ9{ "ˠʙf%2@;M銬%t}IwD"fm Ρu 9StX4 ka6X 0V8P>a=anuF(d;&3PT!E3F:2<y,վU6\ɢL%j_NҽrKTZ>f:H{W!2Ou~ߐ3t]ƞV B(_ f3Riֵ^yEWFga]>D[eCBJ޷;/ZMgtsBVxdr0)_4`y;D=RbDzd6_F4~T` |ɉDbl}TU #IJ0O~V[qcDIXs /=phu8R}nZ!"C3+O bQNFRvQAh( s_ׅ]QB7 Ώ(0gDaR*Np`J`lqz)ûj|YJ##A.:Μ&Q jp32JMTR@ti5xf'd27da<fȎcFB JYi  (4$2LOPr,@Dr({0ݬ9˫^TtKaQp҉Y<1Ow,H^h.xٳ?`'^|qMt_x@2"R{XܾA!زi <ۚƈW|B(!o B c*m`W|DHD_>T r|ڍ*`PPPFEfU2V %C:HS[hI2)@B:$ޞSK'vɔ()nOŽ &wq"7!&O?pfrRRv\'NXn)5BAj+ glX1T^䝿\fA:;ֲTo;Ek*ZOLKYoZ3j~Mй(d) ԧ)o3G56H>bQF]YPWTC NrWY2! z~KJ8W9ؒ<}JA7=*0RzTw=*3!d?Hۡ*8p>~8F&d hyVÎC01)e\Nq+!P,)&S):q8F'?: l ~`9#Ȏj6TԦ3$bsIjp N)nit~B0&m bάCPю,;l#:J}k,ބՋt@ymOȫbǴ+v<&K:L5\SҺT;0 @ɸ[;{E`U'uf.>eЏ{_Bϫ S/ť֗46O8]ޑiOeK]"pN Ґ#}!LVo%Pȳl 9취O[aUSv>E33FNvrc!m)Z0$ɻP{eB53eՉ_}|.[[Dwyr?#{Y"VaRjKTc L ټ:Fb=N0# ݑVe!K8ۖΈqh^)\x,@ q7h(,/,QͳTB{4Ax 㥐;z޻X7eendstream endobj 149 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 4807 >> stream xX T׺Ԓ7qjԩ־j@AET <$ BF/$3""JVmZV[Z;y;w[X 2;{{Gq8AaoF<}4/\@v8s[Ah3|_i 2ee.歈[-1i{D䎔/O1s+0o(ZMS T5RPj=&L-P0j1ZJ-fRJj5 xԳ L (MRp`%R4Pyqkg hs[_)L+>cЕ Yy6 uenFlwW8\@o4ޑnN Dv4Uyo(n ˊm^Ky|\{wDͫ^,k1ppl/| FA yl*K#sA?Y,:\_YQtiRy{{EHX/uz<"LMPH_%AA._Lj5rŴ|jƘjƢ!80CǃZ%4d볋%ҤmF]h|^Thı: p@h&= xJϋ6iL4BJ"3E UIB+fo6-6wHjXWnQhד\Ǔ 2\ǘC2Ҝf&oF! $M\C붑&#)uLJH*!׆f$cP|je "򷖲t8jȹ0I-eZ\mPVʀV KQбf6RS)0,+򗚝U5m&Q7p!wvުβ_3w9LXdі 4Ͻd+ed0U;y~B%;e&%DUjj;7Ռ;ك"A? ؃G_Ác p-ʁ^;]]P% BԌgx=<`(q{c?LOtR ҌUQqaͥsL.w$(z4M 9:g)*F>'#n_#=`}^EUKN7/1*j` *SR+RyZcw9uߣmGQ[bv3UТ:N-HHbJr9r ~'<>{wuQh0So4i4v{hjhC1* 󦣀2ә^SVT|3tY^TtqQ,dክlLҙ5nF*k "26/ٲˇsvQʍ IiPCxDڢtܵŬ@IJV; U;k+Fk=LĶn|&Z =I(lf#qZ6pT4)+H1:T/NDCOS| >wRNCt`C|/>~!7.)e v5knv1m]h[("63 fUwlƏ|~d-#*TR0e#:(Ḙ+? & ɀ#_g tۅ;|G''EyĐg q!^`)h:ֶȯ=? 5Zk1bgER),KTUPShYwfP$ Z"QRډs>#ݨT,T=UnpР!Ih\œp1GwuxDQZFJM}ĭ䱉Su6V[ZƠf Zu֨hX[U9LUǙJpD'MBY|t+E=3 /L\ KX<@/|yǵV'f֩r9$$lvzö|+lBCȡmh46.byL|'5hBl*}ծ}7nlzMHQw/qOn[۞ƽ"Z;/]XM"VxS;6THN>BYnA9~=\!u/df!SX ņbH2f Nc Q[ۤgۈDv3ERN ʐڝյ {3L$%BzqZVh%v塪8k¨YcWnoJ\dK|L'"Vؒj}5=1wZf%._n[*/,zkAfPF__! X;CSʟ}4MRRc=q߁v̋]GHB- As~xs)BxNTL}8'=+/a.+]H]LTe'Lp%N۞d:bm ]dQ#vmO`ٹ_euJ+)W',{ EL-Ә%\.$Ơ6iM$XQspm_U/4oZT%H2+{J˙o-l(7*uVső\(i 0'S*IpkM1k>}78w]'{_Kt #gbB9M_OՀ$}) ġ!ZeJU+F9\&My h@cV4q{&%fZv/-̿ N=CX'_bcm& ۞u {az }S)^+MOi:>`ۛJ?ƶ0vA|jVO\]+j ^% ў ^}L94F3Kpx ]5`l-6IyhX 78 R\g=?atO[f)kMFk%'r\ge0r1Fkr x-^M~ėi't&P`˳Lj  MIR)HjʫZyLQI_AE+2c}}܀EboflPAUЬ:O *=(F|混w{E%SC*M&b}6.̈́lv>Nc ']CĶg=3%(8n'Q1hQk46 ^#iuˬmV8 MqͬՒ9Kv&8!t43pFj~d>SbrYޜ"gkvvz[8%] ׾}QoiFb7e"sI˕/F" h6gbDPlkNڳ39o4]@#E|Ә#F< .T"xƕ3f.8'W>⏘O@?@vi {#A04jKHJˈ;jQ%Md y*fEG`<>EbmF޽lsXd-Ϊ5A BsrDC}sڨ6 *АxWBغ`~ ;k*Ӎ ȼ&9)ѲDϢh8̻{|2ɷt<ZEY/M|6vZMBoΜ`0zIl3/{9iCC:n"d߾N+e7 $)ũʽhVApF4By׾(h6f`j9E,{; -JjP60p+UU5 NI[ [[Ll5.!4>&*hǪujBCg]hk`pI8<\-wjUU! )"oSoI?:N83JQ 45ɛVC8[5B']a,sC'n{7>M///[+TTK!MMٿi+)*DE9"&+q6`Vrdnf /BY/V>D!#q5FכE"ey'rw6\'ֺ6ƪ R IiW2+S̩ xTnKZ@Ȣsx4>nӨ"dEJvpټ(endstream endobj 150 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 1647 >> stream xU}pSUo"WR:; #ju.%,+Kߤ$i&iNnIHB)؊4*8vAhYuwtgWw=fۥ̜=yQL&+][eiuue."L~|jc*<@*̾055˟]xcSfjZKHͦ*KPT95z@"PqNقBUxhGQuǂR==9|>'|%{JZ7z|޴#Ih8V5` ?M1 lp\rkzqơvh}ʡSTۀ3FL,~dL!O{)\?aG7m mC֞×.M%tFH>U{Ȏx6CRNvvuW>0:8& T3xvyQipқGIt\u%H57^Uul5"Yԟ,үrOhC怪d~i@4By嘚>3|A)m@nj֪}Nk'6tonJ)gҼ3XݜrB,;`7rjwd.Q]In/ <QB+E]k4t6\,>|&"H_t"ߴ궺mOsw.Oп@ \w_ =m^2 + |}^Cjݮ 3O@NRdĀ|dV0!W%nbV3^H0wH,hqZ\k¯x=V$X)`G}nSrM"UbVQ߽>(Ң+@QU鈘`)bB+KהBB!0E{V´ljj{MF ,|08=*5gq[S g]ג2RK0 /x} zbV}Ws=ܸ1g!|?Iy *K1"S}q?OK9&3S/zoW6| ׅXvZ7kdx;N C NEDh(20uFZ4i\TMb=ꖯ_ZE(O\}~luc6* hMg[ݪ|=:^ !@DC~ qɹh 7MGN.?>`  zmu'8/f/RRuR:Sۦv-YHx"%'2dK# ナ uW@x0n.v2Q=Ԥޒ:;%粘l5Z3'5܇ sq7@X/ a؆pϡ"-*ńvU݃5NHByOCnH o: ڛ:]>f7)F}̨l>+VGG [0`74]CL9S*?WVBQEsendstream endobj 151 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 519 >> stream xcd`ab`dddwu041e~*eҏ>܂ߙ? 002I&d畤V$夦$eE NQbJfrbSf:Kc!c;cc'c+V> stream x]h[uiz.:Y\p /v7qRЉ^[~j~դN4_'=ir$4iĴM+:u TTp DP0?xax q6Pכo4CZʿOpO ðQ ņN 簖LCM5=Lx])5t\;Zk4!"$GdaIBr|"O2@\VVN'>6d@ {ڷڻ:q;na.6j1頒oŵ8E^es@\/ѳɾ  ^ "AɨEQNjizkIp /Ie4\Ћuio2-pD86&7vyX6` Zmsd@B s-"d{ݚwT@ɌG0VB%%[dS)`>zБW9>AZ}ёΘ-+YwLSKhQR 2@ij/ GaruU r m܂اA'hK|-d(ĸ#\?_%!$4 0+upI}gY\)L z:}^aPl.uT} nYG>=k}endstream endobj 153 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 296 >> stream xCMEX8%ҹ  summationtextradicalBigPqu|J4||pP=0mh J}lsFGB lDyCBR% ]v)7wč~{~~ yo {%endstream endobj 154 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 375 >> stream xlCMR6-  12=OmIK%gd͋ǧj~$`dًËËً‡ #`$Of}I|:}O˪16-X~_ȱЋ=:D\BEKmlG;Fp|H|pqqMzt}R}tqqµ88a 7 kendstream endobj 155 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 105 >> stream xcd`ab`ddds 4Ļ>;@1012hd?w1?7|/{Ңj\lE݅Kg10p endstream endobj 156 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 5504 >> stream x\KIs6(G}^cN9N-lIvx$CʪFÀK" 3˙Jn>\IW?H?֪۫EIAϮ7W?v˻1v?>j׭}4iP.n8̕ Cm] ݰ_ѯQH)(cldރ?TBȨsvDwީ:EaL"WA&#EK0Zwþ/pv3!Iρ6!A-Kha/~@rT[+?~"&*r\H{el!MoipZw9NDOO=dbB?j`Ugr?ta׽62vWa780΁/IC ocDv aXmvU< O{9{ UrCyXxZn0 $ ēdp0֊m RYxf OOchm 'wgPꎽ"!H2innv4$P1H;,4}`LHP-`1ԮÊmPpo@:ϓ,Yx:W-0æ&ntYw!&ʯz»Yo-1dc\dam]! 6pF!048S֨B>voGu2fwy+F^k_ajI< Q3Մ[g" MV+%_`v"jq 3/?>$Dq{]9@s}z=\ xq)HBw%S.B`Dr.r8Lu<)DzjMz !Y5rU Dň:fjZӖ2=(-a @i<puzeBJL*&I!L.N%a$a:UE4iok$I\i>L t{o?6.! 3#ōy ێ^6d fnC@N&Q!N׽9?ɫ5Za ܈/b9Še)EJ2,H ΀iY-Erq5l@!r[\8ep8X ~$[oIJyWN0:- B0GnBX\IYߪ\l.wW_kx4% cvux_WAeF n.0&p To=cR0 Q&2&p HAla'xn/\F^\++ p{Rq{rn\*n\.KK/߃^Epp@S:jԕR-҅h7 Ex7 e Vy\XEfNI23JQ̌e>]_0r½t0űTriޝ/_x޴F"TС/aykE z)fcR)g3) d2RgI?= Xxb,S.LJ[ ƤRgw%I$odJaL0<?[ E7O^8|˧3)dXrXr.#+\.zKzXrXrU.U. ֻ24Cdhz5񂹾!VSTK72/^KcԚ3iβҭf'p:)dz@^N`ocstJP.?$06G)_; 1V.OqOhrxB^A`-408r )Sk9 zwnD7IQ /cH=kZة &2NI+J4%YhP&5R< ϩl MmMweK DZG%(ڔWvm][Tdn^8@&ܫۊ*R\#&1y*_YqTkfb>QNYRi"Xi= ,zVک;,es GsTbD3MUk$*4Lr)ȡU=QM-Ӟz[ Pow:˜gi/nE[fSp(-Z۩Tz͚ج?P mU'-?\|M'T)Eo:VjH訆09񩚮~ Nǂ[ցJqvaDu K:[4ikYb)fp n .V,WRa=ܐo"NjD&q&DLuDru}`@qKL"m{ Dϧ0y̴'\Tù,ڀ"ΚBM+J_<‰LQt@pbո q2Uم10J urxAN v-H?8XGYWr!aD` hﴦ:o츉ZǂS\#1ɸx ȿlO8m'`dCH7ȃ(YZ^?d Nx`s^f@W$wr=Bp˟ƽ 5H*]wN$D䆹Iz!I)yNcذ>fY^q_T|sLm?'Bo ,an84.~jK2h2SXir-Jf1& ԅP̚>=qqiܐ }0rܰ廮:η|Z>.J‚TP9%k/%o/Q赒Fr,܋S,xy_F)KI6Cr[ iѾb)$2/:h"uo BY ӥ VKMtc2ݥ)OGj]ufHњ:a`ֻ%y7/zE܊6|@nO(?Eb]@fV[ VTՌuFh*AWoхA6J 3Q"[.@[zB|[Ч(iK,1SWh^,9I 76EQuE/)S6L[<#r"W|SZT<̔/BzQS$^ACt6(b<ƾK_S*5`bz|g70^n 9%w+_58-p];H"=< Vp)ϲu)-E|#ZJm)Mϔ Nх.m--^)R4黡to.v֫!_vP8.7R $vZendstream endobj 157 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 82844 >> stream xOh??Oso~{Cx-solv|\hf]Y0s\Vm?}p_{|U>9߆?{;㻶lv}CY y|%)~꥔0bbRU(o?~w߾!}~J6|/W__G+5^{??+z؇򐒔? oVV)IRUJRGIyHϷ]5_m}Y/dS_ְŻ9[|~q_x&Op7cLx a}9Oax5z|S}'S" ”a{L u eA50-VWw{xJbtx=9Z|S@Bh@E91NGTA-l9l%<{Kk3'52ޝ?nboe> çP56 83= 66Zzk8_5r?oB 8ު{Vp ޾>['7e[p}- -0 g޽=Ӎa_)|@[G/gxǟZ_SE4HʆWx뢁8sŻv63gO꼾{ S,Au'FGgr{3%SG0ecr=A0g?^}n{2Y)na_<ܒ8J 3qlc>ԁ EmLccO£H~]3xǻtCOx Cۏ:|ۀwA>#q5FTe)ćiԀ 0۽-*0GZ- ^{[8cBZ1ƺއ+q<ᒜe8 ʹbIcz0\+q0D#&GZ- ^Od 7IA |LX^Y]1C#Z2'qEq Bi$ǻW/6x&ep[KJ3v^Iè #VYSZ2R>SB.*_&g91Cm!+=DcsO_vDߒcsJHLhaʘ{'%ȵC^H[MNwx$VJ|en6wx賹1DS0& &&Z³:>`RðEOƺ9\q!_ x^0$'.{OMbE7!!tNؽ~t3;,1>K<: H h!Jۑz.@Lz@?>5~v]5oX'woy,b{Kq8 EA ۘx> !핀W>1%8b wNYqBXL"$e1MIxk]4c H%ًaog +%܀pPNjsitX3jcSBپ @Ud~j hs?^J榌E=^ ;ߐq8s_8ySG0e 񢦄EBi$w=D+NpscM3'_s83c@ Sߖ0prS1(Ya[x{3AQpg^\㙈#vO C;()mJzR~VMM}, w9 cW.Aj&B.2^^ȄH%ىLԳ-fT.\\.#"!fĔp$a8*1\b2xDz\HpoB^a=/zSZx +-]KKK040ƺ{ <{ 6Y.v8 ;Lʉ@܉.5GSڔ0qQ!)c!%XT"({:o{*j"nkU s<-D+}a8fu`@Qb?D p,JsF x]\Bh4%F@~hNu'aX }Ļ"I#F:氕"\ラA9oӸQE*JeIfhvl 02f"k Z1n'[h>]GbrubȍX7Op,nj͵#?o:auƔls[#B% a-مkLcwσrbrB\k{K ^_읓97C<>>g 8J*ZuᰑŻts6Kpc2A{o5#[KkYu txSa8u#U>;'KR8pK"Qû1̽.oZ\'eFHv؝氕ǻ{236aG-:pKb3/ԛhC&.IR{)a+b q{'̤Q3%L* E#SS@*1sHKxu(Xڝgyc shw?+܄CϺq)Tc@:l0GZ-^I+8ũΞo0زߧlH[~\S!R_dl;;Wn&2W,bT 8~(}iZ1\u`ܽLx);7ۦvO_-{+,mL E)-/fO ִ&!!%$,NBSG#g2x?k&8>Y >!btd9%7yk+l>>ۘ S1,̑K҃9#gW ɡߌc_cVB87% 15)ޅ;_S"blM Dzdte7lWa{] qiⵄС#&)a jtߤ8Z sJKx㥋#,nM C `Zq'F+=gsZěR.;S1> a+-ُsخDȣVx]P=_pk1S$) AS=⟯i9l$ĻZK% ]^KV'VOEp2J_8ک$%!i3D"o_Tk fûw}ۙip8 `R?֗:w.Mv~! EBb$Y")@Y"za)^o WL0C Er30p vqrԶ[Q9 )`x*e損veT_HBhH$9bM]cOÔr.EޤLKJ QSxW8R FVF#mg޽RdDs)ceݜTW wMcs O%SZ1 c bDJ&#ͦg/^k[Ip$>>Tu$*!R" R++ XIct%a-ً&\G@ZatS 0A#0^~q̽tkC) .XoS0/ T#Mg^B*Fĕ2x¹asv%p9cwl/T3Sș[ec%;m9l%eӺ9$ȱi+$mSUNORwR˜۱ V#3/ǻF(Jp,).AU, N#dm7Ya[i ~B8YJD.98 ;".ǭ] 02Ʌ TA50GZ2ub!J4KGXO31|¼M1i |M)sHĈs 3{vRNkE+_[Tw;upy]$$.)L*a}ᰕǻAnuǡrb8-H x=<}P,T=min91SjL?Sq2j d9hIxvCW F`gm0f |ox;L ҁ\7HB̊pƥCV$g?^Ɨ7n8i7ֹ19"`0qS8))TIO?_ sJKxe:hfyR#Aqbs#[1Uŕi>;j JQe1u#RI#̐VKz*OE!IagpO`~-?GRqELvdihbۤ͟W5',8Ĥ1d<kmmah\-*L ́Hkrj xv*ܱ̍d.}C>̓B)_pjM;=@e L+J+a+-ُ G@ytPe,wn2JT H,U )klp>0hp5m4Vƿ)!1u|MJybK.n&?_ӊjڣ//w|u+̏^y`]{_ GQHIHL?_ eB&%D ~Qlh6Չk3^/I9QrbxUEeM.DWB& sѐ1%SZRU@_Ya[xrseDAatƱ*ƈU`lI ,# â)jC[5{qg?^W߬ʀRN8@z xbɹWk+R{aH%مQkȬ1`o aUdPxoѪ JqVg)acQԱIZa[x7w2yA*`T{!U/$!qkV 2e0氕2Oȃx;w!Xb X2'lЇaw&G [`h .-5b7a:sZ`\"J~ G)!q'%L;YX^& Fe^vW?>ʍPTcYi)aju%,!E״Bi$ןGv8 b L;Yp)UP^&1ϕ_UE(Jx|.)P_trg^xcK _:P?!ÈUe9#9&jfmQ`x I_kXc]O˞=MmǺu}QL\'})IRþV!&Q#WK&H)&EJRV)x ;Qϋb{RKطp KCc@g#œ*m0CZ-^X=K }X1E]!Xqxc)5VJ SZRK"SS sjՉWjS}#>ȕEFOkM*󗯶sxXuG":)*)a"4uG [a[i ~{4I@DlXfֆc5L#E8|qQJH\|0).PpP~ 2x8˨b8V} ^q=aU]oN maI)K qB0ȆdH%ًw=\SPV _oO7d?pp%$~v9?yǦT@-l9l%,=x7UD% ݧh!#Đ6 }3e]: 5d#ҐwLJDes8,fBJwJȅ:JO+HYZW?^}c:]Pn P9ѓ^aT!1aW3?IH4IxfNVVZ³;6%>{S, laW-   7He x氁»m<9o=NʉKg|0!Ga=tK0h$>O vbxIi$^ G۔T$ U>xRXoJ8pi8TxZaiN^q7G׉±&!j14>ǀ8D!kx}/PscJGS.GYvJ&bs _{*rE2 ""87o 8 ^Lbx.̬OWMܢJ '"N\d9d<:(}\@^ q (/=p7a Y8DZ1 0ٞYSq4 H%ч(=(w8X->muš9 ܴ)!I˱%`X+38xL+)w?^>`pB]56Icɹ3o }V$IfKCTF`h^{w=fʅp`=ǶVx#- T:yY*K! fH%ًϜ+r9$)7Z1׭j {N! Qs;/)$$)$i9l xeq%&yOD(|L:2T 7c@ SpiJ`A0CZ-^^QI~2]fo5bYpޖoHNe9bAwO_z֢Juƀ*߸>A rʹ/-D9+ҵ *+a+-ُwcɛ%Rygal ߮#1vqwnԔ`\|aR16i:6zVVZ³tǁAf‚)QdLeS Z9xD*vEڐ3`[4H%م{ ߤb_--ˊ~ʕXUӁBI0vI\)5 64Z͟x^t, nrEKFش,B d:x$&%B.g ]8ZsFKx#߹'5v8 x`C(cax-7mO-cLbr)щw1_}f !D^}qp\}qm\iXu)G܌:_a8|ai7%ǻXk7LOJȫE4'cǹ;E1u# C?%"˩ri$ay52xkF+r)!1u1[Yf:+&G- ~kY#g~gRdž \1bk å0dRv-L{65xc=0Ż1cY+98"Hp,k! x3*iH%ыw?N%t+JJaTq;p'aV0%SB@9N]I1brݒǻޘ,ooWFu2GA˔e*)`Z1SG=d+đVJ¯~ mġ\Ϥ YP疲S_Ԙ;):0)1$m H%ُ$F^g]娮E|::Xǥ*D`Lh! 7QWdjEw/߽Wx%&jjdW]`Sf D>aqHG|h=NwoxB40:*Ybc 0"r? t$5%]v%5:@'mg/^Ӕ(lS.^y{\f2ǜ*YK&ǁ#n? ԁ=bI:/=KګH%ُ?p4E4BFWAzy4gr͔`+},:ќa%щ89EQȭbzTż\Z&5zg4Q1'_Q[3%_J^(OO 'RRS) sݒ1NZR"8>8+1,zuSq^n'e= FZV#햄g?^& t-:}?)㜑: |#LLr9ein|:wRPU;nyһoKHكwXmjk%)<7 N]gZn['4O4fМ&&Z³/Ck^'49v8:7Q.$o:[!SBbZ(k$!Bl1uc9K+#_x}U9R:Q7g3ofԸ:ù`LhaJY#w b箋#햄g?^- VɅc^S}#o:#REpeP$SBߛ/EUkV$G- ~Q0{ )3G1<= @O66Z/7 /RwHJED˝BLif('@-ZRRPvkinK&Sœ VڴGby-)!'u!RdZ sJKxiX?(XQsFV8Kb؅YYBƽI9t=; d+a+-ُ[<^YM`ӗ+"׎*s,!J.J 0*uRi9l%;Pg?^Z9mU'^ʪKW?ժsD8[#榾HHg=H%oj0V쒙⠕S³dnxJt^m#d#_EBbĕ~% kA^Q+[i ~tRTRBȳ3RCM 1Fj EcO 5S״i<{nS-HXtĨr[ؓcX'8[vDZ b.id?::uE,mUkgut|e{b Uf @~^)abPTDbq#JuASVVK GHn|ئ m@#sai!S1U)Q!h vO ?_3lˣY؋_)LGc7du W#n(_I Eu.ӟ9dIxve[w|RoiSr[9ϡ瓢;tSC^&c,g'^FO;G̓W@FWyD34%gUGo0,]ZƽTIow҄Nmp>+ a$cꑽ7k2k6EtFa-aΙyLKPXÙ3[ֹ%խE֦ScnubF87;hg|ƙ g~]O+qJRe+ۅ35"(\8S؍3nj6X_S -w,R5I7\M)IRbUʿḞ Q Oq8 ?EM:!VK?ǟ?%_G1 p0ߥ+rn(#V)QrXq+}v5o 4%q9TwWsܳqLgn[(\^H3G]:i$<ʭV8 7l5îg&lj)!q)\ܰ(:!-dErJKxUѡǖ֔敚Q1ʌի=^7 nLdI(*kҤha+̑vK³ wc¤M5[W[Dî#y GAс0qQS SBqU@.+a+-W?릕풧|{6/Ba#Z8ʔ2K0hDR B]d{N|*sJ9PyƵ*4ǰN#T(sՖc@ SPbJhU1uŒvS¯~{S]<wbHiìv1,Cuxg$l8 9q 8ZsHKx]sЖۓ tCȨ3|7[g Et|-CH`"9nIxӸ@~ I)4ǎ fC?y9p Qg6iufs֗%9ddJxULJOz:w|ѰW0. tkcG<Í _(:6 0C,.qM׶%eQQQ`` `㰋%k#اCjNWTSs,^)0э&LkS+W8Ѵ9)WlLֈ,q#H #׵B?7%J'ۗxT O$ L .vJT;޹WOՕv8[8b H\&w:xy^?K# хwnF\pR`Lh< cRyo[wqhug -eSQO>e=0G- ~ͺ0H3 wxc"OCL?_HƄ9_rrcFmSfJȖJw}GmR41 )° 0,IBd`Vx- 1}sDKxv,Vj'@m%{"//3)OA1uD Sڍ}082:1 sJKxC8P.M8t)'mb5399΋,NIE%SBZxhj xӶ+'Gq.8-wև= mb]9)=pͩEm?%LyAE <8^Ub8X¬: H\ٚRXphh*De~nk`5RfWQ$znEqqcckJ0.ȟT{OQz _&]x6 G sIi8?0c//޴:C_c gǾH0hlWL 38Z sݒx#&M7,ZL:/"x#*d-A#“j~ OJ%@`4ZxЫn2oN%e7[,E|b݅Um±\8Zq 2:c Q:LV#햄g?^ef'ΘF $E\9"&dƌtqI :~&%pTRALFFJ/=EhakL |: ֠ESb`80k.coY^R WeV*sՒŻG^u)ۂW:6ԇϻHbx}t'[R:i3}l,Eq}]ɸ# V10>.:扽Lʅ)Wc)vi^ :v681eIdQ#K`\fggCS1u)dJuSqH%ُwcyP ~+Ar ͂1ގ5"|4qK(':.ػ?_se#)#DX.rN>bQcRx[.T>& 5dn:: oa , ~+*f )ܦaF@Mi T e;Ojױ^W.Zjqg}|(C{7Tq-XR WSP;W[Qci$<>:kn|Pn7&r K@;+B倖:B,e qO,C8ZȊ䐕)ُw_7kj8-B%q%ׇr/)NʎrSŽmb sJKxd)aA2'%& 1J+d #6p*} 0 40#Xԧb8;i<{o.y>)8nY}Y(9>yQ8^x[.IIPnKι'Ǵ~ݐ6?g\ڼ(=TEack+ZֻO,0-G^p}Ƙ:)ۉwt qBmXPNo;?x-[Rxe:΋%=lZXP:X%,?+x0 Z)44M#4R{;qw~;Q#᜷谤sRgGtL !+̑vK³yJIR:Rc(.^cm}'hZp[Bb@ QO 1>/*fMtg'޽YhGqZGe? ch-W4,8J,$b=:Ai$<2P XBQ۵e F3w.]X?ߝnPR.,RBDTP | ϟm?{.QP@tHQ{Y6ƒ@BQ?O+r`ꤰJ`ћ"{C,.&^}WBa^]-a{}rnmH?_ {}lpE16d9h/ȏ_۫Vr V ]kd㼄8֕$L s&e&SB:úH)W?^.K" k9$B.rʻ[cpǖhH鬦-aZH[ sj xt7] X3)+RD u8㽽6GߙZn {rad (nݩoȄ8l%<:[yArņ_I'MIGMw Mw"]7ZBbI ^OĊ sJKxh>䩛I7ޑH]T31#KPcioXuƄz{Nm27Sg^:-Hi*g8,|,1p%94 040c aE4"9jIx⥟3HfnRۍMKu"[a@ u'e^YvgPx ;s@Kxvõ޴4*wS@p XvJHii1ʝgJnze9l%zrHe:#XæD@g@:ukh'$:”C-jbid339l x|xnXL >ǁ/]ˣH5ΕƝ- H%%H>S@m]BLf2 6Q}xěJWʉq_芐 ;Q!1p8q'`LxdäHbHmaH%ًOd8xՍ8}OuECpRր,#cf뱤-mO-_\Jey*. U ڗ#q^8a>"yn>檻!E+46xX(޼Ri9"ʬXHDciz7׋NJ$a Ь.&i}n7|kԱxPnl3G6Ryb@3+Cu$b&)g> 88˙x߄(osI<'{L29`sԲ1ۓh1ToM)7I@7aE%m٘xyj?8̓.:!*G$bH\}ZBATAD66Z/ lHiҺLO|AG=t;*G=|\8 *RҽZ(_U/OڋsA 2"}ɄH eZuCɼx`Z(C8,{N^0SJ=6+Np|jQiP˒I6xo6RY#dxd9dIxvN-%BVĸtw &CMB[[q0:[!dj Ջ\Ȝuʼ!)wc)vqUq:$H- DZ3i Pppb` V&0G- ~؊nQ-)7rspԹ!bK,m+ *a6SA2KE1>Ya[i ~ě9B"qzjQc5l<+d ԁR ヲ =Vg'^E)؅X)H^x wbȐѩp/WD2ι%뜟m'o]') j G- N#lqI9[Y p?Qq`JH\MJ,e UnQs[VVZ³/IuoyȔC6:MצsFG0g?ޭGƶIX]) DTOkT1\Ua W$A5ǽ#}OHx5MxLiv]vԗJ `(1v$}uQ%L (X2S[Y8l<:2|Ys&@RvluDXZu;>ް9`R: M0G-G^7{ݹJI v*ttTl+1铣|-!qY S:^hĘe9l%<2bˡitƚpq),7$1∿"@<*r|f}T@$`h N\#1|᪢IPy Žs*(ĎK dʄn Ƣ\FFZ£ OY <7%o8DQωX`7#? 75eݹSsCkZaiN13]4qܜST=~PcQҦ]) Dr/2X(0K6{?_nكAmr8>+dXE'gH@|됅]Q98j(Oo9/Kpr7uN+#햄g?=8>h]3|_ c.q=laW! \}¦+M'])Eff/ xt<#[æ8y,^< ԡ-,S‰S״i$<3.I9cDcJǃ14Q[EIJܟWI\mG(zq3ޢa&8:r5>Q2v6|Rcp|h`̑&K ﺽ;vNDqyq$?sr:QNND)LVVZ³/?ZO& Sp,(P"HKqc@R=` 7pa %!9dc xU'JLt< a,x/SBAҩ˵,a뮬ؑ@n wxv('F N'ljc)2By9SA:sDKxv]+c9:IݸD9^HٛapKc㮄ژARa{oh! `a{yP0Q7/rcZNsCUՔXG&'D9)!TeARVVZ³MevHŽS]`UL;E1U)9עXS80G'^;f]o.A;VgEq1p5G)|8^ۘ(P|bz]xaM;M_t|;W/"{vulx NcU뢁L0Mg'^'Nʉ _x<癑Ù½Ód we.1lɢ2d~ve(UI9މ8DgLg3T[M)N\YhR6ܥ0l(:5l*Z /'Jb5lIiH^3e`*|4š#x H XD-yt{6i$<;GR$xIsxz5Jt wܙ<>lmHƛW+TA-`un;%r#*3rB4$!yX1̵l)@qɛyA)ѩX`4Zx+/}^)Oi(c#cGE):”(<TA.#̑fS#cFb34pZO,pjϻy CPmᐉ)ى^ 'O.82B' nëk/9ⳀEפWp֭Xuah ^{9)1\LpPBEpb: i/ 1%əٺ#'sb6G+OubhdqBA˲ߨ =^-&/7)qwo#}Jxcrä(3%tSqVVJ¯~9哴7jnQZ,{B<{ݛ}uT-^\]IEiij xei4D2e"1RGb6q$}c@cgEqH%ُMIA9VD[wujGb VTJH\I52:.氕;dۈd2i2bxJ\q}%2΋K!P o܇* ##g/޹o&QB܄+nb4 \8HYǠp"fr4 S0U 8e *N##G/};JWY0% k].oDSDc 1t9ykA H՚ )S {Ze>}oL y7A,{嗄 jbDJčb&3<{xxW=MJAp_.Ʒ'$!\:};/]88 z,U<1?7GZ, +:ri'@CydyOp-H0ޕ:) SBC8f ri$ǻVJ\ ]-D{MZɇ} 0 | eì_$TA軌0GZ- ^{ aE['OXz>0 I8Sx/$ 'Gcܔ`L>Li\Y;:80G- ~\uJH6 FAe+!sA"!qn%KFṷ[a[i ~8б-)ܕҰ:{J@:a:QtcB`~n˽BJ+VwN11gvna "F/pB)BKދ bee9l xbutk/ȼ:Y^Pq#xՠ06o Q4`b %UcB##g/҂"NRJ"$:Sn F>4:8;)$ k@?l0GZ-^|&1]3)c0.ƆL:n=/p!޴s. vWRӼ,WeO?_ sݒEZE]xSNn+k;nmln q+ڔ ,XÕxkh G- ~L x8<-z<>>%w+&˛Mu4nR?uTK#z1[3C#)kUxsϚ8Z6G=( ԁ܅H !R1>VZ³/!H},XDN$"(,n֞"AX:J.%qMJimH%ُwVjE,8Yj* ns`=lPu&GVdM"3B xVv?*/n\(Rs2an9j' f/H@;'u  B$ mg/^離d7.٨G--ܫZ\It/$:0(%lR,0G- ~\Dh*"`.xaxqzKH_Ox,M$N?_. у[xNޮp.XOl˗TQQ3sjxs@ޔ _uӠfnt'=.*l8f3 o(BWGC`JH}VS|멂Xѽi ^FWDOIQҍ j;\G7ĖCv dBeRH≵}^=B]rSJᆍ}rpƾ1R1u`|&%/lSB5u!+S³/o,3\Nʅ 1A熂p?651^H[BuiR %D zx܏g*3BLTƒT{X7:8q ػIP* !#!х[U^eLJq*UKa9u]Ơ\P8[࡛,&"Q*Uf|@l2@jˑMwc(k.fڇ䑦1m=oQZ8X&%L\'eɷ! M7KqŻ<DtFMA&Dx¡عXz6MH?_ 7Q;. ܵ4;׺VDX|3ң0k11>íy#Jd\q7O|Fǔ>SBNfH9T/gsk8)Yǖ[7꫺&q?E㼵% ԡTR6>/KkE7‘vK³/yuǃ[GX ?q'8o>xYԃIΖP7dkZa[i ~<9ȱ5Y enr튵oُ88SyN .ԫ;VASlô}xt&uQ}'*A:.)to_8.^CwP'w5 x(U2%S"'[BkZa[xwk]Ftݹj☠2[׭KqnN.[1d9l%,=x]A0eo8^ h%D%U ; c@f){PYѽ-ƻnX(cbAcaH%ًϻr-{B9ɂ؁G(񔍛'<˭3%: ~~lك9;8RGU|izb 9* ԁ9_1scV6uG [a[i ~<6FD&.'Eo*;YTKy9PjJ0|J80OX sݒDڋsrs.ns^xh?94{Jy Q6L(*KkVpC&WaZ 2NSpsM )^g{M5sɒCGtnY)Im(ICk^!kϾOR:VS6yğ! g^n6m>ܥS1ԳNg DZ+t* 7&d}20G/ޭC2Dv;-*稔rQS9"P0:y[1{+hm9l%<;rā`vءI#Cͱ˩ۻ#ׁgUH|@ Z3aˆ ltKAΫ*ir/V`DL26n3 7X`5~KrO7C]v>.=>Ջ:UaጸkPY1uވOyH+̑vK:/Cgt2"dz1lU+KH\}:Hyx-x7C6k(7GZ+/ T>ދr*>7xVB\G)#QBb|M |T6a4Au PX=ӈKߥM&(ѧ 3؞P^(ז55wxQ|6O+~ *՘g|(-3iN LA);$DV*Cm0mumn(x%Wă/GXܚ1>M3DX4ް1& %ܿ=??/2 9lSx Ai $9E"j"\1q4ޱ#L)'9 2 2)սwL gU$㎪_oEC򐐸2MvP C1oYai${s2;)~31O9z՜ v:f ;(XKďU%~?{XqƟ"*|h 6s$M'Y7vP"Y1J[v.aQ{m$7m%$ot[a[i <^\X& _ .H=crf90$w}M :vWM+̑vK:s?6uOYV|\jWImX'Jع'.F-! Du[,YyK=Y2 HwS,%? :VLN\/y=S@{)5Y`/_-;{;Uz(M.Lfą9IHq)~A3#`-`ûRxXSn0f|`/'pDSk-aJ`8t3ݺ~n#^(gIbت%D" :cHm <};+K\ϾsO(xgo,%ޙx9'8К#Layp<] 2 ix+{?fW^VHeTg[gqLks읙ٖ L`_ĕA9 !##e/7EQTR-°B7V$zՃIQ"O\E>$h0Tj} &z:Ϻ *WgI<wu3'ƣۘkuIͷi9l Xgn}D~w$gT(}ؠh _')DØ؂7B:F?EDr c$|I IqH%aKg3.F=r"|԰a;|Gq+% *^Ik!J+VJyѯp&%vݻ6Ka @c'-U$K8eT %ŧCXV'm <^;pz8p Z(]^pi(71>e8^t4=|06)vyΤ`l+E^իu]Q۶LbmjY1iFp1M ?qBk/ ];~͇H11Di'!\Ȳ.7u/nn'KD'컾JuϘKqOX`m>({/Li8A>BJ!ַع)I ԁǤ0G- <^Q d)U 4FXWn{ 2lKH$E ~|:b1]lہ`I.Wv3 Bl,n:ya'2(FD-&Ċ&C'?&2t\\6y|wh) Ddms8`|\wKJcD>i F#uNݑgch){#*ح\@v4OU׆cQ*CBesQI+a+-akO{I'x<@xj-K{/Naԓ$hnZ`u0‡ɷؠ!2B"@Z^ƑN%$n5%U%<Хװy[Gj<8('n"K 1$?A5& R! :-ޓ b26RYt6=.9K h_jm|1!oRHew4%a-arTul;Ms%E^&U_%CBiĺ-H+%<^@dsRS'(G|R;LFϸ%w1 ߇:;đvK:hAn$pyw N['x9`Ei$x0gIy~r+!}v1W: jXߓt@{^nzN8 yOB-1*!!1U`)B7$TT:78l5x/ .31pW,ov+ ĩi- qU [6Sn!`l,sxykxUI8K opvr?FS<Rx|'V}-5Gz{b|o3ka)] (]ICV$,6)=38)QsݝFx-N%1O9=#Y:w>.E_D2>[|bg;0\Jq#%{|jR5NFu3S:2Muugb`}n3Q5$4K 3u@c?yLY( }/oX;q8 3RqT{S"~ 'ϡfGZ) ?lrg@ų~B O^gx^c c隔{5IxI5 F 0G- <^Fy5ٕ]R7ήYo TqD9G0 PIB`h $^n*#c=%#'kPNJ0 lDL b]>sHKXfn2fg3uʷAE(U3GIBb5X()=Dä?re/I z1% Vn4nmCgQR6 ,u XQF#햄u fr̎msPˇj9gbg=[ ( q3ȼND $"΃'u$YC]+Am`Laʆv?)Ih >'ZY3zʪ"|uVLr5$KtS*sb%!$iErݒu|׮T{p~8~#T'AĊD979>0%؇a圗A6uC\T<T"P&-8ҎX"q pHH\7eg 񔰳\ V0e/o ]>֔;7g {=$?(5(;2,)ibs>I1 ɳb$tU$팧p(Cv/fIRYГ<$` 2IB7"unʁ81NQK9b/PTLCpd%޴&}Cۇ-u /]U!+)1UpS~q\Xe[K^c|MuKW @a>O5|, f @|3v#\5\qtPvs\7s,!&)#oEECX̰"9deJX7~2)`'B&/ QB4z&nݏI1u`]0eoVdĈiH%a񎵦KGIih N:_p0:avG8UI1u`)5bSsVTA0GM,܊;锔4[ΊBШ9ʍ_^JH\YbPXkH8Qc8]I$ eX_?!'_ruڮ]qEw0~ :Ca9l%xYLd,̦D?#DrШN @lR6TA*6IH̐6S9l (7;Gu+30/;hzI@:"E,P(ԋs@^2b0{$\27Wl)m4|Ga% 0l>Nx3')K>t P)>PQy֨0VwVFt9"N3LD5CU氕upMʉMb,HYU%R(B1ՠD{8j8"jah ,6M>)ewK"bEy՞RSA]G/Ɍnc_ۨko V&etu}^6ުgs/ZK>.In0)$%)!eKRb/3JoH9Z:IIHd=E-.-D-)[RFYtw)=+ zY7|hB@˯F罳i>= /ϟ@)l`gƝ ܻ̈Aj~97 cM0G- $^m.GGɾ'B\>ocB_t- zQjjSr Y@<^c01մkWTI܌_nTOyڥ?fճ;[ 5 'R4i$x59ȥFzPPaQ8YlcdWr#G5qؔsdpr#.w ֏ VVZ:sʅ.BcܔĘ8cEC@4b2AB^'^NFZa%~UM._T~.XqSx!f Ī ̐VK:W3oBM%4<h --wǮvlLO6Y7] %%ns6w4C8FȊ䐕)a˹m.?d|9 æ>?T=ܘ1mQ•۾AGbj ƴe9d,3x ,=ezR#`h71UzvgbmvCu1ސ ~9+?h.x}sc }(5b/1qf/Hn=zgkO6iSx=}mP>$ncS kSa s]as0/0);7GxDl8JI1ԤT߬A(S ^Q9"2$K6U^!}z f>$֚WNs*U]R*TS_ZCGukZa[i <ͽ.Ia]#Uq[罪)'zt C@5`h $޽cLL\?uIaIFc;/+ఉNģG?EEeyY+CűcJ0Ep5$l(qDKX'r7TNiD:xYi#9ܓBǴg<ϡ3vtN sDKX'r۪ z蠨~*z=jͬ.3t|yau$?h6|Jaj%`»YT^QS"ܧ}@y&9*J4`)pקk*+#uvFRLR* >cq|/i$* 5o ʛMYk#̐VK:w6Ɵ /O2~p#7%cOÄBT4* #̑VK2w_qxZ*3"#sV.UǂS]3Fr5e3%:0”2DI pf^eּb1y&0; @'SmtLO%f 3Emf Xrk'j q9']~VcU^7-UIX4bu/7;=H^7S.>|̉3AkKx2qD4\$SFRJ blZe9nIXn7"nӼo.}Gٲl76~k *n#zY{_*^j f33jJ|2l8ښ67uד]I'v7u/ZFsLY-62E['X#I1ub ~CsV:ᕗH%aǻyܿy-)7Vb6]+Kc∲I$!IYK QcjC0\7"9l%x}t_)*07:\8O([m> + ԁݔk*Ix츆b+ sݒ^(UR*KJE<'h5=)3"`\\jPH e sݒ3)$rq}n~ӉC^!q\Nc3oJ3!ߩ V#햄u/_EeO.:A WI3s` x~)@ S12i$,xWƵwN5HrY⸪[`EzP:%:vN+̑vK:0ϔ4 PnbgFvwcgKJ( ix鑺~q?cpBCޢKSuM` ^oIpe5a8hErJKXF"QUSg_]vYJS!հc2Iʆذ@A-M0G,}sԝ$TRR?y,[ՔRL ]g; GTAð`c/8ńSm TFcNi|ãDW4~7zW-:4RPr7%,! sݒeHg8NbJA葺|Zqpî_9J$SF»є]\W뻬0G- <^F?6w?:V^ϛzqzUS@Gd@J ̐&K:ȓmscR9@}:Qݷ9JYBM8Sז'vv sJK1w^tWpZ3)uwۡM${GDcQԹ"%}b9B6Z:סݑL2ԗMԡx0z?%38-' JJGl%D,݇WZ2%xGPPl6(Ogv+kwէc'o-*>_")`7|v|jj˝+;uS s V=3*GiC!5_cI<~4 ݔEztITP1GϐOϒ!gJ5(;iN&s[BM"ٽ|b#8rIMt4:b8ɴy] <@UQ% /\S љnwp 氉NGfJ\w^VEB3 #̦Cp4)$*R&?Vf  ixaqPX>{csiTnsm70BJPA ah,^_%bwLE@KVY$lCI1U&if8^#ǯPw91Qʥ5Ow}eOGg#s:KYB=),39$tb㯬o $5(EL*?S6>7Q1W;O\}W?;Ϗmcq[W$JHA# 򍧎9H)<^_ ʈFd)'6ʸ;p'4qr\%@aAbFstDG|b<i$,Sx6^-fmy{h);Jb-eK 檧/qj5J.FRu氕}I>ud0YÀ[{W3 mH)>3"li?N5zpNת$\ ik:[b`9"OW'PNEJ@Е b_^e/݈'[$n(3PD[a5=}XA~f=C6%n:vs7+p ՎK=(lSAAb߃Dj>ɅD#! m$!I)_KqyzZa[i <^9c0"7tUqjUk~8 h=F%='| a %`»ʊڸEb):NW=$SFQ dHxDzVVZ:hCO5|KGCS \8>FѴ?}{VٹwЍfZBkR ӵRBa]Q\00u/=Sꈐ)ρ8M^#ƩXwc``La NKT@Ti$e5iؚt9r).z[WlXap<76 Qm)%4t:氕dNbG(@:ؕ?e`[g8>8S6,a+Wa^VUw<(:$J4P28?8w=IHoRzt氕u8.]М}LC,?$EpԁT( )\z rLZa[-$^ցQwVO\(҆ CnoJzq؉%S.MA!bAcH%a]INh>(ۑCNa6Q 0ѺIhÞ3Xv | +a+-aݒi/ǝƖ[8FwC ڴwK{AٿpRni>O~,[=rGjy%#I$!qULZR6*#J{mӸ> ]I6y;1N*1o`H A9{23Ca-a[MUp?vwQ,? ' c Y!3ˆ50u/+(SrRsO?J&MI$J@eej "&Z:woنoS) ?Ku#Q=p=&v5Q#Dݤe}s:2FӔe=G\YFu`n2aG;/)N7`ZG2HSVVZ:_8j\q ʯ֗4^aLѽpcSv~ ' \LJ#_ї};h /V 'G_)`bʉ̪!DPA,G( ?f׶x{6:^n-WW=0,Dc"ʿKx&3FQB˗Р2=oݡ Kf}heCO,Eܡ-zv~5cx%7(_t7O?)$r)OqM'c?<^i?-~?򫎒Vsx,g?oÞ3Y)wt<?Es^U5J=~9('&SެB)%Zk!qJw;)GJ巤`HER~Pb+jph+!R;=lڟm8Dц;+~L/$%)!%*P? $%)!e?$7DR>^<)%)"䎥 7WgG?=|T@\<`yO% VҟIǿYGOA^AA?$ً?Ul _x $<ՕE X/cJ^%TPK:8TЈAuo-Ԟ}gE&\h@ }Z͆A83E!9:SR1UĈpL ϶~'1VVK2W.lqlnڃ8l'<ϋjE1D1q ԁԈ< ~۠h _'nR"O2.Ͷtp0KA1`C‰q*`Xa[y{=QڿlkP\x?ۢXOOCJn7Vg{u;/5-6У)6I}3L=bM}>@qXא`La * qFC1i$x;oy[DWOF4+(QGIL(' _| 5oH@Gጡ06YxߙޗAϣչUD4ŸMrDX$SFб ۰i$x7Uُd"dLu(08VuHL>(LG84l&&Z:w;vqUڹ%`B0V&1 ѻC1U`)XRаEixEhl6N#.K|"&} ^NO$WՉ#RW$!`A鈐:+a9l%x}=/_M)(HpbNPUdp\,_)x#YsAW0bpݒ~aN( ((N8jMU/ׅc⹼ bÓoT Mx77(=^fx*_N Y=9vcĪ_;(; W&Q sJKXn}糖<(]8Sb-z=!X~Ta8LjN/6ltMuLH%aǻjl2@v+>C$('}C󓪱Bcg c`E=) UDxCzSi͡6VM9jƻ1{IivQ;:}RarDk` `*.XXa,^'Qfr&|  Ԅr\mb72,!C•Pn`Y9["6V$c-;nQZTY-:W.sir4CK o%"bj W&1VVZ:?m S7Sʆ܆y0'ZE -8>1#9*|Ct5yf cُCqZi$xo|^'[ JԳFJ}bkʎY):0vhb|i$xzP;GF"A:/2^a.xȌcV 7Ӑ=Ujcga 66YܼD#2l;Ϧ"TPl^y:O1wu`L aJU'ع3f_rpX:]oIL1NzOd~غ`ZCJHtKi ] EFFJ:wzaV7Lsf\|i|*4U/s5$grqq&xV߽oFgnQ{!V7Ou8$*cro*IxԄ`!uL*ڗH#%aŻ7yu@BGGYt#8~wƛ|qs. 7]%e{)%l/8dR~퉌bg QYKjz 示_F^q2'!%$n m 1 ߐ>c9 栫^ E=swRn#@O8Ͻ8J%$n =ڐAOVVZ:wK~pk@L"M㎚!0V L#LA!r  ix.r!w _△&]d7N ZaC@DM?_}n 5zKkYbfPvDd?W>pqyaxO:q?$S~<_i' }6s:wygY0v+ol+p<{3pNLhVeG0֞lxyerz6(JhHo|OJ0נD<[I8v>+A/[VVZ:;q\< ;n+ 1*}č-F6HUC8F sJK1K~oΔ1c*Z\݉B`!:0%%\7/CZ2%x*o?y-.ŽPpf<abNBteԀ#)WܖPOxS1hl/Sx70L.㇇⎪+XXG8jͼ$SL)_8tA]V#햄u/o "CI9P7uɭY$hLO ԡ%fֱ޼ s%D<^:Pe~BAy]qvl*-{. 9B5P3$]0(KHL`-`wu3e/ lh`8o]CcI1U`(>S@Ao6`h,^~ =oC&I'&Ư|# +d=䨬#L)* EUb8e9nIX~5TEsg)T/%hv& X1>a#7GyweEa-`}*GXvjV>[1IQ xӶ,)wCa9l%xlGҵEѝͨ*eS #萭T7nʪ('~O*cO2q+ź=3}^UAG\]7Nqa֐`L1")E1pl=t[a[ytƉ~} > Ux,%TRI1)!4$:qT搑Le єg(Y(1ݻ(68k EG8tY氕E©ۏ a蕇f[Sڠ Ꝏ-QCZy<|#iefv#.=%moìCV$L <9}39~uғxKp|c?A('9qOpQÉކo#|#rbο\ؠ읾0|;Eu[ӆ 0n*5Q1f)a2@ /llLbUJ~~v9[G;:0B|, ΩC@a+%<^k}3(Tx==AS2x>T|rZ,wRx& ۅ5CX+al/SxUvpPnFwTv wU(bYyQ7G+>)R MH%^qWK0޽M yhݦ氕OƎY>O¤tT9¤t챍@{BiQ!G_//c ?0Ql &% n cFςE8) YEٸ/IۭT4J#C6u/e]nI9 gooL .Gb9{I 5|rcxGaᡀX0Ai$ˊPPfwidpukxIB׳) {`ɡ(民3|!T{VUdL]E6c9tG%A:>_r$<ç l!5[~ǭ'rLQ `Kyb0b ږ`Lɋ' }tH%aqm65ZMbB$zM(׮TbE&/BO+0:MWqGN Eª}RFlEMQń:" wƙLf'k2T$0_/1=x==!I/'#ߐr$%)츝A9"߾vĖŠ ݪjqjoUUc)UH+_WUIJ\}n4,ǶO zsD E ¡ꋝU ʓďQGEޤW)A#l9l%x5Nz$1ZxFJǮ#jBGԌj}t[a[yUpB*:O^\|p_ҫW=Y Ƒ%$VA=0bpJKXnVE(гE-p*Lm#LTD0bpݒィ|y8iNT/5Pp#{7h /lȑ SH%a«i i>(3nx 3nxď]gs81 0zIxTWynʼn0͔ gctoB4jb|כ_{nsc`\yM[PI1V#햄u^f5q+|&)+īًyBpc*SǕJ^5q{nIң{0~&4Z0R C87GPBbyP7$ 6Y)wt&8oN}8웓cyv9Zӂ. T#e⇀y6iċO&s[gҳ,^ث'+Iaڄ^ R126I۱E%%\ b\}gMo]?559ŧa}$!qU@QɎ3+`~AvF0GSx7bza"-솂x VA/D8PJv W|_#Me /_cBQ.\}Q#͜vb_*W=I; T4c"a-`Ż-jTVƒӤDL^~w}PDz! !>M) `ڤ8Fs@KX1?,fs钔#uT1B<(KnDKHܴN R .byみlrm_5Ŏ eK﹠R$vJQH*3F Xg8'%z?`t=ڹ";a$yI09 H%Ze V#햄u/.E"gg {l[NVq2?n*kƔ)gfػG,^_6JYc0kygVNC.P0DZF$.-uZI q Bn}muf>}/AY hq$ 0D 4ސϸPc_9S<>DT!yZҎy'q0'J& w$% 1 5 }Ⱅ݂=^(HhгQlr{9Nk%Ee6R-:VVZ:ZՃsp;Upug?ca𴚡l TTN6 M@k}d^A[z0TRT?1UǴ nsuxAC@Kj(IyM.Xo7{4"wGR؉n~{'pÅ8a+Ǥi@r )y #x ,La!v:).`kV7$!FQP!t%-Ƹ],nZ9$xu(ܖ]{M>q[BK):}p'eXI ?qv]pf=kbBs\jag ]B+)5CY YA+0le kWRN' bb[ƭs|0V-q\$\lhK e`qhI1t-e ǣ:z j\t.qD>IHW+P-*ub ฦ&y`mR#|Xҹ[;1q\rJ1ua%jOإÊvK:M,Cq:Oqhlb{_or%%|9+׿j:w8Rñ` mGBåzڑh8nC ԩ5Qk[*2bpf Xu0.h8mSޙ򗾩 Cb=p,(}`=`H :fڳ{`+j67xPV$O' X8@BbInSnS19y6咦|ŮeEcANt1/ryܜNBp_g2̈́SDQ.y1vD[91Dɚ2 0 ,VlȗީaSixqʜIQ]q 1q#(qo$g#AAXZ `G}+qcj5N*g+kNˤ.yixDA)p \bGcⰉNuq]R& Z?˻TTd?q]"D!X,[a#-aKߌ蜽P=\D PtUA[00th|h=$0AD 1-_R;(~iQ*mB/m16#! aVG^C162Ai7ILicj6,B]n@pR7nu8 8x0Al&*{oXEuo Y~eAa9OEat6tK#$!?VR6i[ sJKX[AxĩaD3'p̞G3 8|"l2Pz^xb){8d X\v[xՔ1` [U'#Lb]cH%ar~Bg`=Gc<ykCuv H& #X=BsbeOYg6]8QK*O$6s˾d0z 0D90=5( 6-Ƕc_4uF i2Eq9|tHtz38#Mq%8:F$GZ) ?rӕՙ*}mzu{˽Qg+bc4=DusRAF#u/"0n'e:J`g9<݂&q=#I1u`)rJ+:UH)`%'Ʉla*ڂJ6M0zxqrM ѧ*U6jr,~y u_؁7/mX.8"D~|Gs Go$X7GKd-:7%2e߰vD8Ep9nw.qSvvģZHKa u /7{__]؁w]8PwLYJ#LِBct.+̑vK:TL î rg'mI0 `GTy9H#̑VK2wzՅ[D=(ª=[r 1Q'}`Ѩ!!qX^Q*[dH9&X e9l%x3Q@ SFxs%VlU&Ca` q-vU;Oi$,xT+ k ušN hr(Re8rN̕+jZ:6zBR<yg #vܴ#-I1u|& )OQ} O+̑vK:wp`@ O.@/@(:;75?&S'ʖ@lBxS^B'$$ǰ~f(8B|PGFQ-eE1\\cA%49ɿP"AǾ`!JKЛ8/ |r.G[x_amXpe%"awe,a'#d*ra^]0I IHG!8\F38Ȱgd{kfdXB5RYNTl )|fh ZߘFR"8V@Fgj/7}mB) \L-cəqVN~}L {zdtQqne3?%83F  {>@EBZ:q^=w孕^V1t4#۽Hn,AW% 'BHg#-$!-7׈QEʘv kN;,8G*Xl~'q&5b0Q#&6|Ԉa5rvBJpf5S~[fc?oU#?/pA{Ur{]  ^P([@i(*4߇^Kq-8u5w;}юݮ꫓8G CXP\ 8?lS(Vw5o(ɹ0 @XNh 7+3jH _S{VzKiUy" tES I@6#7~+y~ϕc]jj~vfk,)Se;'ht-0ʼnHhkA%$Z`Yø6Pfrm;N>0`\݃pfن~,m">8vB7hN }}^s+umoe =B>Ep|{3[*gDM}gc,ʁ5XΣx.'ɏ])1A o!N'/P Cp;op2#K WѬF46 |o & @GN$! hڻFX>%Bo|7ݛn#Rxoתv L ڤյ$BYʟ w0}BHc3˴l^2_C>W1Va$ٻ.-aF܂7RS܋ p 7!y^Gbq$5A]rd#+uyqgz r$F"V!yAhk!-$za+175~G#ū6E[GhlrsD֛͑vRK~~OfJ<,- (O"E /gVHf |'uqa~-CX$-DsNҏy AbTA1=Zfek*ѥ:Y"kxM/Ek=9x)/m5Tϡ1#8{c`lgϕaUEG06M^+(A.~4/Y ZE">W,8ZWV|<7f~-Elr nAB ؇p6A[<':3VLyund;W3JMъ:X8}0Xqv-R!vpPCpwpt #qqh?4;h-=!Ml1,8P?3m,'u?jpQŽcA zd%<z`\"&>׋I d N/ 7ӌ \IXu , pl/>,tH IGqM)~е`+ߣΠ׆c1%k :JEs!q-}ZH"&>vXnJlNo؜gk56.c ]x q ?!$O3=m-$5A| m0VRZkGaWQoKY548@!y#1P{j!Л8yc|&I~E=Ĺ@O3|d葧|R!3qht<^(.=9r)Uo FTOfWXhh R@*HB* a&FsCNlbiyN) &861w&,r)^~/lWZ`*5hZ*ξ:+.>'BraU &>3qѲ-8JVQ]J+`Z N[GLl$\aSO,=ʱCEwųiHl3إA^Dg]8n;Ud $Z`nɸul{t2w &@$zEY8:ۖfS IDGq<\l/-egE-bH U %hMɝ.m7 ϵ3\DM}YNpN+Q.J<}nW}x;?'BKTy&%Bo"8jc{]w Fq;K>?xgr]4[z C, =x q_^mK}Zl l:*U/MDF[m)'nLM%z@dOT*H"&>+)= OcvL4qUUvX`@"&>ܒ΃Ѳܻ׈-e1H\%7G2x>pZH"&>~ϻڕCsTF_h*"e|Eas &!$Bi"8Mv 68}Ki|sZ"U.(r+=Sڝ} uw_u"^6ʕyL,W[h-!unk-쩷ȍ 1,7 YH6n .>GLV}BҚ )t"TR[~cz,9D+ta.敊DhMmW*>ajGrN7u폣(%'NN4KIGqx^I̧W7~\6‹ 3\0A4#8c"$O3{+<\"&>UmӓS*ų/?+dfRԎtJXH>dQu@$7PA4ABH`9g}ixz֚Rd&r K@R+aٔ pt'0I:h>A'# %{t ]8@#\8Cq6w0H$3t̝Nb{" : RsR }A*DM}gǵkeԃ/^w,mk/S}^']bi{V:>C IDq캛[2O_ ^[,6[Ju!Y]x/y詁$Be"lC88ӻD@qk,F"M ?ZvU*>CF%3jpZ-WWU-$zaq9x-װB/"U"[g렁p Ac#P߆phQ6QhT}"UW+*Gp53lr@pUڸ>fp*mv5-.19wT-wtENp.`5՗$mV! DOF~qpp">1> ҅OïsKD\)D o!N!Bڵ#@hM}h1 עαVUdt^V!a'Ȟ'BбM/H*zr*й {¡Sqo/9zGvy-a|TƬ3*8[[.{N$ |َcrhCk{"pռ]At1NnG82pD |\# 7GcFǁ:=DM}G!zك×ղ3h{&\ÝF;KL :^56GpZo!ׇs0'LwS0S]gU;wׇɁB бA]C К(/Sq#βYT>qC䳄=w0Cڟ,H Im84@(1S<U@ JD .ў88h-ı{ >4t ՗+[R[$=fc$‰_S IDqhbE*%rG/>Òd hyI9$C%b3C8`RSk 8f-(̟+e=+ȝnV7b"a[cA>>cLqm>@}L-$zaCLsg(&6=f6Iv.I#^ZU A1cFզN|FO雵43⥯g>1H7ҏϬ+3'hca4{'@ )(:`áu]#%.7rn)p "A4Oj3=l"Gs$Bk"l8JxyS++Ri+Rʭk LA p]~[4<")%Bkzvm8<`ޫnt}aYIb?|_Kхlw'#EDiA =eRo@pt? kg 69q 7F&B09%.p-$zȥp-O СUX\ S# 9k%dr!y| -(1·qZƧ.ƻ&n=/ֆJz(=E/Q};ɿhHphxB 0ge@]& 2ӶJ O'#Oh }v;CnΘR0i2؇*+n78Eb'h-p &J%Bo"8j3~_mH^*x\sܮ,jFJ=uW @EЁSk|~?? Qe<3vӊK"Bq .QBR2EMMIBI}LSDM}I ϕS<ﱓAxf%-}ǒv$J4Bo1bs"$`i&'m>Pr,0.`?fT*6Hkg/_ft|)M=BM]b;B.BB>b!-$q@bO8'_Zh}z:DebCqߢ8Z@S:b@Z/hZ@ߋaWqĉj8Z07V|ѥߨD᠖UFR}ƣX Jp~^.( .O Jp~岒uE O']Zzs/̒vfX]MmZWhs[t}47PTs(kFה/I K y*}.S|<lgږ>@[TB5Q <߯|T g@Ĵ660mA!)n7WB&B胴!!-htg1ګ=KBU:oq0>3ԑ~$v RA4j:n-}>ZH"&>ɰӘ?`qzV]uw H إ>A Ff뱋!Z,/HXkD@A!puAZPpV~v{{xLK#ď# kIN rtGN%$!%u7/T+*'{ưjf! &kze%$ rh-izW6A x#jʗm6|q59DUmtEw1aa5P l!XH/i_mgQ.$w4D"_SlK5Ż{r۶@1+{A#5x@48+;} eE]ljɸW~9 y.6esJ֤ o WЇGOE4)8zIi+}j6e7笫Kd~Τx(Ҟ$: Fh._`7vgx8OP`KNF{( ΞwC^iܾ龕,zw)#h{ O='ha-ıh `KNq4d}0ƃC }Kݣ$ wB=xѵp=+Pm8^ԫZ52ը9U-͋Ļw!}u&yM~Bq65OMxHvA 6خm,%&B $Gs;~5: m-BHHE!,#8tq_ |5kC^ٹ=$8"=$qJ )nIWt8I*>+ |)ΰ3%!a{uV~i R14 -et46Ox1;®]̦#[8]/WE3>chȟAk$1 `uQ*wiE;\;3Ѽ[I[h?R IDqgѥ@ɱ]m9މ zK뚚 csXD_Z8o<|iv4Tp&HxSUK 9|µ}qC3-AӢ>@|N-$za$y>?|Rhnt nѬA[,GJ]D{~2#(RK@ٞ*H t&6a'zBǂZ K32۠[f/ B8ݟg6ݟgvs9PB* a`pRyxqK]_AzE=kgA:s%Nf9BcGA"$e 89jAö^^Lq4kPmAͦ9 ivAs\Є`2I{vg3TVm٠+A3 1[ˣi_P/$sY BЅ񿊚'; >gZZ- вueD}]E78(BЕsApkM>@}L-$!-l~OE"jɞu?ZnyDI#чOSx@i^SDM}y1+]F~5ppN-f19 ;>@_ZH"&>CY}8indwWarE7 ehVDхC?>G>DGq萋7zʍ?Uw47jY(w.t6Tn07b Nq#l_SIHA!C86Ŵ^ vygwОi7iD щ>О( !B t&6CWNO;8la <ԏW[ A,3=qzMBwH"T&>C'0=ŀšuiwbA Z8R Ɂwaat$06O(wb{UB"3pL2<[xgdUVmg{~;E+^F{uV5=@ tBA}@]x1 LxhN$Bk"l8du9rtoZY5,}io*ika @ήb O$>>Ynk'*;G)>@}@*HB*`JG4qE_B^DM#93D.O՛uOTA4AO ]kn$ %i%hP5$J[чoQ)~t &>@F-$zaǡGBxln\h(ƻx bPCAUTlM) DOu|-RR(bN.|nΠR-Πq-1%ڃ|!-{dp Ш胴!!-؅r\9Mкa!tat$jчq${'{>Q IDql}=*59݋{碌{05&{9Ϗg n]Ќ\˨,bSIGq.tAgYW2sHnhAgg9-=8ɕwig ͽ49zگ響ݨu%IWsy6z#n@БFqhhKXXrrmQ6cӋ40.Ǝ\kcwFZ ֗t/$mFS?"P}";dM[y%pX. ᦗ.v#Ȓռ F_)td=E$q3Cw~eR5:59}0B"@,\|+Emۓ{x5/A'Tۭ>`bhޝGqVh;8򦷭]Pk4]Hy~q{pNOpg!_ZH"&>qaWb_{/(݋DF]!4sxё<%B_8e{1br;$U9,I,Lm%+F@ut>P rΞ-Hg2? G?wJ+DHe@_Bh9g gu1DxASI8{/Y6é"x ^1,  qxK!\S!t>a~Aqp5'F#n.AW (Ugg)ȱQw@I ]`> m?cR?7 "]O|/ާs &$AG:9<ݓz]lx籐38w}v/|ŷߏmX=ItU&@ZP"$·qq*W9Ԉ}/2%:'!"Mp'݌n8b6=+YU)|F"'A0mJDXnx@0'gЛ8?s ŀJ&YѻV)B'BЍ BnH}ZHBZ aǡMyBdd墁ҶLq0g[DB6yެ诙4$qS6ΑʝҲ`) l A4Z:UũSR83t/q< p SeD@ %&2 .L#bUߥ![C8\qCu-<:Aԭe>ҿA-!$[ x'@A+tcj P߆pwEÅA>^#Pc/lܝRWm 9N%D%ʼtܷzuheEn9~_;ۃ4hF\æ;!\1~샴#x Л8`Ƨ XiDGTϺyy ڟ g"h(8y` 0hB7q^%aW,\ O|=1DViHi FBƳ?̧ARODM};w[58WA(q^f\rApI1!Fނ #7dU> |!- ڃo< ~(5_!1&HC*8 xvw[c:+2⛶Ŗ?7@xp}pyڷQǘ{Y$ JG}|}LN>jqBR84i^_cez=v+HxtkbAI R0Ѹ _S G[̺f-O0r<cӨxN"4vZ:8nKhgK;W`]-]VA4aG`fJЁKE5qqaڳK~|N&UIē| I'HcD8"FmBҒq4^+kq w }XrY{NXH4A4vBZp|C/0R '!°KDE$&wq,-/х7+p۳yDtDhM}g#UN΃n/}y@,uʔx箻,هNDv}"$Bo"8}dN@N\/>HcWM#hp-F^$J.DkW1,҅>5PJ>[|]fܵ'óT; ݶ_nmA[ހhk!%$!%l5j~$F NP7ڦWW>7$`WyZycgi7vwAչ?W Yvj/"?"XDXs@W-Nw"ZHfuU?# ^$Ve;%FUׯY`eFӖ,spٞ$:pq2\hmREe>a/L:6ߦ=A.;*%(l@ns⫟ tPtZH7+]8dpg) ϝ\4HJNC~ziMS!E5oUؿ$Bc"#8Tّ?8f{i^XFny f4!F@=ip+*TD(M}gӈ"I+yωjwUG#\4:?ނ'U?kv.P|~ljPv1p$8RW܃Ԉ^V מ(.qc'n_gqZHBZ aٳyd(n<}Y]}mCy 4x@Ԗ#Aڿ h7qUb*u{eTs6ct3-'Denk!F֢fXOv0p=uC*p m.HTٸW:~4ĻGo.VEqO /z;5ߩZC8zսa!^2 0iDG$/4p8ͯ 'myJ>s+ =Qa*O<'A ' BF`2FrJ GqGEB(OB` wc~ P{x삾/@ЕUaH[ (TQ!~?cKS.T_v[N;%^$:AcT?XD  iW=aW,^vƌwCS'Q}"]*^=9SȻ5zw"(al%K3(=%l_}N-=8<ߥ![C8ܷdc;9f3ܶ vfBQ%h߷$v-dsf%K}B-$za֥!Xao$Bo"8{_a ŸEeĪzyr6oޣDk" XI ܛtvH IHI8۫JwJ.eyA}l^Fͼ- D5?(4!M%$!%p+j>(G6e88 q񒔨L( Όc?}QNsTBQ(>t%Q84(n̳-\BNVqK8qcev mLxS2] BЉxrYt^_AZPH*tJ}z9'89 W$AΒ,\19ÖJiy8M$'K$ O !sְ_Mpp@>m=+N %Ҫ SsŸ۳OUl78ԌBKvCN zK`3Zt'%/DžvƊOz3'BINhD@GU{hAВq1&'޺ĵ#Jqqa!J#/A'l΃1A{3; `EB* `}y8b:9_>ɤ s'8%{!a= Bڡ'a hGRBR8.DzU9TnV ]K.``$5'5;1Ug82f2MAo^3#N"v WD(z>@CBq;.1aSGỈLd_O8B^g˱IZw xtw"!мJۙ./ sؐ2m~~pH)1FB|\ҫN CgV;2T§xנ}3xw ;Zb{bfvB p1V*oCZ$.5!:OZi"efBFqog}Ձ58 1 q:y)$vfnaA@]1͗ʵ>U/q%x";D^-WCC '\_9E6 Kh#U K`[8&gJZK?DM},zdD54,#1:/-az҉༯Mjd5A P"$!Z;$X9*%xT5$WnA,;@I$ZI6][S=&i)0pn\ 3]3nڮxɐb?_;'I4l@2]Vh}F Քu؇pQbaxBF-1ۉekH"6 L:1Ip,T-]81uҐ_,4tDz4l>*q$qȷE"-4=Gug#8'}LY6ǁ~ˋlOg D|0X3xJ@'f/=%\ - 1uBpsZ ^MܝD'h$!!L:!8MO`)"ʘ}ZH"$·qL0ۇ_}뢝7T@y~j?(Nkd|@HB aK #k0n,3BX>VS:t%Q3?B:D#rcN`U۹Bqh\~"~n BOMa_K,A H&]m<-QgMIE20M'PV<nkB_0*0_RpZH2.w&#AR#h߉$H•AR2MFIV5^1DhMm9C΂P U8(8k6TF7nhtp`o2@E4UD(M}gOn~dfB0n?:8ȍ#u !ᔰ F_ #`oiGjp iMm\Ѳa+<*gp~v[b(aQuAZՂ/RB}dPBSNf brO7/3@..Ą mApL .!3ͽRAsw7~0k (t 7g 4.RQ ;kDF p+LG ᱒uA: %I(gy JHBJ`QIrjaw${bᬐ8U AtdO\JD@诏$q.3gYә<֡Y>x#/PKt\BY'qڅ B`#JZBqy־͞7U# RTijdta%X `a诏AR1%.Vޯ \_0v#o0Df!F_ 0J(^cjA7g~ǠgNӰ Ϡ53bi0aX\t[$ZfD&ZXpcE>n -$zaǡcA\PB02 ZE)Ku/V΍ ``诏@O7LgH`]Pҵ+΀/j=j4\ I!9yErTARQ  '|M%8(FOiOJu ;JJ}})5p9/IWn,7qcE^"`ϕC,{ ZJ7sVс OV>@B]~QMup:ieŞnכ=h=Lp,11,VO\K3uB+D}[fU=kT XrgLeZ1ԭ٫,:Dqʟ[53:gl^巕i^^\5A},DlNk b7JEՂ@iG_,( bg=#lP)E@!PfPP)q15xS(DRY`{=vӇwd{~?0\瘛d#l3B 2HV㊯JպtLj $kBRŢ&tߥZٿZ߬yǕ{rm}SbT A4@0 AւZDM}g@1ɱ*s yP,E+'䀥@N(#3/Z[h'KI6+xD ܙբ=K0ۃw=VH6:ÕvrP{q"4w(}BR8/\MN܊/}!܌S8;c*^9%Gх伧ˌ0{B5'%y?7[/2JU Rbt B'}b`1>gfBwFOAp/4\ӲGAkX^$|%\cqgs"Tg>ñB Vc`jӢXK<d"FނR- u$Afg֐GdejC4絫F?j*^N/x4T!ht-q/@@&+.HZ5Q]k҄up.sai-"Q==Wkݳ~-hf 4089+qk\S IHK!8{}XK0{їAf$iE^Z$ ?(6жh&%!|Wlb4 )N+![vfWOоC$1k".ڻMv^#B7qMn厼00a{@J4I׉h&!h-1Oyf{wXb10]it9Ƴ &np-!~ B 3wu/]RBRR(NeŒ&~:jWRBmWbty'}.RYzEUTq6|ﶊɱRwx;Qm YՐOJFB 3k'c f=EB: aٴArkfNFWњBAkA" {DXcD~L}d, %$ p}gϼg\g"aAR<{'6/f0JJ39KQLSiK>-\j]^zv|pڸ?jIZږ+]_Tpv𧕚L[ue r-"'Ś(/牴..q7vV2a չ$B]"n^h q177rڙA"KO*bi++`!"g%K HG8l/x6'>A&WBI\ݘgANF@<}d&ZHBZ aً^Jq{Ӆ'Ǘ#=xc{a4NZN>̬S IHK!8|?jy IXq^$̱,A7K!{bhk!-$A% Ag#Mx}7їCjAF,y+7$agip $*aΥsnaaaavت;7q*8J[e!o0P7ot}CIDq/yt_=sÓA F:@%3Do T}{K%$Zařin<ʩz7,[vG }X$1S>@[ i!Л8Ξ:"q+ 3cyXեxLSt!BЪ_H;m-$q}rپp<.̲^댾4~yEC}FXH>9Op 95Gq8͝uꑅ>ȍ^^^CSLR}pcnl`W;,v.=$"pQkcĻ8\?\5Eu#F K0e Nnxy}Y}ZHBZ a4.SpyT`+WQy4)ā ,? U='}&ZHBZ`uH3׸ɹ= ]}7޾"P-@ۻhʧ@S>n Z{tDg잿K;])^b/mȘjxܯzyB@q@@`- y+[(za{^ʩxYQ0F+vV!a!hUO EQ=->*#K̍Ϩ2sLu˙B͓c KNk. zٴ֧njJp|}e#rs~?Y|dC9I}0oxNcROeBtn>sFŽ/;{^}z8j1,rٺ> 2_Ox=.s㺻qCt^E󏰐_kAgEL)^mN5/RQ wN4OҴ~4/TW+IXR$zk[E3Dޠ@UD(M}w5,nTc秃!B3)֙l5:"F}чQ-jqhJpЛ8(L#n; Qȹ|=yi:-'YJ~~$  }|},>@ZH"&>õ 9[|3C׃qN c+}+FbDeT\ !yGRЂSo |&cM)7n hjc煑s䠿J!x_хy<''?2¿ki-t i)}gK;/S,[q^mOںXaʶF(f]Z:H%FbsKGo7]+H^$1XYA3X:*&K>Bq8 RK 2  | =\Q Nޅ\  6@]vК(^S|M]?pk2ABٱ "!]v^\HN:ݮ͂7S oX;m Vy(=h$hAZSdF$Bo"8ܵ ¹ywA,BwQB7% k ! @prֳĉKi_"!-E7x, dinp CDƵr]>7'}` d@P= oz\9uzn+oamrs"Ft}<Z{e1Um_Qyq+fq?F̀v=H 3FAW^SJJ5T^znԁ#%qaTcpb]-34SUQXhjAВq5_g-fS|ENҁtcnT4ztAp,B( n{Q HG|űSH'P ᅶ-8iҞEH2fQ?g@JH@: `vb(WĒUC,wNwޙpJ'O"͍:w3S}k Yd*HB* aaPι䔄MK .l(3g<5~\ IOTKRQ $h“Z>&נ}u.%rї. %g@}ZHJ`.X;nr:.{[+llϖ.̓Nr}?pKsf. 򟥟#89= 'ce smKS>,Rx=*iNXҼɫDhJ]xb,i-qrYX%3 _!QVOZׇ7kt>V njnt#[!+7BҒqDKGzINNWS|,Ýā[޳ҋ&$Bo"8ۣ]̷iHjtnE/S(% +"]NJ=!W~N-$!-p0bNNGfn#h>"Å,Ag܋SFV^#$ S A4X8= Gh7q'. 0M7B%Ů>4^$,ˊ :3©@BB$vwiƛwÉ6ĀqoE0-#m}ᾤE,A3hO+mjh^u,-cWp1`q@Iq0 XuaHdXy'@*SȋLJHBJ aa`R@-U1%/;8S =0ͺ>RG8visEUSrH6/aR EMNq@كHO$!ly<k;gg&@qD<}|}Lmy?;yfE$$QMqa8gFɸ#WkO_He˔NI2_ 9qvJHBJaqYc }-+1[g1RK gW)qH36F_ m诏$Bo"8LmceIy2WI^kY$r``H:^m ŴH J6cJ+>vz^P dNqz%\L }>}0(ӭRx奏BR8Ep>y'H 3穝+{Щ]AWY橜 4,սgbaϋZ&^fTB׻t(Ӊ;-mIv;xYPѳ$vp\^~<~􁞻WK-Xk_H^EW0iֽ+FݺECMP?lm) uAYw[#΍ϲ:@LKP푏mv0SIIhpZK4`\4>%(\]~2I\EB!BK8MM K,%qݮfeQ=8` Yq&C!n^l>ZS@ςL (}8[݂/[! ,C6oYph8@5{gD/,8:;D(Go*s#R%E@0HP|J7cfc]\yAs' QZ>CCŻ'L3&|.A.Ű'\~fv;6DL}^H}rF˭Z-pҴ8>j.xqi3 3@}LT**!>ŬF +a&6 <=hџg(ǒMddr Esi"[ P W2EIsG B=̡ ڗ G[JOb.4 '']81uRͿ bTn58V^ƒ܃,B!Fn'G`҅_k~Jk~U:`&g'a<;hNޝĕ ?P RЫ$QB9>ETp_VZh^.e Q@AEEyՄ-f}!rLٚ?S`H3?8QLOCSC ϧy?_= oxw~/?o_U󯿳ґ/_HǯvM~_Kx=_ݫ/*y*_*Lz9 mوwEzww?j/w_y/9~.\ޑL?ۼOlE{yc?'U(j\4#th ۶_OH)m+m}piAM TIAhcJ(M <2ьS#@`-wls{E )y"נ*}?mdt\V?8aUz:YZiU[a(KGfuuJnָ|O_5䑴&Z aPPds }R|GF̰/+vw,Sd^kic>5 hyy`Y)PE3:[nNA9̑$I#尫'c~lĝ^꾶#[lai5l!}'u~jTgGq]}d~I}e (=h#;" ut Bm*y2WnGM#`P*c`8=4=Yr(f~ȃocx5tT֒-$5ɺp3/`t vni =cۿM>))!C6dA{D[,AWg*S$c+)e5*tf/MR@3\41T@xWE߱.-zF`(CG;pVv.k A 쪢KKTea.k0f|KPjv՚Zz-tkmPl 6KF&|a'L*;eFH H3+k1 r(Qs4irvz'R6^\{͋PY}P̵ō3# zP,R犏rμHMFI `S?izfDɳYʙx}--uܥ0nvB4"pq^ǔk D"^:nMle{-;}QG+t$cԦWYgy' i9,88LҎ竬Ky_ OVY瑒R;H3]^nNS2Oy 2<%Eq41q$ 0g$ez VpsJAt@^5&0qV)ΎR1dOӗAl#r=}> stream xVytSUiiT 2Ȍl0X"tIӤII/M4M%mH ڲ0(RP0r rӹ::9w~QQH$nڕON6-raC EC(c=^w<\)) T;Vgܵ.wI yYLf3&yf8yY,e1O3̌fbELAL hh(>j8Z}e1쌹&_EЫ8c4m~'Z9]ԣٌ=K QgOHsPۺ]hGk!`X2r~ϺԀvɬ9lQdB,ϯˑ<!~oIwAX+kVcɧ1c}}O!9(#RPi5E&/nV2HIB`~*C/!5⽭m,->glVʽ yD1K4mRԡ<( ,gZҍ2R] %@筟e{,&#GBvq{j.dj5RwZĭl0%}9{] [SU]P~%VJ 6/6@I]yUq&IMfޔ$x6O$+5 _+$#QrL ߑ.{'*$tzŐU(*Q3\AJK9/8ǒ  J4x]G8qK#h~Dw_:ʵ@:Ldseԓ几{5G}x2,EY>N﷈NHR4?c3d%#:۠%*Mpe21u^C =C$mo A:#J̬d ^`0Wu3ɶjK5T*l [LS%P:OQ{`o}BKr":ePp [wLڕþ(6#yGNKEw5]oL{OҟBkAY >?=UU()tm`?$!:DQTJNe(:n:1OI׮A8F`*p`EnҙXKɲM m@A'lo#)Y?TEs$?zO|mIT"0ڍ`rKoGw v+{ԥX^'_J_DB)\r.Qrg]-)F;LŸԠ|cT2jT_n_KёJ>xkupxZg1ngC*\=i7_:w?7uZB="m(i I̢q`kS'-..̭6 퉲RG y~#oay_{՘`d+ κjqTD'EZd%Jn ggKSXZ^εe?߫Źr+Q#豅{C4X3k _aUz%F3&*=Qr,ߖ^zjTh#"hRvt~d\Pir\ﮯF-T$"BZf.Ҕ ˸-t@d봺..+oq!3@23Dxrո2/qL> stream xcd`ab`dddw441%2黓@!G H<)I?TD_͟=Zcw1JwOS?#+I.1.[ycwEٜohݘzj6w7uu4%(gvs5XwRy>9.< Ejendstream endobj 160 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 2290 >> stream xUkpU!I iG&ƚ-EeY$U a ",l#1,1d3LO~z2I$"Ex& nF-ԪuPcYܮ[=9-!gt]dǽZao %pGQo];z1SPkZ_ZТB!zb1(#(nRb6q'1(!'쬕~[fTɆwD E{,51 œ‰0d2B9CD";v5gIY9 BPΚ\:5ml}$28lߛ5'sd SO@~AҰLpjnTm /JPɮd3cM0"Z09\*}s`:mUBx7Nar>M.AQ[@ʦa=>G{{Εvh\|;B<]MrmWԒަvF$RCGB9SmzqP\W67~KFBx\6}8|JOurn@&̬3NPrH89DBH23!sD.giiF"#sr_ҟ^_B5OÛrzh\),V "ٗ%FF'z%גǃo EU92K$3Y/b ߟ)I2 {Ptƻh(1Ӆ*MCeUZɩ/}q9K9B'tr̝-s ⵅRrFl ] mڄ#(G 8D_Jd<"-ZdsNw: N۫^=~TΧ$C1dT7H ]^-\7&Cޡ>E-8%_L⾉"k]0pG-ׅ{R'+䝋}oñHB xV[iLȒM\4~)8;=3Sܱ SV9=ë z;(  SĔfI:!$|[uҚ,GJ)ukFACD:x;'Y3{ҷ6;UfrP~LYMC\F-"w2kMq, ; .C%Xcx .LFɬ ¼eOiM&L|q/%LQ@>rj`ZX9!b ZѱոC8/sl3QwG"pn&3=ii*җ*ȽѴb>#К슽ueju!d?FaXujw'GG.‡(,l2`FÜLٞ3/]΋g?P=.vAM*hBm]lJ 4W+]_})DH긼X Kl&Ԗ3tl_H`Dz Y-6XkR R0ŭIS+=:vl1B4%~}Z6},}B9&M)<;gS_>E^cF!Ň :iƏdiم-iV҃,~ke r8;.軖| ,v7,P-2vL2vp`;moZ.NR1K旛zgvt۽NQSKU+M /m{߆:lܺɆlxLۘspWNm[䷵^Pt&ƦnhXAEf52$t"N(0ijab"@Z-U'WUlOl4hxGB有7˓֤%@?7N<7qmޮT>3BF_#HD<5DQsʯWazJYqiyY&ϔ/.̧.bo,`}Omza2!aNe%3391YHSQW7J:L<~ Q)ө.zX3ccT:,+½>Ehv뜢 IcFN􍜁3jK*U iY3nw7#TӾ"(}m jplo(%lrendstream endobj 161 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 3408 >> stream xZIsYTs05Dz_R)X)<>`$HfLc3-@7JtB8 X'uT=oaz#Z'kBE#?,/Zm iW_JZK7q/`J57> +S(\6w V llDmSR$8pB*xc6H͙9p;曂İ^ÁEw&)7>JFSpLgQH)qIO6tH$ą=?Nŏ%{:C^5K%T&Cxا)f |UXC`藠JiOf]\HXЫk`Or[(!_O쏯wܓwe@*uPud&m/$ **xީvp,UΟRӍ\/ڈo' (|Oe3F~|4Y~yLulַN';0otSI'{/Ai}^ &" =ܞ 9Lc"3܆;9?ur44,++G)fI `Ga.dXA/E&^OVgK#DX=acÓ 2=rz 7ܦW ֖Wx3ג40&/!QdYMΆSǙNb_@-RKV#; ,L|n::Fwk kB)*tRX|q"#;)؁1;xx7s4?.u<0mc`Mq0@[.H rIQrOӳVI#m#%V)dmqn=;">Ia2/8 t7>ۦkv/HH6.o=Bxi1@ꞞKN{3- ф٠pDNdzq*8rorc*-eJp|%ז} tlEUIx 2cGxVqo1>g5O5ʆ<['3}ӻQJy, '"4?$9Sc߭%&#+^k,{ g1AZ%PRoIR7Rx̡"*Yf$|e䔗FJ :pd)Ҟi0;'L~Jdp5?g{QX ioX|Y:Ô԰- ,Hpr:&l5sJc2# ii/jhR?$,3<9 JA$=E9PieZKj\3Z@VeJ>:<"hnqJ ^ΌVx]uW3Ds଀L 3,?8Ϊ ..:h @ ̏yNP\ɐ&U'$xHK k6@)ey-4%KNgWqA֍+ e6`6*Up}j/&;g: dvLfoՁx_rї?_ f_Đ jRs>;(T/ yҴV'g!Bl?+MP@0"$cXRd ٦6T&~1J"rT.'Ǫۓ, h!+1Z0,aOy.Hj/y2=dS Lr;VCJmOV' OǬ^Pv^m '[Ot&HNW#maT.;o: JXOD )" Kkw8Qۈvucđ?߇PIMiw4-"79DO{g1VuɐI W_Ȅf={W+2aßӦ9%r YN?ۥYx0,Mݲ@|u|)l/lRͶ؆ b,~C8EZVWN¯gjOwJc:M PT|+KY) Uƚ)F\umI/, Hj ]Tק [c|Ed«E$Ljg&sJ)M.]tLox ]zu8eqXצw%mOe( ~z ;kżSR:*mau|(f򩓓r\0Mʣē^dif7MY#=Bzd5#ɪk]u.V=dzu$!ᔥϦ$}749|TV97(;X T M(&cUZdow~ذSkGQOphXM{J2|9,'co"0!U jtaSXp*Ci4(М3Oue3;ڊώ" ӟ-~{;]5lK'>Qr5K=dK=M׭^o \6"RsNhŞq;q+r=a@8@D:2)e㋇{ #$xgIʄOMAJ5 KCK:>%k7)b `3>T#JCK3J"\endstream endobj 162 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 4566 >> stream x\M#Ǒ=@h l=H>GԨ̨g$"*Xlv{F2 Cv*efdċJ~_Jl^^}w%tSyq|z}ϤH9Fk|ȍASf6lW_ j&N^m>Żׯ; ۝B "I]t\>;irc֌ớ]QH)cPzFp ¨+Ǜ N(L]yO CXF~1MUQz}nP/)h}wsVni|ǟ+v7X]> S!{{`ɍBXaL*2#D)U9z9JP"ف٘Q䨤_ݼ|;|=WJ0jqXg,pl>$wW)=Q1P7JMa --BmmYO Y((Tli46!vR"V-g\z-VnXzG%0hZDv /GP:TXQ48fS*Xm'G :$]r9*$3^`{^ (*v h˅#xthI67QSfQ!"&?],/Y?^?żOcB/.&'IG b;g/N&YeĘBЕŦyVK- 1J+8 w#u4dt6AOV.&dx.ct-tɻۯ_nr&A12J4C7efmm&{ cpr?4FMDh}9" d(û(cҕkn+䥠t7P k{Ε7t>а갿#ͻi ;' W܂"=U<6ճQ  ͎Cq~/daۖ/^d  9%v[U_6TLLM:Ou x2 A~WvFʘ4s.!]?JV +8 fő >E}dc0 m6|L-Eר=ҏO6GV VmPKHj- JU*ZZd`U5R$\KѢ-0%EJyn SR$Ei#JKzlCت#`AqRse%,B$ u,Bt[2_)fyx`#)^\q,`JhZd%8&-MkYKRU̶D)- mi%&EOTRa4ஈSba%/<|vexEkrJ.6HcneZ&ikT%|sgDUEpxu8[Fp1ބf ݢ_h3en^7"Yuq >8ހ19ԾMXx` ī@@AQNtF ?K#/^9p fMq̎z: S-#P9lsa^FFw*k:"ql|VN>wT*GtntǁW n䛫OYjYKG[uaPosLu0zN !̯Jh R%kw#NK2rdnT~%e|ȁ ;iE*"Skoq;6մ k Qu*pNZ'pKm~ 9PuQH7P9p*}sNQAu{]'&3^{؃n~].(p[ ~U9e$4Г$t\+f]儙^Anj4_1kL`֔b0kEq0kM#DH1rLS~LA|so;ڡ:-'}O/@wa8o^iYZO#U]^%k#Gi5Z<⠉\KeJ:-gDY{^^XV8Y^Cc6-vش6-vش6-vشV-vX6vؔtCZDMwGYKe]8@1ĒpyJa Lei}%ehEͦ-X2Xj+\DEdxRvIm+L. K*x*]'ŀ2jhءpC5enmp_Ŭ03Ȓe&>T: a=5X`:ȴ=d ̃hk2A+!Ή"+rSpb~%W}{.t(OLL[HHHIRA3I=I*&ii8 Y.5vcD3-Q# #0%!7%0 6UbyjL^V#W!`Nm9*ybQN Քk~-ѱT{Yx|q*YÀJyi5ZJIi5ZJiNe59 7s%9Uq,h!MK#M ش4ش MK#M XLjYCF^PQU)B_{#O-gtKW+ }]kk8 E&32 [29"kk%6;־SE-r/j)/n)3P_s 4\R$k(Թ[?ՒqH{-Ngﭥx1&,=#gt(m`mF & z gR|~mLӘI!T J8Ӧ~g$Dأk$iV%sA{ +2U䲚NSRUsAjΒi1ErY6j:FU cȿvTՆYSUs0hۧ~lR3&Ñ/o'\QdOM:&ջn_cI.p2o/t\e<`/coendstream endobj 163 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 4032 >> stream x[K#GϝqrwD@& Cp`9h5fҭݱ=Y*4Uw++__~UUײU]zoefXw W]k\iZfpfxZwm's3tZ.9yZi!1n/SpfR<[D\ˣvz#mL ?jvǧ57mh>9Z4}ov}ʚcM4ō5U.n/EO]Jzޮ}Of8Mڎ  4$-1?~ qmziMLk[ml,R ։ʠ^߲J<6ұg?9fiټ?`0o;4~h*HoQ*WVڤsR:),B|9Qx YVVHAw*oP&W0aQwzqoz,nYRAC*Ӗjx(.8kx.}Oo5a{ݠ't_X+ZH`|~h<弍0dq?xsC7&yb=S۽hygc5}uf$B'I>cW̄ڝaܛC{8w'8)tf7x%-t0gI)1 T2H~x)b\Yi32?CN[CO!8rE64?~>|RWM}7߁~Ql8kvw7H:J;xZ5`41v’ 0RCx\3k`pi {ס8{OI4V!nOq’PADwl>N?e1.:PR_ 'qcd6I_Lrr-*epHyLav{>$0GǛ9;m ih"k~F`6'laiP۩˜xUaj,nۭѵ|C&] B o8fT$(3dFK!̪VM<>O/'Xh7u|5 % ;]SFZ`A@_@Yl|6cAhϊߨMvL߆u9뷗iZM >s)BPoX c]gSM@SIى57$)Ö2 -AFaךKWH/L&/d0b&!8X@$mIs:9TeB./+x nIub"3p:(k;F6o1OYY|r˷T2Hh:ZҥѴLq5ֱ愈R&mA.BʎuL]w)Z$U=~9Cͦ&|BeH;jo ѓNPI!Q(BϿVb?w PlI1NރOꘀOG[iNEomƠ\u:"ҝ2Esr3[nm'翾f*vRdI#}Ff<=FW]Ɨu ,GCAa1HEaLCtfV/ e\>7N L1ZPh21vf99NdUiR*x]y!> 'OƲ ߰_D+Q BчtJg&[9P. gt\@$ek^4oPz`x0nG0&[Iu\lD|"_Jx9+Mk\zCFC@q n%[ETB\<_L Ӷ"TB1p&ȣ!,$oQ#&Y[%dU44)Cr -Ue#~ĸ'8ݱp-@k9:& j$&rj}eTr6 &wkc ~,V id/ ISNe1¾q/ Ն11RD'Kj/0~Nd=+ϛ9 Êܣo`p;]31f@Ą kP)4 ^OVfꈢ7m[[Ur%I[K4m1jbx-8K +P.MqSGrq"pt%9) (Ͻ T2uyJ~㰣 3t^S,V1t%J 4~/Ca6"/x~ ;M;[ 1G}dhӮնfbD,⩀g wYFHeAd= q@xZ7}(7f-[HU Cb~Ww4BR.r4Eyˢn3'ݴs3&nHc禰`;7euQzW ҭ~"DHwHL^j,F ,wJ)6 nu҄(`4̂i, MNh=tk>tㆬ'9esyHek$/mF:x* zy1:ռ!jNn#\fFL.wLS_qcSU+J!^ŢNorTOsYlM狗?_eޫ:XTYj+r-ԟk%.M/8%v2p a ॒@[\)pxWǬ eeYyzYSיO?fwFԏq4$[뫜gˉ׉s]L#_!u| ciG]Ti뎊y+Lqޙ Ӥh1)tvxӄRDu:9[:5$_0E)ԈP؅Cai+Qm+(-M@Z}17 Me2pGSF`Sp)}/1L4ޒÀ ŭ}J{[\|L53>?_lǪ%ǛEQxgk&DtN"(?n_~E5'h&'Z֔c**ig^]VmKeH%ܐpi-BF) EZvsrA.wWXcr.xhA?mw~yB) =ʤ˿8T(Ƒ;.vÝ( &RR"S}OE5w3Pw2{҂ͪ.-\PoU=,yj*0mYYi{Oov%]ZFy-)|rMS|NW6.[n²>IYx@Ij}~.Xإk|<c-  $신eKc7H[֥s!-)71i-` PV *M PQJX*!dǶ3Bu6}B\(~vݵLWj3b[,Ϸg{qg94j`hbb$=u~;QT*>!,Cc~\3xbBT`#&:EJ &=iI?dr{rc8TUgg?IxH"ǰ_W%al"lI^Ijl>eeUh2M "m vT: _\95 9O/%j^%0iFCb {8endstream endobj 164 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 3269 >> stream xZK۸y>e:RCM$몼+6΁pfK#({@5dR>X$hêŪYp#*;~w­1r)^+NՍ՛u>7 㺁.jw덒:{FTF=4B?᧬>MSk1n7;]kmj{ O!h=(2.e U2ںiTCӐS7 ]&!n,ahQBV{$37ׁѦ-jDeT{~E50"k/Ucx-s@oPRd窘覑-E>e# hD6*E49>U}xK#U]k>dj rH]KވIj!g.Ul?"k?z(/׶PoJӨjli#D0, C<]|hPo 0eAUwSz0ա;?L㎈vzj4DTz$'@h#W"3@FgQn2ښQP"`* @'3QdyP`\PT[F9udꯠ4 [:~!,Xp)La.0N9VQ(#{DҪЉ>Dq!jcAG7#hܑhkP {;t-js~^ |X*zZ;k1/73,m ]ё-޿ϒg575|+!M6U?$YHA=O|#hHgjR*^o߳yS;?ǣB 8f{y(An2QЙb5f' +%^PQm"E*0&wp~whJQ2d}[p<߮SrFT^b}t ԥM`SDJ.4۹ ?3ڧuݗNU8R)Dߚx:s'ތڞcj`HʦK;N u\ICߎp>&6q1[͒}j66c(e#Ad?рi @#%0>j8Fr"-Z6dM.F8FQ`-Jknh R"\Qqr9I XA_“FB!uMm5pQK63r/^x(.ز'MEy${ 8\}&8"mFqt-0XG.Ѓ1"3ҮRwq.xMO6dpd<(|ꫜACz2akc;6(AfV5E ?sچ†n7T-ʨDm LY^P^aj,1T/iElYdb!"BS;"Re SCtϠN|N/i] GU1L&H4c׸hMR(Y&#Zlw+Z zi9"F~ڄyFV GeE[x Ԍa*5S?d)H2\Kmż싛bWE( yb&TG邯tiˆ%l=p4: %[Py#$|w 6 3f-a . Zbڢ#H>v=!`Ix |Et xť++t^F>OK. ܘܥ"@xT)o /]h0P$-R c~Bئ m% ֧Ҥѹ'ƣFxu-~/ԬLY\xJ.Lя0E?qE 6<eQ~ UL=DWj6/SOכwK*D$ Gr,a k†q=X{XzO93> SOa^EeSK0Ԗn{ Թ|{Z{!+HWA."!;li֞KpXD1ډ]$s I3^J 1&OW3+]}ev1P +BaػHI_hdߜN4D*tj3P+PS+ǢϒÔ!N\Mv㔥# ߽ebkmn7W/ꇫY0w%;jW{;Ovc!nqb]&b~%g|*G:¨# oUyG" ̒QP-T-nt]uȊѯe)jWk@i,Q ]:nمr\>CwKEP|Ciێz<> stream xYK#y>% VrHv`p $oZMc=f{v<H,=]$W_}E}ZZ.Kow\tOwNm?wRZX?8 ], z>\mw˕!=.E-.VcqOBN˕r`n|u?hacTj8;Fgmm;_BVU̯_j>D!%tXv+FwN MӚ\ Cp/vv]#4}i>C4jNiz!e&Ŏǎ=GMp[m2G>t-`i\2h1z4<] Ar<|·w"@#iw<5e*ARNP{@@urnXSrD_qx9w^|z2Ϝ7l>3Ҁmd霖E@@'`L9H x.Ȭ45`yvf *j>ŻǑǵ=i5>ǯ,@ 6)DW7=0k{jh*"æ$$<~$*HoчX[RĽI8~xʯj&7!p"@cUn\x+EȘKѐ%jAf'l\M)'?^漁# 9*Eh=+;[.p25 A c0qTMZȮ整n-mL@Tah1zwRfx*N @B=aƄ>LND_m^ y)d&=-Hdtopo7lwoV8eJ<)z7.)@i~թo-+m}s4tcB8Ҁry}EB 8b4Ѩ XFdеnV⣽*[?_а b>o|aMɓrW un, ZUo8M B#> b9&+PX;ZbEt/Mt܁AQ(kF1n9Ws 3 VtTjaYmR+'ؚ̔Yu}a^*TR#>eJ}`,j]&,zJ@SMOF$M?W_zx{ >R-2`0wdEzN^ҋhzŠ <%r|IizdC).9x%y o{*'Bx9wImў0?w*UI&QѵWϕ?$[<^!/{p@ pBH|^4G.F X.IJݙ/PdvNjmcA4U{̧6?\R`Q:B^ ؗ5ZݒdjWYEiP'yQ\p\-#nm^LWaZ8RbtCyȝqC]<6ocֺ. K@~ ;",vR_3}Xt⟋#N(/'%7P{\mߛr$f^Q?Jo0 ]!3r>:{_O$*nKJNk*I6_+l .B? 9w;:X5_z̬Ƈ·U#HH1^ nnI"GZm\ ڡ }e!9^(ӆ4˵hCH֛n]?`3 f4W;HWRL0ѲUendstream endobj 166 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 325 >> stream x]Mn07Nh6&VU 3T,Eo_LZϗ8._)뇱[>=(*ØQ!ivk;koP Mq>QvTlO8*uʉM`J6 l 5ɳ1TC @:ѧƖ>U]X"R2HX{H=KLO)0N5"u $u :J"u iu 4R@/)R:Gu mRpl=Cl3.>EU;b៧yrۓȘendstream endobj 167 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 12 >> stream x|endstream endobj 168 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 15752 >> stream x| xT9n3w;L&3 @ ! $,Fv &Ȫ숊>E0RvZw& ZmU _]VQh2{Ν&X+&*@UP13V0 *ܜ~ Fcx#Or|o^姤'!+wj_?.p#A֒rzeh%#839=?% M[aG{g3?;2,"#?VZ ]Eϣbk 4Ԓd5[~O<~#pp`+5ti.4a;ACat gПM ކOgz9?__I7F6w)&'_r^.Kr\5̭Q'>ӰΥC^yy,Ɂ{BnBUwCqћ kEx" Vf^㭰w_`~?1[Hy ,^Kz<@z;'q&ƹ"n*ʵsg"5|Ӽ̇<>'"~3C/_uCQJU_:(eh|@Pst)77ϋ2nL%]VK2Dd/H&p3pV1ZkjeZ*m3ь1"U/|{˝8/c/'?f(4(}ߊz g/ǥ .82݁VF@ǻx݇64PHt_|'q^DgavU8s ݉[ft 0S%n^W܊BMB[qݶq|ہO;}@-7r|9W^,|>oP8A}p.Z~=^nH?F?ؙ->>Dg[: >JBN S#I'=GqC%x(Exesh4$bR$&nRĺADOtSВyYl▦aOBu)|q䦝٥A޷2B;;wFR4eFi m$>s ta^z#;Rxt39m")clRlE6ؚ@g ͽ)gQ>9)Mc͋B].9/Yܥص2ْ 1UPܡtD)sGqs8f oL'u*i>}?%ĕX0 939b\ œ!TrN%""dSD\1xK)H`lXK`Qh <:4i$؍Ԓdsђz{-K^o&"SПM8WOa]+ok)RٖYۆÞqCe(I"AR UM?!>XrpdJJir4R_<}%_ 35>9y°a3wr0` vvմgx4)B 2ח>1`J%L+iYa>;GOF9%ֹ/ݱ$Qb;շӗ>rO05ew3 <~dqtv.B\Q]iNJ6RKh5&DФ5KŻ-l:Uk~S7drۤ|(k:Qr ͥ!BP&V?xXE,=/È<-O:JTP,Z!Ϡuh 3 PВ#$bڧ 7r:^N$5VfuC;͹,wtMPYKs35;&ʃjY A\M=b1~(AdcLϯN6Ig<@Z( Yb Rb[tvMQȌ"Rj7Ii.AKͩ%z`p^exJc0FԪ`jMsrb:Ndzbgjcb"țKcq%dDh+Hu'՜.*gzJݐ$ , Iu̎5Gڀ9HJ4rOŔo3?$;n[0%?nq{2wmyהB 1>*C󉔘N[-nuTkT.[Z>m*$m vR- +attF:[W񉥍m"JdJm <"LOАV}H]jsڤVZeJDj^EbOw \'ħUA6PޟN_ 9ͺ|]9aK0 ,H*3d]f+nkCsX˯! ZQ-w$ 5G+_rP"抺ŜpWؓOF7;>p9jqKm#tUk!pq@|;!pĴ4a-. uGJmw0EAHC`^ՋfAX~{!Y v!g%*~ %=֔cK+{칺YKgҺZZ1ZIZZPxiMeKZIz` deF)39*O=sh Opb/I|~X{k$F!?OOvr95B8 ,|}>P  pg$ #E%S!X!ibywɻ07+J3 Y fQ i\ʸ@?_wp' MB)F@ :"@ꀰ>)e+"5o@xB @NwC7}TwbRC~C~'ɯXy_אBy;7jMPR(zt C\, A$I^9^3PFe RWd@ &zihs7@4Jܼ %lFeQb"h5 +gƑZVFXanD<~ї<`S#sqw܆;jq-H*8Rt`wcqFܑqܑ;"R#e,gIO-%:HFQ(fO*Ti4)ўG/] 22l 6e@5A83i"΃b%j ,p; l8A hmfK2'/×zP$(!%La[.%n}r/iAZ#OY7ٓIX7~;q4\\0WC:md(di9 !-5kDqҷ 5G8t4HoCo9}#Vph\XPXw6 ^bZI&A{u%au#y0\6\ժ !$5;":BNob>B-YXT*RXʑ0(l h Ā Y5IKdSi3X!4&U ]RN4̛R'%y>,(&aΨaԸdCL64ua|_3.074nc{4-qos3yjUS%j08gRꡆyM=39UtRwa9>__wMssi>77z(g)M롈!WV/C|@=Yژ__וx#h#ɮZ㬎uRYPX@!V%J*%*wUuBZY,I~'%gB kշChKݳejYm49^ZtMhZˀ&5OnbmQMd80?X:aqo ;D3sæ(2&Q_]ЊmbͲL4Z\ y4#! i)\H9R6*&.,ua$b0K9Q#N$8$K9Q8Gcd 2G(K*g*g T!3:jE_G_ E"A>Ԏd1dK"32H\k*jD%-`[z`7 25.hpo#/L} @7Z@p Ȃ,>ɂ/ Ĝ~ VG}#BcUh}c ]mor\S1hu;t6[D0 >`+fD`HSl6` 0&a#C (F<E` 7 xHc{%gZ@?Y^`_-_!PUsƨ[_9 N+UCwо:Rg/lvȾq㚡,eE#D0LP`\cV^ixC+"&  - Z 6l(.szc+!q@,1(%8x/ogB#?zyH^௅#_<{z.M[wGڧ~$hv ;$.kJ['}-JdXqXx˽wC2Z%ӟQY'7ecF|ˆ=DxTE! ,vY- z{^0PKQDj36{xl`8-[u}'=eXtRvTcD_S`x穚AY`E}KtlPt| OGpq -U6tEe%I^ {^i/s.;QWU/YS|=8U&?AҚ{w 63իLwNE]Z.˰: ZIku@ FxeXȂ,Ml>HdTWP,dl4bqq1eP[ɖ00)ȂYp< ςcYp^͂#C޶F>ϕ7x.1=o>O;/9g1z>wB, D)Ųbl[L-***yiy7[`+HPn6-K,+۔ߑ>\gORQpW^J_/b)}o{i)X]tQ/N"5m2U6h3E hKEGMi, D JOҎRRؠt㈶ d)p2-<|BocEh}%LJGacڛMDіw4 Lyf6k TH*nlHk3]h8yN`Md Ղ1U+ũpb%DB)1jQ^b6(I>Jn"f%oߎ30eq)Ńrh(?p0}YaSeJ*R0R9^)A 7te֊qEߙwOS+xJwq嫷="zC{1_tSo* 'ݲ7ene,j,{ *+;1ĉr~2?ċFh0Zvql +"Xǀ y'vo78\kFfan&37BY\TkH>+VB}gA0p›b5ЋVF?zD,^J Ȉl6< VRFl:nF[5/6J:T 囒a J$ƪ5jfXMBE V)ip:2uh;RD$+m@ü!t5Y{`4&X~hpڐ6xj㚡t~:GY#Gdr0 bb]|`/ ^RcHhP媻r>{n/1]=uS8/`}k^~s󹀻nC8UH.6;Y TV.)$&H:vml_,wX{]2yx9 FA36dP>\փZ viZ)\?ͦ:pN:Ă=&)԰;z:y73~S1s/w:џ #'Sد`o1Bp% q|.=2HߏR_:eE#]R̨qfP3TCs?HQJf`<%Z UτϠ fz }\١5^ֽ`z`e?$‘ǿ8pݰn.$ 1 F#y/!E{k0LEo}MJ7,S *l%=s}6o0eԵ H(y3N g~sox tFÞ='D}S$%ݛ@f}{D U N9"a1>$F0)0̰W&2h9z_|mpˊ$lZ?ƜY~^d9¶c[hu;//O;WQfɬTP&pd9S.͙.'b{ep\eXm^\]<y\rFO[]WW* MTLv+HfryBVA^z,ɯ @eȪ&w|ETx2u[ʾ%2dˀU]hyvoq'k"O7:xއS<ønOq9TY +/̔ŲS2g: ioJ̏7C}K1~f9hXzkaՄEN 1qcGu2vj9fSuz3,-[]+tΙ;ȓ_sNۯ;'g&ϰ& G42"G,DX?yN5zơ\<5/K;!9s`Po2PQ|?_Ih 3bh*ƭeg# gvgc# g9Y~P̂Y0SL( f,8ƒ[`[LǯJȂY38`{lɸL Vg,q'mbx 9.!6`#_O8{k|(F<#;XڙSҬEQNRP)ٙ]*v&Dӕ!O;{P- C=YOj=a~b;91̉:HYL$3X/cq|aj0HJ %!EĞ{r1;Q@h}xkOz.34'TV&;2,wZe`K5 f(J?(Tׯ]΄ltW t ?o>`A*r@-9:Lsq%ݣ,?K#j3"/)<^-o{Z&noӲ\k𩁇I֭O Jznِ-gd8 -'_8j_γ5 J^rWh1Zgw{mBX+YN6L8ͥI[bMwYE^Ob7/eMo+Ď!fN<:sf * YrGpMo}d &:31D:zɏ_w/ ZPɌ~A`Ivuגn]>K5Ag Z}S._30 m!Rj }hD $D,H0L|S{'NʨRTPH<{Lϐ,**7Ј?gRrScnB4 # @O覆*GlИP< Mq#i64בƭF|#ɰx$wqwK Gߑ_@O?A.m+tA.> QBg!U6 S.,\;4REnxʡlwdN_Z<\k]?CdcC=]Qo92zԺ#rk`yUBBtfI`ˋmLC_v/Ph(k,nt[wxKo{tGu3/޼x鲅{p{`W}qj\8˯1Lu $(}_繋N&crw֗*P߄EXa ˚\֬Lkc2Lmlmlb):43MxR3L춱,lg飚Yl:>_w8R1̣#v{o\8g]83 #^eةvBwj#窚3[n $s~6ّ1S,LR44Zd`꿠ېꟹ|b{mVޢ6O<~݌[6n71V/| ?NS9);~65{-!~TqQl6,W xxO^ip4x}-Bqh]/\o\\޳w#vEr 7_/_c^õ 27Kvd0ʒ!4[I/1n%1998>Z&($EF d2PF"E@ ]GguL `fVcZdR٠ ZLmaBԆ%H?Dzze $f.%e}bu8sI^TdNnr0ϸDXbqk325i⽌y"j(IHTSws93{]=;vv'.oN?p._c|%o›h4W|AvTMYp\Ak_Yg2lʂCYpP=jaRn) *4.]S˟R0kZr.iQu"u :c~;u MP%OX[y.^_0[_cZeYmtfۭNݖN۽ʎ;X=͘# G00&FB#tLYF;HqednA@0 # ($AjnbѤ]*׾Audو@iT.l5 Y}ˡ{XO1K5_js:bkFOhe7ؒJٽڍxٝIJC8G=#yi2+lE D ^K%`qR?7%D!ˢ_ݺy[& rm/^|6x8Gzƺ1dklۭܷYee 'زM 'k/.#K{[BK) 3B2vs`uaWکmСF]֛QM8XsՌɸjp*ZHw1_yLg\g]AI*1 AQt4ɬLP6\f\?JOgʮIubhAdmAL/mߎ7 U#{plJItT뱊2z=t}޻urUKp\ܺSv_]>j)mKv}fL\ɝ)۩5&$E dk5}BQkbü*B Y24LaW.#6T[2c$w3FlCƈ#6O꠶6B~qUg!Mrw1#gq7T fnHܐ=o;#M SodiYw1{7YE)L=s=hlƀf='}_b ֍O߲0a&}w<}ߥ܋'O˷FQi?(@~|6/nWj@i<.zEC%~75%}9ƙMSu#6vL'x/;+4aD`-m91TUj9բڈ-R8\d6:<T`.5TX ifGٽұҹ}rfNnnݮGgLǔ#O俸aPtCj)i y[NeCЮ:~+\i!#r:6ndT$PH  6XG櫦 ч'A *@KZ@0+j+ )뼆sjZcLK~JJΫpWU^D[AZ~ P]GU^d&jkfkWf|D)vׄi^{B0 ^ykjGok,\R\m ݼ}_> stream x]n0 yA 1Hv04m{4qPQ(~m<> stream x|endstream endobj 171 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 9246 >> stream x{ xSUIi^m9I$mWJ)TzZ V@aE-(R'Q@Q9MQ[CFGgơf|2sIp3wk?o^{tE7uG_k#Kڮ@ IpP?[R^\ں`9;rRHY#@r%qKB7X`ɘҦP>:m[2,h@J!C@(ŖO6$3A#($9 }{wIa*-tG M@6`L%<~Dp<;㯑}3 ߡ t㏃CLY C~:</pT+*Ao׽[ ` dA7 ? ~E)H)Nܛ{1n4r I!'ATALp [8_wkUş5'ͦwş ԧ-2Yw6I#A2R']MWsXm j ;@90O0 +I'Wd+'5O^:9x~1H# 0UW[^cñ߀\p%kж?>pxG_s[2Xsf@{(Rkww?ԣEBxGg+"GQV%y|E'Zu]vZK;D?p.ǵsp qśy??/g8Lrl^/5Ja&|.iw>_b[Sb}ZONA53 .!Իԓ2\MZZod%r')'k&2DGӀ]bT'Ei߁ኾ{эhz-~tbA8Q\_zT Fғea`p9KcƝXRbָ2~w -b'{҃;~7Gd#<'K >R& _h 迢7q]%Z\'C7 4mgs0׌d$ø7Nc~ %v"_4.\I,ƨy'ǓmQOqU| d.- 㠑 YkߡjHyqܡɐ  twϘ8v„8idfW{z [xDok=r͜&je'T// -lo-Hw9v[55b6% Iz(;eJ+{`ł*"/QU}K/H* u^NOlް[9槩-jވy:ZB":uZ7I?;U_$&aN{z}Q3^7ֈJ).om2 W`86 +d"B5)duE0el6ݛ?}F nVa6%*N8~,b)_ܚu9Y{[|q0X꫏tfq4zOY!n66Zu&r[ykKҸu'rapչ*^PkY9eҖ^%adH`8zMͩ,0e ;Bq/r&^xEQ ?a(e12E79m^^w7=ե5 Fj`Y'\ GJ01'㚢rYAMtFFB4xc tlNݰ0= ra0kmIZF[.#^nilK[:A!ܚhom9]mC%D m#9%ur3NGr4S[) Au NVwbLIao1"P4CG؈ʄ剗/͡64_Vt/w-n.ht0Nb)JK+fk0s澦(%tr&ܛmx_ZjY%+YyjUKm Z#&̉@24yT:m+!3"3k9AmL|XИ|;{,\&xfVk.$5= < f(W Zm&n2<$e%LȽ{O4S*ڂ%AL(U .:#F}rmK'&xaʣDh-]+D`@ڌ OH#S{.cz )ġ\Gjx}:**9L!C Lw ő8ur;gf\瞆5H{Lo3yϔZ"WGMA$nEV(-(VMЧO.1FTz#*eoK,*hQ(3;J Z!K9[b0z}&sIWUx/jΆM\xab8ќdΡ8#^$Nˉ}UקKb5D|K\J%aN+Wgԧ3l6pM8&4:rQq8L|(K\=7F廹gI(qO3C*A)?)Z%:n*&\M[Zr`nݘUƕƕFۀ-P ڸa 3JALvNhA4%ZW.i戦b>CrIan*S:쎒Hpu ;O ;0GAz1gZЏT!?"?%>dQM G2o$cOɤJ}u.<tA@>wQk"#Wsq}_&3ؾQH Ce\(R=}lt#9͔RLΠPIC -glrKt ";e\ |EE8].wrW& ;(_rpS$i ˕8'6/ ]mj`zZU{`>V#AB -6ۑ@S@DI"ц6ц6D!MEw"1DDDQDDADDE0}#FD4"*hDDhDD#"U2"d!#BFYEȈ!"D!E*E(BD(BD"TnDVnDF[EF[EaFfaFfDUY]N$F0"1"1aD aD #b U! !dH !d!CR!CB;TcPtHkvD젊TݫaD(P "D(*BAEE =Q=AD"zTD긝H wлHZErURj8;Ww.kU~fSyHZM6 3#@ځ.IGD5w S8-x8C!}HM aO8"h uWSG1f5]Hx`Zh a-od)yX9GyZG/'PWF4$8R?0 #ӦWKQ8J\9+^]HkʑJ |HZrHH$7l6WX5]}oA `4P?h`T#B݊+r{J'{1*D'*Dc] #UxmqތϊJsQlfTEL:ak.i}#Hި4YVT`Z'iPH3O$E#;'setiz&CWE =}߫cXiSA@7CDd+J]RQpBZ%]!-fI->JWK&tR#v8gJU[%Y HC̾0>oy!f(I3SO,rxZ"^%ֈE%3E6Ek&k ZVjAkAư SCYʫy3e)M/g)ElMaU}jj'qVuO:饗=!{aQ2RQ_Id$ q\T5nV^ +%, 7(wfjh2cfz6b'T1dc(7xRpr~1FU'LVe|U>H=~*uf&EnU\#IBI!xS;:RoDH:G~2֜Qk??5AWܹ(+kE(oZPݽ;G~G.ZVZֺ{DQ\텣uMͽGh\\]Pld j*YglhfUlj6V5JRǪ[W 5W'xMңG=ms聉<= +obDbMլ kJf?h49VO {FXmi 5(e3yUyO*QP`C%^, ~SU, hPf7(f&CEjX7vԺ^?>ATtX.HhAY.="eO>WfɊxAw9Z>}Y>~+,Kp|2uyJpr2KpR--[{|==־ +](#jQ-63ьLu UD665îu}$Wt+s9R;UPDB㧣uuaH_vP *94|8&FC:8法+TN;_ U7äcX|9Y?dGBQsOx$O'Z4q מϼf 9V#I0^9mb{֕+3L,1+;/7yʲʼe٢Xt1`Yr*-[n̻/m]i5v= vMxC69OJFlZOodGfgcIQ>)'ck_e!KdWllh-msvЯġO봬Ʉ=ZrZKN{U%s^lߏ.ҴSf5T+*NA i l2 VfqX>_8YUSV9 ya9['1ZVrK%e_8e~˂;/3/yF"|s͛gm,\{k6.%v>v6Q_p}{۽sj4X5Δvyfh2m+ҧdLE7YZvz+ 4ܴfz/%")>2bK1Liv}&[dSLL%_|ff>FkM js$]ޘ#| 6jw9B9N!ar~Ǒ b=Bܞ~1O''Gy&>_ߨܩ&?7r(6K*}=K gy?ݗa;ޗfg|XN3XBw+mӂNqjnA(M:+:4|:l$?h64 Z. 81*Ia#gX5-Mb)/fpC>[ q8a朆00Y c#^WnG`9/iio_IXRJ'5Ճ)ȚVCo+bɆS/bdj5B>?u5iS ql &";=-O\4ed]2|x}!xv ߸:@ Ϩ |޹cQ{ܯӗM#Wce{&$֘KN!)C)4EԖBaت`g%o^?Zn}΋J<2Wma5g*OWbx5'{ćd#DL/B6pd{_껑O$ɨ>PZFƕ ̓Fq,iaaqcl4!It=%J)JNԋ{HcW\ Ƭ~G; !'tB|B緧IrkuuzڪYyuKhkPg7(gÉ[Õد>gZ*g'+> /Font << /R103 100 0 R /R107 104 0 R >> >> /Subtype /Form /Type /XObject /Length 1275 >> stream xWKoE^l'`a5B`dH"dG9jg^7)ڃꪯ 3S4xy&@&?կm~oW^u?0Zw6Qr:;-Jg94O;!`I$u96lLVgݛ-~Qχ䨇SJ8/;i'Gt$kdq1{GSul$izv2kU$\U)X18Ks$g:9~[>7Gzu72R^l n7y)D6HE  M0a/zcZgGŤ}Q<7hve֫A r F{ږDhHǓ-rjAIU+PlFbz؇?Ӂ^gPd59@(a0P$sS0q:8 Q( eTQeo"l.@ ym Oy\|7jH܂1I?岨fNupRxԂшE.ۭz6-KIsvEӫfdtm)v. T \hΝQ`I.Q[DOnV(=B':&¼nyv%hq<\O$}5.uiY{6WHԷ ÚַRY~*lJal|}.H:=^ݒ9^PE{3, 5#ᙗy?ai!I7g i=LC(vyE g\1^8dQ$5s܉c"Px)ļ  ބ 2׫/ \u#nw@nP{$D{/tR.% uj3{5W!t 2Y䇁P4s߬%v#]1,D}[CU Uz:l#f:"0xϢZHY&eh3:e/T ^@:(ᴛȰfssPg`JH(+n&=if6ua8iOƌkyBzqqIa7[#ߝY,Ѻ dt.IFg>s{b`/.8?Bb7^[Gŀ. 2(v.Hyc"i6=i4x-E#Rr} R6}_yy/"{DHendstream endobj 173 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2123 >> stream xXK][z ~w&1 @byY19\\ &ܑH%9*yQ_/wo-8/֢8=܅s>UӪ0†Q*UzXpJo7Hoʊ V_PMߧQHx N ;!ja [z[q$T;z)M8SYUܫ(ac*,6gQyq}j^֗1TfӯAtgH$3'K+e}?Eճels<}t8,x]yavG5nIT`ppDlxZ24a˪lδ@+yXV Ɛ?nqfS?+WBJ*n + Y,0ZMfGtT:dt@ZEVu8`vɱt5_&o*E~hٕrF{WX&e}F45QIAg<&/Rb 0$dUfK:#$Ouŏe獽& 7"d cm{^(ƺvjXtqЧfbdIsg,kAYs?5#g7DiCאLۘl-ւ!7`^L4 8*W|H vs<]$ĶA,q%閜ܲIt' C؞y`Z;yN86/_1{%XR$zu*++`Src76uOYPSޖTR7OAnʟӴː4E}1zhmwSspD473@ &8x1Aw;q}ȥRjXO`+X0/aը}b ;2y5o/o)z Fs>B?q:t]Q-A}3uN>4 Zej4SSM &"I񜣙ώEȧyq]oG9/ñWgiGӅv`3)0kLe dm)V42 /#w IÍq=7Sܘ[p~QM\QKo1`2PfBq>ZCvІcۍp&yP>od)q$eL50M0L%Ÿ}G_ Y# N/wOMF h w,~ystm>BQxvza?+"KL03܆[r~^)u“{x9h0|Z|6PɾY ښ'#`1mj‚@GjWcu !LPb^zI.[9:Ǿ v3TgypQo>7K%J̻|j1jXVzK-cN ?zendstream endobj 174 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 229 >> stream x]n0 yA Jv04m{4qPQ(~m<> stream x|endstream endobj 176 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 9245 >> stream x{ xUݒ4i6֖$MMKPV ӠR.PuHQĕ(MQ[Ό}FP>2!:$sߴ|?s˹{n@@ iї.ǚ'Ҏkn809q5߲ԏf-\G{v,_)k4Hr:oNȗa21w›;4xGX:/cp2T 2'(?_~"7)i÷}p 46`0(_e 쌿FW/< s >pqzHI0Xa!|opsr{;waUP5 'V8Hx;,Oas !~*x:+=Bi+7E8#Mynx~CRHpB8-~ DHS;|AtOW e!*~pU:T9D^JM?8b g [w]_ Sa$nG@t ]ýq8. 8Q7aXH:,"[?.Ǹ'x?u ;x/"MZQzO" ؋h =DZO<$3>C{&בհRACAU|'剖L#gwK?>/bOvO wE<!z7B29[сz'"z q2+Zbx0R%x O$)6oGM&j'QpR[W8ul _DiR_ 2ewZTE`:"NQ$uw;[ lt?`E~w«[naau֓yʔs=v7+w+CZ.n4>K} ~Tb7F (VVX_Du+ZowYϵgoDNy0> zwOsףT{ 2,3~v\Rg2'ۗl g.9Ug_,a3NCP܋8/iK&@ (0Aw]N&zW#_]ZpFevr԰},J^3i )qZ.+ȿq{;Lnd>hB. O,D{(tZP4cuD)1_HHshǤy$9l1>ć9)-z,4brlL1I䓬$w1x_#LP/@Zfn2\K(^3]5E؇@LHH܋D@bQy,afbZ_pI!n/^٥X7:UJT^:) U$%KƉB$ LH; 8 Rp; .9Xcå˘C#q8p-ף5̭F;_}\g^ .%ߞQ4SV% TSL&7.Rj\XfBC3%lKWo'x|O .53l3Q(BGt͂~H ,/A>MGs"jң`hG3)֒}2?"F:,Gۑa&WkMBb&N_El JTbl_Td($JMCe(R=l Gs3JgH 9B&A)tgu%z[^!yW+*(Ź}w{D7AҍV H[(_Ԝ5uQƴWE0Ps>Ӆj3(i-R7ҝxl"݆t;jM'RMM:сDtDt *C !" " """*7hBD"Ѥ"ф&D4&D4!IEȈ!#BV2"dDȈU(BD"Q"Q"D"D!HEFnFnDUnDU &DaR&DaBIEBbaD #b*bÈFİF0"M}7r!r\GqGqr!r|t靪2(HH ;!!vHՅİ "D(PT " BA"zы^D^D"*W5.$yk蝤Ew-&*_ _| PЧaoT~+T&Sy'4$0XDZi Ij'HqZ&gFiC'}ҰDLqO<" akҩAZ`k$D0Vs4ϖ7DCyu9G}yds z:7T`"-?uiӫ_\QkJ\9+>]Hw!U  \j]ʷY]B ylZ1L1kAj 0Ah@40k"W Wp"uŨ =QWYk40Uۮ .AG\7㳣y(6+EL:ak.i}HިkIk 6PNO@b }=HZx"'F\BPhxd|ds*xk\o+z"W]ƻ6 hu.|S]ݮ"WgIjٮVG]WiBнi _uo@b *݇~aBߊCLP=`6>b<鴴EJ&I^)K'eJMƤI5:F#jx Հ2aէȳW&RxPp(\#mSKиȭ :| Z4Bcs2!8 g+FEjMaU}jn qVuO:饏=!{n^2\P#Id4 _T5iQ^ +%, 7*wfi2cAgz.b'U1dc(7CRpr~1uU'LVe|'T>H-u}~*u&EZnubjG.Tqڑ)?FE.cqWBƒ3&cA秭6HeuEmHeJ"oM`Ȣ_ئty5:w_i>ʚu}pV- U-5X-U?Y묅U]#5UƪacUXZ4Pru$p$:&3䱯I?I*$TPSPÚ𜱦dh}$OgɄfo-PR6Q̙LEfu˝*bIXtuufIWp5@7Q)3$*Rƺcui!l $H'$uh+QTwf87Z$|ћԟc²*QG@(R[[!bҵ]]tW)aT6NL4#Sepp5QMƔ~AG{]v9!գN$Fu.$Qb]1}0$. jSZ-8I|C# 1"~4:_5tj*Ƽ&Eo8 &~2_CYj6ͻ=e#yZ`) ɿ|p6K55Iz4ew֠^ukקܛuw_/6$]ailfIYSU-˖D`z솀>+++eg7[nI1+ᄡuy=?kM6?|/!3Yͬn'E0xYQ[ra\j !pogL9rduJVZ @~DBDb%rOmKH,坞,j 9IMNlHϷ?srZW=-3Yxf~Wvpe93HyVCvYCx#=VP\&,_q9әRDdD& ĄUT+J"O,O-*cRd&Ulrp<&\L_e[`[amsrVv$Mθ.~eLkOYLW-&h ?Bv-YRmիJE_ɲQ}%j˾J=aXٚZKK*B,T^Zb ~7K,6+sg7T,ib/^>CN[E ?y=rϓ94qzmXdӒ_bcgc6=7ؿ;wk;kLrj2L|2}b֖;?/u\!.`oEѐfրvD糧W_#M43؜of0[đZ}.f7d2 +J6.$iT2gfRֈ> s=r#03WO;_%A.~lS96%.Ȗq~M6vwKOzG';gH(tS!4׳F>l1VVtgIf#hոY瑡>RYdex$Q`yPsl 3F%u% nM,VǏ^Yu?++;KDfq&m 4rؗI&l볇=W6hl&?-2RSox-6p=WfT84 ?Иsg̪{74_ݦi=A?Ds7y]$A#9y#VT&.I'AL$Ky?Q7;k5a6}c9%In>OWWxmM]Ϳƿ;k{O1>,!c1!cj8[^-9²њTkT+IIͧ6lN`R6 zCT,"4m3 ; jZĪSN_ L" XFr&L wrxh[XWtnG]`97?[W\EXRJ'5Ճ)VC"WĶ '>^>&1wȴkj (PcA=mn~\ڈv+N0@d8Èl[DQOx5Bdxf 싑L'ت* =D], ?@3S ]qd&;H\wvNצh>F:H;A:ҌV#B3jha4@߁?5LRqc\h2EFٸ(r J9BS$M)t詞Y6V"(!&cm݈U AϿl+9S5\j3$#c~ďZ{AW\'imɜ2?J5&Ӳ.2ɤG2_JHy( e4"zҲȦEM ص2H[_:̜Ap5b&v 0$ X!yr~cƨ5&,A8}l{xT9964s8MRYGvqQ}'cS)siwQͯBfNÙ(ƶKJIHp8[~%<+1\7ݴv;OKZSC)M]t9I(Wƾ!m˗?hDǎyzϞ'a96 ,w yM3iQ|w/rEr2BpWÖo^`:wRS&JrJ uƜ6&(>[Вߖs݀5NL"9li`i`KI[ ;tFA6i~蔓IB]!, U9voKVmag"nqim)ޱȦQӨL5mMWMgi2q; D16Eѓps?ѐ4oQTaSIXg%2W~孕I;$N?k+Q^Gȱm@l#o]J,<בNSg$lf) ꓒⷂ DW>g ǠsqcP}uOWz.~lG8ƇcgUN 5&l|.:Ŷ M1,[w[Gt__J4Ma<|) O) ߈iHzZ Y*f#5|Q@c7FlUҿyhVv쯫nendstream endobj 177 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 370 >> stream x]An0E'R4dEE T$ď /|\a͋e _qaKyoØwCXӓ0ܛ9+o3|[{<7X|:HdP.>&ĥo1;ŧ~8cꈪ[nXiKȲUt5"JrjVGD#"Ji#+G԰ҦZVJZXI(ҪJdJV:1zш)ˈ)1z6b t)m/@2S_b tcH"1RHL>)2b 1%+d +Z,aVLZ1T(@eXHL>|)e*C(C0Fy|_CZendstream endobj 178 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 11 >> stream x v|endstream endobj 179 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 19388 >> stream x |T?~ι;3w5I&3 @ @$% ";eS@7VEF}[.VkBu[[Ԫ-J-/U1sΝ;ɹ{ llF8 SAЄ;h Z }|)m8\BF H;J~{8ϊEdz)Ófmg2,##?FZO} ݉An<xށQLun51? [[_࿲5[|“GG{ ؆_$~ ]?Y+)!M+U;|ϹWʥ\#mVvwG>5½.Ig)QCF_>:P9 u0 C] }/pn֠¸OC,k&|5MA_?C/m(k(2L!s{YE6G&_pg㜜fp*n w w/^ĝᾄoW_ʧ4?__+WaQ/oHITǹ\3Ej2MSɓVr=#eD2Ad9C&r,%c̫^iIyx_5|DPFsn4^Cpǰ?~ϫ8O'y?' > _fԳsӠE\T} #Nߊ+K]oCET.+E~Ỉ!?O׀0'xM{P]*z{Z͟ ף[Цvt_8܂qn۸A,l( |4ădbB}"ҏ.Bk В=h$mp'_I|uh#*y/L'Gّ,$_$#ؙ$D]oBԔ#pwh2.y+6mpe׭]KV]zAEsL6&8qBu5cFWYQQJ%JKh$ >ҝfSY#U5'w3 J{HX :2q(>N&Ň4%_i5|MQȪxs"9<-K}D[ߪD3-X()]k;`h]p؟=ELS$Ѷ|Zۋ\2GFVu.c Ucb)5kAg1mQb&0D&"-iM3UQ׊P >mʬYQvth9=?#$Dp@߇,ϕI%)Y [t&TVR˜B'#Db ̓]6v2[88҃t[t##Hu$zG8QȩS{WO`UY /i7wuv֢a{c9*EH"\LwZ ?1~Id%8>=wknԒIS, kffBzaÚuq`0-RV3o83ǣE%$3 Cijd 販YV1CsdtPt]]]]'zk?Yqnd}OYGVv#. 1"ݘSooM%2%U,Vc*PMN[wօKZܺ`2cJ[wkSJ -t'Nw, ]CdV?@Y_я+2VL7ob72X#U2,4kWjpDG 84?ݰP Dci"#J@݉NM8 \qgD#]iAf'Ԥe2h9Vp!`I϶Pc PM (!(_nH׬:>38Y>]%qM &2qP͈uuᛀ^Yjn!\+e:/FC7JuHnYwF.vx7h}_H5{J+m޴kiǒLq눶+@Kg-8Lp 8Ur&u9icwh^ 5h;$JPo+JԐw=3ŷ+s4FI2< ْHf}[:_e9}. T'gfgFsrh"؛+Pp[/6{.V,h/<=쒠0(}LxG[tg|J,zc<@Ck!E2KJP嚡n>m#C [3(Օ&&Ce|*#f 6WQdw vLeCiNAd} v1ݬ袸# =rw@AW-z|z A'̤{mp!|\nC%oCڬ,2gUK]'$gBUz6HѢ0ϟIOXf%m~N[j¥FcGR-M_\ m} &hIH@B@;^tdWEP9UE~7}C"܈tQl?WL\qNVlH!G˸b(a{#NH!($!ңqH tኸhOt&u@M@MjV&r-PtZ (I]lNrUKWA/]xryڶTVB=hGT:=;Gp*y܎;qE3;w ]щa Fw;Ýqg w&qgz̬eY3z'SI}zxt =) /5+i^[dPE8E1H< ЋF/E^ 8aiC>$BRhlm5&H H"k'ڐkn0\BɋRbQ=b<8[L]ؾ_eGdEw|ߓ:b87NB>mfcQTyg 鉶iΞTUvг>}'@~=m=䙽7^T?@U{UVu;x'vƮΈm=[Z;7-zq k^k4k썍&M;"n(ŋjJWjJJ*bR[eɪ,ˢDF?{HSy%UeC7Z8Zf]ϜY*8Bb f-/edӳ2Ҽ [1 J3Vp,-9B4Ʈм;Pп)j>6mzFM;kakا.Җat6 p~)>@^UT#1Ei1IږF,)}~ACğ($ =O ?G`Z?88G?8{5 1K\%$l@/ܡ/ Eqպ ZdnNjԲ[u]r%r\8sw۵99 jH/rJFi)⪫W_+Jf/y~5$8=8yv|٣m]`l0Φo#hҹw:bY$U)!Yn1NZĝWvB4`OLB@%d1Ϟs:sΈ/4-G(JD)Cہj&^LC':23OH~Pݨޏt r?Wg `շɘg=&Y馴: ]V*#|ٗ?_$xnAshz m*I{}],RxF/%+U oGPM-ϻx$_Dz1,7óc;c(Rf@gftjR_Ŀ:qDMr!lj3dGvlZC`-F.Ji*sgR׏2\N3l68frȹ :p6Ȏg?6qˡ"ѡsZŵ-=Za&mqIzLY-cb 阔i e@%K [KyҾ)}=ҾQe@ M\ .wØѨojG"ݜTaIND-TnhlrurN/9Ss)9KiQ"'9'9g(]]z!clw^yh3`.Nh:9~LoB" ! o{Ck@[.<@HT[vQ;pb PΫW,IL uyEʢdfo :O];U'=۞|ګl O֬\R7{?wώ\ WC//z+#NR^%j9-Bbr ~gT@ 4o}-Ė"D_t  hޢ|18-BEP@mԷ((Uv*)rL9HH)NeW踒UԘx)"w0{(wWE)) ~y'Ga穮2FJSnUK}GEA&9@|i{9yY PƠVlyŦoǫ LUc0C#>}}}ߎ9Sg4`}<'zȓzgSS_j]l^ v @9,cgD[eAvQ6[m^U k4[)AS<6/5ܰnN'?ciٌquY?ۜ EGqu |(  A[o)3@rO+F!6b\!03D朢~}tqs !Ӎ:;u cN0S1KQeUR9QO``x2]j4U[]Xw?7g`&j}4rU@>׎G|yWOv7o]sfrM6-~J*P_Neri0 h hVz:W!@ͮbu%TE?,^J}XVMRNj8+JsQvJU7Իg']Q.}ҪGȊ;~;svUش Ӳ vY:z{}A4뱜@(bܒf-b|F f}{9TX,˄˔e+Wa" E"Bm=JX DyV; x а7VoY!S H JzT`C 6hȍ!Q cpA'i̱:Dh9,0yΘ  i9ۤ1e*T23`c @]YEZv17tt{p@y$0SBarp6ded`@L10 ȴn~l޼xp][8po^_{ 2U ([^Ð]E:(TThq Zs;gӧk{UWo-Uk: k?d8Z|)7;mEhp݋h '4fi}*Gϡ =@wOhOӴ\"1m.x A KXf_"70 ;T CSeg Dހ)K-g_74g~}T0 ԑ_F=֥=L5DiZ0/V' 7  Lu ,59Ο5Q2f< C,5|*L6 g0,Y ,ۢ%)ĕPp)QJ#]B A%He0ȦF`'Wyawډ(ɢ,Ty-+(L܎1>0 轀"S0Bdd;$id.IE";\38m =T `UTVbSkkL@غz* T} kK#kL;r{M_:;ĥ."g#,څvemNؠ>) ct[L^Z],p{V2u͸eAN` //Y{\q2EE rP*vX.{qrYe rj00`iWӹ@ȼ aIiS_#"9s3^3ʩfYĝqK_(z(aQD[?7gh jyDG&iISL[̧t'g4u\1&'ao [-IFHs* L:q鿝bNRf2=ԓܻ_dљ \-m 3/fQ׼ZDL[T :U@' :Q@%t<U yʴU۔,#n] vva,BC &sp~nűDAMz`Rs8dsoӋ>1I59`hdƆDAO*00clv-Cc^,Rg?GiꏺJRO`өg_ШP$[KH8QrS,׸r|u\koL<] > \҆5YH[?ss{,^>MM27Sgo>g<~"W̮>¹\EmP1| diUđ(QO-jq`Jގ} 2Re*YD(-T={U[K#nfDOՠՠ:nf/8C6:Td1nUqj#PRX\4Cm-MnU.5jt\#_\;-mҭrtmYcOV_A?WAoGVϢj<D~zu.2TE0:.7yؘHCT8)#3+fLn4njbsE^d9^EQGxc^~ ."˄`QRaZZlv*DǑ=)(C> 5R'ápv38}x0*v Ҍ~d@d`5VzqZ4''r>5pӥm%^v3WaE˧WX>T{[hԱG6fHyQ,7*z]\)8@ 'jq(܉8V)qѿ[@c 1Gq3?¿V>.mF:zfݲ^ ?:݌c) n[qxB^vEFtд(tЅvОz.] SqЮڞ V Vg6y?PK\xK8'9Pq裫LCz4w&Jd v$wgo'ȧYwvj5.Q`\̮LTAIσZ`LS$l",HaJͰQMG,,[E6a$aD·$(k.8&r}EM"`ņ l,HVʒޒ>9ySP`ANӼjܦ&zO']6c4'\}VɚK r] tJc6Ib4?7nj6?6kI O109Eg0{rlp$N[Pa[_1BLWzn&z 3n3ig:~7< ZflBH3m6Tx[UΰNWFtʵr8m}]9nָxگq]wum'm]}@ܛ=Ac&{l9C0}q NMw݀B^'VԜ.-iSQ=E(GIu(=NO&&/Oĥ9Cό6ZqF`V;HS_$`p`Mπ<O'u v;i5 @ xQ~iVƱpV&8IL4W[f?Ƿ;we7 *5P>o+ ?@u 9z?SMCXP{twbUWJ ^wӥO.nҧ:g_1۷m%rf, 1:wN.h1 Ol}OFAOsl$N kbYc[M$d'Ddwl9p(pqQ,('HTQ l$S5%m8ngmu\8 ;46oMkaKub[4I7nh3o~x4W oP['  5&Y S{oo FDB{=@d>J~mېet}v8aIF2OLlӴbP /8r_ nob:yů\ܫ( _4 N$5k ,~XEyEzFVxVD:;r/~}GR- $ӵ%d ޏ|I{QQކG-6߀3^6DeV'֝ˆl^6t_6t N?5NkUg kr@k~%iTHe,~^'[/uQE_}0aK+U0 0` `\hs\aoVU޷ǃlx㆟ozd٫7?{땏!9xw}1{ۿȭM=?- }ݾ|ox+o\kkkxӬozuc|3/5=R# 9A \؜<$Q gN+1[ Co\WEes0ݚ3f-͓{)貕i<{jo1F'~"Og9s7)N9p%p#Kz! z?IXϕKث'gP:<$|a ƃwMQ P15Շ] Շ>}׾$~w6%sV8O`#TK#P-D9\UMgy UF*<$Q7fy[#{Eو9rfbV5;Mqk 8.Bߌ.j6%zMM APt uf$$*7ƢTnҶ؏fٿcptsÙjv{@(l-{p!G~әdLûas8O$]ɜU;9%4{([߭K]ӘË;ȭ[8EI|yEu: zߺPGrvsxtJpI^E%Y1XB6'6Pvƾk+{[\ip8?aRbN ߯fk0̗k&l!= C⶟d#?$7$'XbeWv;6_ ^bU~Os)NuK.׽֞-S־|{S۶= k'o`;/>w>>9W$~D'w3r͔=DsӘ,&,6bcR Ld@Cd/^*нQՑ\j/+eCGQ]D.doLb@m9V`[4zW–)lMr}fŲ>3bJf:'Æd¥ o H'-=TPi 0}էU:ô&QNe܈Son~ ]f:|^h.گv6" qd7M2)~wt$$- hAR8uDváqpw;v< 3GxMQ- 7mvہmPCd3҅xgLׂ΍:I˾ɓ. CAÙ?{Tu62o}:9< vjV\%??,pۈdߦge48V1GvdN=ޒGUIHjg$6xo6|mcmp)e_\`W…ߏxl<ϝ=K䯝?K4BB]KE Ma\(ߑ0[kd1)_&l?ɝ{:4ҐZe7!9fX%Y;:*Sv#d I9]/W+Ne~JBn!նO:^!֘Ez˿ ~/-2.k^8K))9l4$kjf8Z%q Gc<\|ficSםLNH|`DNo AIO 5O6?i&T%K/I-㝜,Ȟx&W ~n䁱K7r'S¥E#&>3h-id wUwNxyBnCc3.O ysWO Ńns-żˡâZC55]}y=wG1$+N-_]NP U0d҂C/C/#[ OU}@iˤ $y8~ɿ-NWi %ji5Es ܝFBDTw#,IətХc- m ;IJhˎŮv-K]]\].եYp3f,"~~E1 P \^ٙ%%qv pqN^2\iUHǃ*yv<] zI{F;]J7?a*ޠި" e op".gz=%%MGۃ- 6gL   rCIr4QY¼µǵ8y`=Cq7*-B rh4޵DApվ^}3Noh4ަ'?=Px+{Wq\+n@U@t{(iT0ʠ݇.r`qmO\9g `֤$O r<T0r]B Tl6wP0T{8[;n͊mڴcK/%ȭ;0-`=N%8:1k F0o4Kf\2|ꁮH|l:Ctd^]/4tQn6SnөM9CbJUQ"5hSٛ=qut7ܯC=%l¬Oz؞ƲnSrc뇻ylg ғ1S՞6-érPċfT`;8; l>k >|#83u`%];x!H8vb9!Wr>ODq[> stream xՙU5Ӱ&Ykt Kls؞dOʣ ݧ[R+Ǒf4AG1k ^Xw9mW;=c½^ջUU*<)W,X#~XCU綾6]iS}qt:\~7׿vDyj\C& [iJJ˖mVbeeU#/$)Y&K䗒_IVHVJ+Y#OV2OrddAsG$K^(yTH[bRtyB ɵ$oKDHʟEWM0l-|;ŝ8k7>钛MozF|Q!^󖄢Z2z`m_zY݂^ zPu/F sT-{OJ永,:;޿O Ol|yK^'&ϧUui:/7#U_+NJnpWhഺ(>"FAa1: pl,ERXPUjXyX_n%۳s)_K;AxibD~7fRE=$hѨGnjքJhvм|`-%Ã6A80#cF f`nSF}XHīm ҔjmX%//()/}uMt(p03Cj)2~[;Ǽ<8 < XvzGMfH̵K/żgΜmTF0 008#n-vYQno+9L n,Vц@·1wp:,ڒvRkyj .N3+jQ7F3۸P:m# ; ̓m}P.$ Ovq8~go'~RIjFFĚ=ʃSN|unL)? ϕ}vq^Yf{L%Ly~RUrde}'L'ns~ZŕQD}lKreǖdBD(Dž{da>f^7Q)+`xMi{Aa ݁]q}~jp >x@GIAS(Ql^dž8X!w=a.{ xn(^Z@LCXTp鹅'fHdir ߪE[Vb,P Ɇ8qx^6&bD+RrNKgo.t73)F$y$Uu+XT!zPfVOZ0 /8*8t̵պպM3H.܅mT%٠'rwXk܍@g˦tgv9fHلqXK hq­GlP,ZGV?8tbҺD+` հ.©K.D}sA3xnP) MO qղZ: i hw肷後g?dži*[-.7XovaU殒Zm֝pNXMS jZF[ +!*WWycYA K0e75| HuNpeVJ ŠTC)kB /<=9rqM)-kLfrKiKe(S1 O< E\x(*&YJ\`YA.`|vth\&ݒ{ze?vs.z ׅMiK ڳ|Ꚇ EyGc&06N$ ?᝱OwLPykrk-N+←%oxP;'~,RθY\?}|N1!8+/nlDw vEZtϗ\gmIg| uDA{a2YNb05BueEe mX܇ [@;hwU̫x|\G\|DxuzqɆgJOőt2?y9؊:.uACs\C*_]{PIïU;A>nyJZ.$Tk ܨmCrҀFRC>MfVwYE),NX.r19,+oB IcEc(;֭ aBLy_4"R;4]r[2f7Y4.J̿+haAZ%xt'xgmyh0P  DS)Yi*=5$mx[Gj PYKD}#s0lV9Ba-l.rL#8 uǻA/>4n^)~Tm#_^f2tnʉ|u1ѝ<{p0E%xlߜ}o.oePXd*.[U Sڭ:<;o@1ʯ\ItC"2}iŤٔ!!9 W}a8.yp) [-bT]_Qn+-իFV* qzRZY ~DݾޮP瓵~N>8#׆x {C,  F X%h\zHY@Fg$.2Z35q&Lc]&*(j_x^q4˄ܼźŴ\ThGgSfu!9o(@Qn;ij=>Z| rQx\ 6PrL)#BpntlV`E FygQdQvF1m5յ DB(Db Ŵvg;;:Ν轣_z}*w q(fz/`R&fRˏfn1yy8B? 3x1,NQ!Ԝlio)߭}\W\$'2$r_!M'ZEPy ^֛6B3f1#fnTȤT@ V| AP\uS-R50u@ _FzBu?o[JV*JdwE3oG} xcmn%L]np% Yũ]"zL^_4ZVLQO55}D;m} > xB '~CIrb:7f|l#%NVmr]rA!TAٰ֩ox$<ظ񌘾;趗A5#=?+]Gac@>;9&PmnQ ǰwKfFei+I!ShX"L1N}ˇ.%uϩ_"M͕eqoșϏD oP*$ō#cƲ@ ;YO.Zo@OzD/Xj^{zKT.mZ\jS@Q~=`)fi2$wz*:mdror_ro79*<&S4jdu1S"jm%$ !FVLKt;R8;TYN.ǡz(̾}Ň/<@5\<erˢyalk6aKSP^w0Mק׍72@ =''i;nP2QZ`Ɲ'!2] . !RXQsL]ml2n8}v"{ށY7oENf{Þ5{\8xOq1Hxc?[Ct4RJn\S .%Srb5FXyGOz[v KYFa%بDJ{wpO-?ga0flv6:PhjB/}BmIlV[SV>! gEll3E3VY:@Pk;!0s,*lu6r"(-,PNot  \1ĥߩm*-2? oClٛYgklx3~߶olO@~kSb8@MB['҃־VɄ2Mܲ!YxFfsE]e]Ee7RQM,dNʳl"lc>'C\v5(F1⟙hU ͓9A NhZ=(nM\EHP(.]"pUThcJS }3  \ "׍I]'mhi  uוqm[UTiqK$E h> /Font << /R119 113 0 R /R122 116 0 R >> >> /Subtype /Form /Type /XObject /Length 3196 >> stream x[K]Gvo4~l#!$v#VĊH >W㞹93w2}WUvڬ V29~:;??O__A~wxm/ttU)Q?}WQ&*G‹/vFg|1YE30W;cP!^^Os$erp#TPSV!L.fAi|,V~s6$c9(]z$eT{HUǨeXf$ڼVx!1oK?/>>f(s,N8+m{`wC /\wM >erҿA)-I~|*&Є)F t[뢵*)b9ݥ X9hM”쵇V@ZldCJ^Z&tYT:j3to0v 02<*Zm%˿qp߼3m~2ˍHaҏ$ӫ.`&An.EJM(0lcr9_~p>*M1h}9'pm k( !gͲj ýI@ӣC{Ajm\ē}0 "gwabA&[&)"y@bw7iAFqna.cP-9I?|xb>G[nb[^9ZW]`iZ`ɼ<э7:09$1g~?|u^g\Wg̮6`kZ=jvEH4k@ fUuDWNp#o2*GM522Q"V8ΊVb/BXfB [Wu})ns[GY~`î˧H^4|Ti~.vtit?_oٵi$(Q`-c6 ]Uf̣6 oubvXSĔ_`XA @fܾ{v k7{92//vts nGZo^ݹwu8kL kӸ̚f9H ܅6,Bx=ӱ|X0#z8:b@9 <̇YVg 5!ѥѰB a۝bXGJ9 ΰ1,coSٍGgr%lXmy5rGz:1QlpGcUw"){p͆ēOa50(ĒVnшyVI.`ېUSYDa|߅0H/ 5FE'I6V,Í%^>-|_U)a{y#uEDh5 ˜V7܁g|WUȡ:$Ype]/J=X;e'LN75`X pY.u8y${e9>M% Ih.R(0D&_BR!3PȄohXix{u4{{L-'%A223'ST )7T,P&0x4}]TmyNẇ5nwhLT5Lw9=vxZq49117<K}@VNۃvޢ+J#t<*{iyP])V%<72y-pLNI>LFɇ⣭}>wN2A2rNe^~y/vhS hEҌ8B>(i )d%+^ꋋ{-blLm `&. n٫Oxi3x%mGTx&ް@6+j-ubÓ- D3Lg6lC/E#D68y 23wR$I`j)pJVzYb6V S|o ,endstream endobj 182 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2877 >> stream xYM۸}NA@UC|sNnʺ*Iݣϩ9 4xJ`4ׯ_?r_m3Nogvv<[ngg^k1[^)|ƅȴ3l=;\u72J眳z[~Ƴ2m ӄɼs$ kWnf,_AIO",ey[c+j64XX]۪s 8l}:3LĞ̗LûWRE&?<$y.`FfNY/`Mq-^$YWdgOhPV$VW]iUܑa՜-!Ì>agu'䜭\qf~^g3JV?M\JvՂ}kĂ}2lGo^79twSS~ ^rzĎ6gP rML.Yw \Leov+gFM{AC.-<ޓQ"s@*roEQ*Ϝ7~A:=Vh0-Dlj" DgoI?I}L0Sya=xP;&;)ف|Ȕ0Ndҫo0sbn|mٴ.˜U -^o"Ɠ jb 첞t`V'Ǡ@ QhU@.:7My0Pyjɾ>G%*d$qHA UP,.UVUe{s}`b0'{o0*&iu)/N#>rz?8b$:χ4:°}5^*H O( 4 3 hnL /ȩP9p1O{dp.^<'8K6a ۯ1 BԔ#ON4rbaSI%vW'Z). AI]ьĺ[]UewW,{mU`+ۢ8M°v/euWKG/_˦~UӬ8))pϡ6 8D&^f‹(bx:t3R` .m? PESq5H qЭ*EX@k-S?ֽ}}t T`Jy@CLjgsNBU{f(\/#$i_+I1Hc6֢#< E@Z r|E=Jya>a֚TsZ)Cs"9c޵ ] .EISًU-|ɠ=WN~UMd?G+vAz| b=9WEoHwx(N2wm@_eZUMoO WmՕWi`H .3ƕ }KOqF9FAe#lKaB$Kw~2}{_hhn#5h. 2cxcҔmBCֱJ+N=XQ~"HSa:z9E)[,!bec͢o& 8lSvp凉 q\sCQݗ%2hđ}I? եU7e[ء Ͻ4Hܟ>CD7H ުPb#}6Νb?+ԡ)AfTRksε;C:Wa=<ߊp i}>,\b¼N{j[lPǑ}>_ ,/,nSA}! MC"c Gvxe{Q pCI\:(64i1DZ3t(OlM@! - ZNEc{a'޿6x((/1>HbG}bɦP9 `.;J<rx!_~1 @]j(PARU@ՃJ-Agz; opAnb>Rݎ!MwtOEM&Q{ *`l5 ['h淉T6\Й`8ⲋ;PH> stream xmS;o0޵wH.cEХ 2㺰Dr{ԣ@{}w|F02b[T0Z[ucS}$4`EXM.&1xh@'_Tm䭼6>R$>̉QYd:FG4lCyjƀ#˯ηѧq#{E(J sTjQ60E8Ҁp؋19@}w]o;nuzBuao pܝe!wrǔLtʽ 5XL :ޕ3RG|<,+'<}ގESޢQo i&_l[И}wR,EYmdNoYI,.ixywI@0ͼ,ʨ)im_D@Fkg}5hS>_W M0\pQPgd?ހW/]endstream endobj 184 0 obj << /Type /XRef /Length 226 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Columns 5 /Predictor 12 >> /W [ 1 3 1 ] /Info 3 0 R /Root 2 0 R /Size 185 /ID [<067defb7567d3f8a2140813bde4b427c><30bf4c45bbe95e0f4375748aa373b9da>] >> stream xcb&F~0 $8J/ zoEGb BVXH`@_H'g@$;d "H !j"J`*A$ XMXE00dat~6',.D".\ST ֫ v2؏S *``p8HYK-!V# endstream endobj startxref 247681 %%EOF metap/inst/doc/strength.gv0000644000176200001440000000622213576717176015324 0ustar liggesusersdigraph test { rankdir = "LR" fontname = "Helvetica" node[fontname = "Helvetica"] edge[fontname = "Helvetica"] {rank = same; eqklt10; eqany; someklt10; someany; majority; modst; anypower; strongtot; modtot; weaktot;} evidence [label = "Location\nof\nevidence", shape = diamond] eqinall [label = "N\nof\nstudies", shape = diamond] evidence -> eqinall [label = "Equally in all"] eqklt10 [label = <
sump (Edgington)
maximump
>] eqany [label = <
sumz (Stouffer)
logitp
>] eqinall -> eqklt10 [label = "< 10"] eqinall -> eqany [label = "any"] someinall [label = "N\nof\nstudies", shape = diamond] evidence -> someinall [label = "Some in all"] someklt10 [label = <
sump (Edgington)
maximump
>] someany [label = <
sumz (Stouffer)
logitp
>] someinall -> someklt10 [label = "< 10"] someinall -> someany [label = "any"] majority [label = <
sumz (Stouffer)
logitp
>] evidence -> majority [label = "In the majority"] minority [label = "Strength\nof\nevidence", shape = diamond] evidence -> minority [label = "In the minority"] modst [label = <
sumlog (Fisher)
>] anypower [label = <
sumz (Stouffer)
logitp
>] minority -> modst [label = "Moderate or strong"] minority -> anypower [label = "Any power"] onetest [label = "Strength\nof\ntotal evidence", shape = diamond] evidence -> onetest [label = "In one test only"] strongtot [label = <
minimump (Tippett)
>] modtot [label = <
sumlog (Fisher)
>] weaktot [label = <
sumz (Stouffer)
logitp
>] onetest -> strongtot [label = "Strong total evidence"] onetest -> modtot [label = "Moderate total evidence"] onetest -> weaktot [label = "Weak total evidence"] } metap/inst/doc/compare.Rnw0000644000176200001440000005756614136254755015257 0ustar liggesusers\documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb} %\usepackage{mydef2} \usepackage[round]{natbib} \usepackage{parskip,url} \usepackage{graphicx,subfig} \setlength{\topmargin}{0cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{2cm} %\lhead{} %\input{title} %\VignetteIndexEntry{Comparison of methods in the metap package} \title{Comparison of methods in the \pkg{metap} package} \author{Michael Dewey} \newcommand{\pkg}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\func}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\codefont}{\footnotesize} \newcommand{\mygraph}[3]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[height=6cm,width=10cm]{compare-#1} \caption{#2} \label{#3} \end{figure} } % in mypdf fourth parameter needs [] \newcommand{\mypdf}[4]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics#4{#1.pdf} \caption{#2} \label{#3} \end{figure} } \newcommand{\twograph}[8]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \subfloat[#2\label{#3}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{compare-#1}}% \subfloat[#5\label{#6}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{compare-#4}} \caption{#7} \label{#8} \end{figure} } \begin{document} \maketitle \section{Introduction} \subsection{What is this document for?} This document describes some methods for the meta--analysis of $p$--values (significance values) contained in the package \pkg{metap} and contains comments on the performance of the various algorithms under a small number of different scenarios with hints on the choice of method. \subsection{Notation} The $k$ studies give rise to $p$--values, $p_i,\;i = 1, \dots, k$. These are assumed to be independent. We shall also need the ordered $p$--values: $p_{[1]} \le p_{[2]}, \dots, \le p_{[k]}$ and weights $w_i,\;i = 1, \dots, k$. Logarithms are natural. A function for combining $p$--values is denoted $g$. The size of the test is $\alpha$. We may also need $k$ degrees of freedom, $\nu_i$. The methods are referred to by the name of the function in \func{metap}. Table \ref{funcs} shows other descriptions of each method. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Description(s)} \\[1ex] & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Eponym} \\ \func{invchisq} & Lancaster's method & Inverse chi square \\ \func{invt} & & Inverse t \\ \func{logitp} & & Logistic\\ \func{meanp} \\ \func{meanz} \\ \func{maximump} \\ \func{minimump} & Tippett's method \\ \func{sumlog} & Fisher's method & Chi square (2 df)\\ \func{sump} & Edgington's method & Uniform\\ \func{sumz} & Stouffer's method & Normal\\ \func{truncated} & Truncated Fisher\\ \func{truncated} & & rank--truncated\\ \func{votep} \\ \func{wilkinsonp} & Wilkinson's method \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Methods considered in this document} \label{funcs} \end{table} \section{Theoretical results} There have been various attempts to clarify the problem and to discuss optimality of the methods. A detailed account was provided by \citet{liptak58}. \citet{birnbaum54} considered the property of admissibility. A method is admissible if when it rejects $H_0$ for a set of $p_i$ it will also reject $H_0$ for $P^*_i$ where $p^*_i \le p_i$ for all $i$. He considered that Fisher's and Tippett's method were admissible. See also \citet{owen09}. He also points out the problem is poorly specified. This may account for the number of methods available and their differing behaviour. The null hypothesis $H_0$ is well defined, that all $p_i$ have a uniform distribution on the unit interval. There are two classes of alternative hypothesis \begin{itemize} \item $H_A$: all $p_i$ have the same (unknown) non--uniform, non--increasing density, \item $H_B$: at least one $p_i$ has an (unknown) non--uniform, non--increasing density. \end{itemize} If all the tests being combined come from what are basically replicates then $H_A$ is appropriate whereas if they are of different kinds of test or different conditions then $H_B$ is appropriate. Note that Birnbaum specifically considers the possibility that the tests being combined may be very different for instance some tests of means, some of variances, and so on. \section{The methods} \subsection{Comparison scenarios} To provide a standard of comparison we shall use the following two situations. Some authors have also used the case of exactly two $p_i$. \begin{description} %\subsubsection{What if all $p_i = p$?\label{twopisection}} \item[What if all $p_i = p$?]\label{twopisection} Perhaps surprisingly there are substantial differences here as we shall see when we look at each method. We shall describe how the returned value varies with $p$ and $k$. %\subsubsection{Cancellation} \item[Cancellation] When the collection of primary studies contains a number of values significant in both directions the methods can give very different results. If the intention of the synthesis is to examine a directional hypothesis one would want a method where these cancelled out. The decision between methods should be made on theoretical grounds of course. We shall use the following four values as our example. \end{description} {\codefont <<>>= cancel <- c(0.001, 0.001, 0.999, 0.999) @ } <>= library(metap) data(dat.metap) validity <- dat.metap$validity$p genvec <- function(pvals, kvals, fun, name) { ps <- length(pvals) ks <- length(kvals) temp <- matrix(-1, nrow = ps, ncol = ks) for(i in 1:ps) for(j in 1:ks) { temp[i, j] <- fun(rep(pvals[i], kvals[j]))$p } temp2 <- as.vector(temp) res <- data.frame(method = rep(name, length(temp2)), p = rep(pvals, ks), k = rep(kvals, each = ps), g = temp2 ) res } @ \subsection{Methods using transformation of the $p$--values} One class of methods relies on transforming the $p$--values first. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & Definition & Critical value \\[1ex] \func{invchisq} & $\sum_{i=1}^k \chi^2_{\nu_i}(p_i)$ & $\chi^2_{\sum{\nu_i}}(\alpha)$ \\[1ex] \func{invt} & $\frac{\sum_{i=1}^k t_{\nu_i}(p_i)}% {\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^k \frac{\nu_i}{\nu_i - 2}}}$ & $z(\alpha)$ \\[1ex] \func{logitp} & $\frac{\sum_{i=1}^k \log\frac{p}{1 - p}}{C}$ & $t_{5k+4}$ \\ & where $C = \sqrt\frac{k \pi^2 (5 k + 2)}{3(5 k + 4)}$ & \\[1ex] \func{meanz} & $\frac{\bar{z}}{s_{\bar{z}}}$ & $t_{k-1}(\alpha)$ \\ & where $\bar{z} = \sum_{i=1}^k \frac{z(p_i)}{k}$ \\ & and $s_{\bar{z}} = \frac{s_z}{\sqrt{k}}$ & \\[1ex] \func{sumlog} & $\sum_{i=1}^{k} - 2 \log p_i$ & $\chi_{2k}(\alpha)$ \\[1ex] \func{sumz} & $\frac{\sum_{i=1}^k z(p_i)}{\sqrt{k}}$ & $z(\alpha)$\\ \end{tabular} \caption{Definitions of methods using transformation of the $p$ values} \label{transdefs} \end{table} <>= kvals <- c(4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20) pvals <- c(0.2, 0.3, 0.3679, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) dat <- rbind( genvec(pvals, kvals, logitp, "logitp"), genvec(pvals, kvals, meanz, "meanz"), genvec(pvals, kvals, sumlog, "sumlog"), genvec(pvals, kvals, sumz, "sumz") ) @ <>= lattice::xyplot(g ~ k | method, groups = p, type = "l", data = dat, auto.key = list(space = "left", lines = TRUE, title = "p"), ylab = "g(p)" ) @ \subsubsection{The method of summation of logs, Fisher's method} See Table \ref{transdefs} for the definition. This works because $- 2 \log p_i$ is a $\chi^2_2$ and the sum of $\chi^2$ is itself a $\chi^2$ with degrees of freedom equal to the sum of the degrees of freedom of the individual $\chi^2$. Of course the sum of the log of the $p_i$ is also the log of the product of the $p_i$. Fisher's method \citep{fisher25} is provided in \func{sumlog}. <>= set.seed(18122019) temp <- matrix(runif(10000), nrow = 100) fisher <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) sumlog(x)$p) lanc4 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invchisq(x, 4)$p) lanc16 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invchisq(x, 16)$p) lanc256 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invchisq(x, 256)$p) banda <- function(x, y) { res <- data.frame(sum = x + y, diff = (x - y)) res } dat <- data.frame(rbind(banda(fisher, lanc4), banda(fisher, lanc16), banda(fisher, lanc256), banda(lanc4, lanc16), banda(lanc4, lanc256), banda(lanc16, lanc256) ), name = factor(c(rep("FL4", 100), rep("FL16", 100), rep("FL256", 100), rep("L4L16", 100), rep("L4L256", 100), rep("L16L256", 100)), levels = c("FL4", "FL16", "FL256", "L4L16", "L4L256", "L16L256") ) ) @ <>= lattice::xyplot(diff ~ sum | name, data = dat, panel = function(x, y, ...) { lattice::panel.xyplot(x, y, ...) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y), lty = 2) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) + 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) - 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) } ) @ <>= stouff <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) sumz(x)$p) invt4 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invt(x, 4)$p) invt16 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invt(x, 16)$p) invt256 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invt(x, 256)$p) banda <- function(x, y) { res <- data.frame(sum = x + y, diff = (x - y)) res } dat <- data.frame(rbind(banda(stouff, invt4), banda(stouff, invt16), banda(stouff, invt256), banda(invt4, invt16), banda(invt4, invt256), banda(invt16, invt256) ), name = factor(c(rep("St4", 100), rep("St16", 100), rep("St256", 100), rep("t4t16", 100), rep("t4t256", 100), rep("t16t256", 100)), levels = c("St4", "St16", "St256", "t4t16", "t4t256", "t16t256") ) ) @ <>= lattice::xyplot(diff ~ sum | name, data = dat, panel = function(x, y, ...) { lattice::panel.xyplot(x, y, ...) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y), lty = 2) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) + 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) - 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) } ) @ As can be seen in Figure \ref{equalp} when all the $p_i=p$ \func{sumlog} returns a value which decreases with $k$ when $p<0.32$, increases with $k$ when $p>0.37$, and in between increases with $k$ and then decreases. Some detailed algebra provided in a post to https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/243003 by Christoph Hanck suggests that the breakpoint is $e^{-1} = 0.3679$. Where the $p_i$ are less than this then for a sufficiently large $k$ (several hundred) the result will be significant and not if above that. Over the range of $k$ we are plotting this bound is not yet closely approached. \mygraph{transeqp}{Behaviour of the methods using transformed $p$ values for $k$ values of $p=p_i$}{equalp} \subsubsection{Inverse $\chi^2$ Lancaster's method} It would of course be possible to generalise Fisher's method to use transformation to $\chi^2$ with any other number of degrees of freedom rather than 2. \citet{lancaster61} suggests that this is highly correlated with \func{sumlog}. Lancaster's method is provided in \func{invchisq}. In fact the resemblance to \func{sumlog} becomes less as the number of degrees of freedom increases. Figure \ref{fishlanc} shows for a small number of selected degrees of freedom how it compares to Fisher's method. \twograph{fishlanc}{Fisher's method and Lancaster's method}{fishlanc}{stouffinvt}{Stouffer's method and inverse $t$}{stouffinvt}{Sum and difference plots of Fisher v Lancaster and Stouffer v inverse $t$}{compfishstouff} \subsubsection{The method of summation of $z$ values, Stouffer's method} The method of summation of $z$ values is provided in \func{sumz} \citep{stouffer49}. See Table \ref{transdefs} for the definition. As can be seen in Figure \ref{equalp} it returns a value for our $p_i=p$ example which decreases with $k$ when $p$ below 0.5 and increases above. A weighted version of Stouffer's method is available %\begin{equation} $\frac{\sum_{i=1}^k w_i z(p_i)}{\sqrt {\sum_{i=1}^k w_i ^ 2}}$ %\end{equation} where $w_i$ are the weights. In the absence of effect sizes (in which case a method using effect sizes would be more appropriate anyway) best results are believed to be obtained with weights proportional to the square root of the sample sizes \citep{zaykin11} following \citet{liptak58}. \subsubsection{Mean of normals method} There is also a method closely related to Stouffer's using the mean of normals provided in \func{meanz} also defined in Table \ref{transdefs} which has very similar properties except that when all the $p_i$ are equal it either gives 0 or 1 as can be seen in Figure \ref{equalp}. <<>>= meanz(c(0.3, 0.31))$p meanz(c(0.1, 0.2))$p @ The method of \func{meanz} also has the unusual property that a set of $p$--values which are all less than those in another set can still give rise to a larger overall $p$. See example above. This is the only method considered here which has this property so if it is a desirable one then that is the only method to consider. \subsubsection{The inverse $t$ method} A closely related method is the inverse $t$ method. See Table \ref{transdefs} for the definition. This method is provided in \func{invt}. As is clear from the definition this method tends to Stouffer's method as $\nu_i \to \infty$. Figure \ref{stouffinvt} shows this for selected degrees of freedom. \subsubsection{The method of summation of logits} See Table \ref{transdefs} for the definition. This method is provided in \func{logitp}. The constant $C$ was arrived at by equating skewness and kurtosis with that of the $t$--distribution \citep{loughin04}. As can be seen in Figure \ref{equalp} this method returns a value for our $p_i=p$ example which decreases with $k$ when $p$ below 0.5 and increases above. \subsubsection{Examples for methods using transformations of the $p$ values} <>= log10p <- function(x) { res <- round(-log(x, base = 10), 2) res } @ \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & \multicolumn{1}{c}{validity} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{cancel} \\ & \multicolumn{1}{c}{value expressed} \\ & \multicolumn{1}{c}{as $-\log_{10}p$} \\[1ex] \func{logitp} & \Sexpr{log10p(logitp(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{logitp(cancel)$p} \\ \func{meanz} & \Sexpr{log10p(meanz(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{meanz(cancel)$p} \\ \func{sumlog} & \Sexpr{log10p(sumlog(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{round(sumlog(cancel)$p, 5)} \\ \func{sumz} & \Sexpr{log10p(sumz(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{sumz(cancel)$p}\\ \end{tabular} \caption{Examples of methods using transformation of the $p$ values} \label{transexamples} \end{table} Using the same example dataset which we have already plotted and our cancellation dataset we have the values in Table \ref{transexamples}. As can be seen all the methods cancel except for \func{sumlog}. The agreement for the validity dataset is close except for \func{meanz} whoch gives a value several orders of magnitude greater than the other three. Lancaster's method and inverse $t$ are not shown as they are both infinite families of possible methods and in any event are similar to Fisher's method and Stouffer's method respectively. \subsection{Methods using untransformed $p$--values} \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & Definition & Critical value \\[1ex] \func{meanp} & $\bar p = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^k p_i}{k}$ \\ & $z = (0.5 - \bar{p}) \sqrt{12k}$ & $z(\alpha)$ \\ \func{minimump} & $p_{[1]}$ & $1 - (1 - \alpha)^{\frac{1}{k}}$ \\ \func{maximump} & $p_{[k]}$ & $\alpha^k$ \\ \func{wilkinsonp} & $p_{[r]}$ & $\sum_{s=r}^k {k \choose s}\alpha^s (1 - \alpha)^{k-s}$\\[1ex] \func{sump} & $\frac{(S)^k}{k!}% - {k \choose 1}\frac{(S - 1)^k}{k!}% + {k \choose 2}\frac{(S - 2)^k}{k!} - \dots$ & $\alpha$ \\ & where $S = \sum_{i=1}^k p_i$ \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Definitions of methods not using transformation of the $p$ values, % the series for \func{sump} continues until the term in in the numerator $(S-i)$ becomes negative} \label{untransdefs} \end{table} <>= kvals <- c(4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20) pvals <- c(0.2, 0.3, 0.3679, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) dat <- rbind( genvec(pvals, kvals, meanp, "meanp"), genvec(pvals, kvals, maximump, "maximump"), genvec(pvals, kvals, minimump, "minimump"), genvec(pvals, kvals, sump, "sump"), genvec(pvals, kvals, votep, "votep") ) @ <>= lattice::xyplot(g ~ k | method, groups = p, type = "l", data = dat, auto.key = list(space = "left", lines = TRUE, title = "p"), ylab = "g(p)" ) @ \mygraph{untranseqp}{Behaviour of the methods using untransformed $p$ values for $k$ values of $p=p_i$}{unequalp} \subsubsection{The method of minimum $p$, maximum $p$, and Wilkinson's method} The methods of minimum $p$ \citep{tippett31}, maximum $p$ and Wilkinson \citep{wilkinson51} are defined in Table \ref{untransdefs}. Wilkinson's method depends on which value (the $r$th) of $p_{[i]}$ is selected. % p is pbeta(p[r], r, k+1-r) % critical p is qbeta(alpha, r, k+1-r) Wilkinson's method is provided in \func{wilkinsonp} and a convenience function \func{minimump} with its own \code{print} method is provided for the minimum $p$ method ($r=1$). It is also possible to use the method for the maximum $p$ (that is $r=k$) and a convenience function \func{maximump} is provided for that purpose. As can be seen in Figure \ref{unequalp} these methods return a value for our $p_i=p$ example which always increases with $k$ which is true for \func{minimump} and which always decreases with $k$ which is true for \func{maximump} \subsubsection{The method of summation of $p$--values, Edgington's method\label{sump}} Defined in Table \ref{untransdefs} \citep{edgington72a}. This method is provided in \func{sump}. As can be seen in Figure \ref{unequalp} this method returns a value for our $p_i=p$ example which decreases with $k$ when $p$ below 0.5 and increases above. Some authors use a simpler version, $\frac{(\sum p)^k}{k!}$, for instance \citet{rosenthal78} in the text although compare his Table 4. This can be very conservative when $\sum p > 1$ There seems no particular need to use this method but it is returned by \func{sump} as the value of \code{conservativep} for use in checking published values. Note also that there can be numerical problems for extreme values of $S$ and in that case recourse might be made to \func{meanp} which has similar properties. \subsubsection{The mean $p$ method} Defined in Table \ref{untransdefs}. Although this method is attributed to Edgington \citep{edgington72b} when the phrase Edgington's method is used it refers to the method of summation of $p$--values described above in Section \ref{sump}. As can be seen in Figure \ref{unequalp} this method returns a value for our $p_i=p$ example which decreases with $k$ when $p$ below 0.5 and increases above. Not surprisingly this method gives very similar results to Edington's other method implemented in \func{sump} and since it does not have the numerical problems of that method it might perhaps be preferred. \subsubsection{Examples for methods using untransformed $p$--values} Using the same example dataset which we have already plotted and our cancellation dataset we have the values in Table \ref{untransexamples}. As can be seen \func{meanp} and \func{sump} cancel but the other two do not. Agreement here is not so good especially for the maximum p method. Wilkinson's method not shown as it depends on the value of $r$. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lrl} Function name & \multicolumn{1}{c}{validity} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{cancel} \\ & \multicolumn{1}{c}{value expressed} \\ & \multicolumn{1}{c}{as $-\log_{10}p$} \\[1ex] \\[1ex] \func{minimump} & \Sexpr{log10p(minimump(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{round(minimump(cancel)$p, 5)} \\ \func{maximump} & \Sexpr{log10p(maximump(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{round(maximump(cancel)$p, 5)} \\ \func{meanp} & \Sexpr{log10p(meanp(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{meanp(cancel)$p}\\ \func{sump} & \Sexpr{log10p(sump(validity)$p)} & \Sexpr{sump(cancel)$p} \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Examples for methods using the untransformed $p$ values} \label{untransexamples} \end{table} \subsection{Other methods} \subsubsection{The method of vote--counting} A simple way of looking at the problem is vote counting. Strictly speaking this is not a method which combines $p$--values in the same sense as the other methods. If most of the studies have produced results in favour of the alternative hypothesis irrespective of whether any of them is individually significant then that might be regarded as evidence for that alternative. The numbers for and against may be compared with what would be expected under the null using the binomial distribution. A variation on this would allow for a neutral zone of studies which are considered neither for nor against. For instance one might only count studies which have reached some conventional level of statistical significance in the two different directions. This method returns a value for our $p_i=p$ example which is 1 for $p$ values above 0.5 and otherwise invariant with $p$ but decreases with $k$. This method does cancel significant values in both directions. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & validity & cancel \\[1ex] \func{votep} & \Sexpr{round(votep(validity)$p, 6)} & \Sexpr{round(votep(cancel)$p, 5)} \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Examples for vote counting} \label{votepexamples} \end{table} \subsubsection{Methods not using all $p$--values} If there is a hypothesis that the signal will be concentrated in only a few $p$--values then alternative methods are available in \func{truncated}. This is a wrapper to two packages available on CRAN: \pkg{TFisher} which provides the truncated Fisher method \citep{zaykin07,zhang18} and \pkg{mutoss} which provides the rank--truncated Fisher method \citep{dudbridge03}. Note that Table \ref{truncatedexamples} only shows results for the validity data--set as, since the methods explicitly only consider results in one direction the cancellation issue does not arise. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & truncated at $p$ = 0.5 & truncated at rank = 5 \\[1ex] \func{truncated} & \Sexpr{log10p(truncated(validity, ptrunc = 0.5)$p)} & \Sexpr{log10p(truncated(validity, rtrunc = 5)$p)} \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Examples for truncated using the validity data--set expressed as $-\log_{10}p$} \label{truncatedexamples} \end{table} These methods are appropriate for the situation where it is known that many of the $p$--values are noise and there will only be a few signals. \section{Loughin's recommendations} In his simulation study \citet{loughin04} carried out extensive comparisons. Note that he did not consider all the methods implemented here. These omissions are not too important for our purposes. The methods implemented here as \func{invchisq}, \func{invt}, \func{meanp} and \func{meanz} are all very similar to ones which he did study. The truncation methods appeared about the same time as his work but in any case are fundamentally different. Vote counting is arguably not a method of the same sort. As Loghin points out the first thing to consider is whether large $p$--values should cancel small ones. If this is not desired then the only methods to consider are those in \func{sumlog} (Fisher), \func{minimump} (Tippett) and \func{maximump}. \mypdf{struct}{Loughin's recommendations based on structure}{struct}{[height=6cm,width=8cm]} He bases his recommendations on criteria of structure and the arrangement of evidence against $H_0$. Figure \ref{struct} shows a summary of his recommendations about the structure of the evidence. \mypdf{strength}{Loughin's recommendations based on where the strength of the evidence is located}{strength}{[height=8cm,width=12cm]} Figure \ref{strength} summarise his recommendations about the arrangement of evidence. Overall he considered the choice to lie between Stouffer's method, Fisher's method and the logistic method implemented in \func{logitp}. As has already been mentioned Fisher's method cancels whereas the other two do not so if the weak evidence in a small number of $p$--values is not to be over--whelmed by the others then Fisher is the best choice. However where the evidence is more evenly spread Stouffer's method may be preferred. The logistic method represents a compromise between them and is perhaps best suited where the pattern of evidence is not clear in advance. The other methods are not universally ruled out and may be helpful in the specific circumstance outlined in his summaries. \bibliography{metap} \bibliographystyle{plainnat} \end{document} metap/inst/doc/metap.Rnw0000644000176200001440000001725114163334232014707 0ustar liggesusers\documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb} %\usepackage{mydef2} \usepackage[round]{natbib} \usepackage{parskip,url} \usepackage{graphicx,subfig} \setlength{\topmargin}{0cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{2cm} %\lhead{} %\input{title} %\VignetteIndexEntry{Introduction to the metap package} \title{Introduction to the \pkg{metap} package} \author{Michael Dewey} \newcommand{\pkg}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\func}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\codefont}{\footnotesize} \newcommand{\mygraph}[3]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[height=6cm,width=10cm]{#1} \caption{#2} \label{#3} \end{figure} } \newcommand{\twograph}[8]{% \begin{figure}[htbp] \subfloat[#2\label{#3}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{#1}}% \subfloat[#5\label{#6}]{\includegraphics[height=6cm,width=7cm]{#4}} \caption{#7} \label{#8} \end{figure} } \begin{document} \maketitle \section{Introduction} \subsection{What is this document for?} This document describes some methods for the meta--analysis of $p$--values (significance values) and their implementation in the package \pkg{metap}. I welcome feedback about sources of published examples against which I can test the code and any other comments about either the documentation or the code. The problem of meta--analysis of $p$--values is of course not completely unconnected with the more general issue of simultaneous statistical inference. \subsection{Why and when to meta--analyse significance values} The canonical way to meta--analyse a number of primary studies uses estimates of effect sizes from each of them. There are a large number of packages for this purpose available from CRAN and described in the task view \url{http://CRAN.R-project.org/view=MetaAnalysis}. However sometimes the only available information may be $p$--values especially when some of the primary studies were published a long time ago or were published in sources which were less rigorous about insisting on effect sizes. The methods outlined here are designed for this eventuality. The situation may also arise that some of the studies can be combined in a conventional meta--analysis using effect sizes but there are many others which cannot and in that case the conventional meta--analysis of the subset of studies which do have effect sizes may usefully be supplemented by an overall analysis of the $p$--values. Just for the avoidance of doubt, if each study has produced a proportion and the goal is to synthesise them to a common estimate or analyse the differences between them then the standard methods are appropriate not the ones outlined here. The $p$--values in this document are significance levels. The methods are referred to by the name of the function in \func{metap}. Table \ref{funcs} shows other descriptions of each method. \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}{lll} Function name & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Description(s)} \\[1ex] & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Eponym} \\ \func{invchisq} & Lancaster's method & Inverse chi square \\ \func{invt} & & Inverse t \\ \func{logitp} & & Logistic\\ \func{meanp} \\ \func{meanz} \\ \func{maximump} \\ \func{minimump} & Tippett's method \\ \func{sumlog} & Fisher's method & Chi square (2 df)\\ \func{sump} & Edgington's method & Uniform\\ \func{sumz} & Stouffer's method & Normal\\ \func{truncated} & Truncated Fisher & rank--truncated\\ \func{votep} \\ \func{wilkinsonp} & Wilkinson's method \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Methods considered in this document} \label{funcs} \end{table} \section{Preparation for meta--analysis of $p$--values} \subsection{Preliminaries} I assume you have installed \textsf{R} and \pkg{metap}. You then need to load the package. <<>>= library(metap) @ \subsection{Directionality} It is usual to have a directional hypothesis, for instance that treatment is better than control. For the methods described here a necessary preliminary is to ensure that all the $p$--values refer to the same directional hypothesis. If the value from the primary study is two--sided it needs to be converted. This is not simply a matter of halving the quoted $p$--value as values in the opposite direction need to be reversed. A convenience function \func{two2one} is provided for this. {\codefont <<>>= pvals <- c(0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9) istwo <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE) toinvert <- c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE) two2one(pvals, two = istwo, invert = toinvert) @ } Note in particular the way in which $0.9$ is converted under the different scenarios. \subsection{Plotting} It would be a wise precaution to examine the $p$--values graphically or otherwise before subjecting them to further analysis. A separate vignette discusses the range of plots available in the package so here we just show the most simple. As our example we use data from studies of validity of student ratings of their instructors \citep{becker94}. The \func{plotp} provides a Q--Q plot of the $p$--values to detect departure from the uniform distribution. An example is shown in Figure \ref{plotp}. The line is the line of exact fit to the reference distribution, the uniform. The polygon is a simultaneous confidence region such that if points lie outside it we can reject the null hypothesis that the points are drawn iid from a uniform. <>= data(dat.metap) validity <- dat.metap$validity$p plotp(validity) @ \mygraph{metap-plotp}{Q--Q plot from \func{plotp}}{plotp} This plot is more informative than a simple printout. Note that this enhanced plot is only available from version 1.8 of \func{metap}. Previous versions usd a simpler plot. {\codefont <<>>= print(validity) @ } \subsection{Reporting problems in the primary studies} Another issue is what to do with studies which have simply reported on whether a conventional level of significance like 0.05 was achieved or not. If the exact associated $p$ cannot be derived from the statistics quoted in the primary source then the value of the level achieved, in this case 0.05, can be used although this may be conservative. Studies which simply report not significant could be included as having $p=1$ (or $p=0.5$ if it is known that the direction was right) although this is very conservative. The theory of handling $p$--values which have been truncated like this has been developed by \citet{zaykin02} and \func{truncated} provides a convenience wrapper for two methods available in other CRAN packages. \section{Using the methods} All the methods in the package take as their first argument the vector of $p$--values. To use Fisher's method as an example: <<>>= sumlog(validity) @ This confirms what was indeed obvious from the plot that the null hypothesis that these are drawn from a uniform distribution can be rejected. A few require extra information. Those which rely on inverse transformations often need a vector of degrees of freedom. Currently this applies to \func{invchisq} and \func{invt}. Stouffer's method in \func{sumz} optionally uses weights if a vector of weights is provided. Most of the methods (\func{invchisq, invt, logitp, meanz, sumlog, sumz, wilkinsonp}) allow as an option to return the logarithm of the $p$--value which may be useful if it is expected that the return value will be very small. A smaller number (\func{invchisq, invt, sumlog}) allow for input of log $p$--values. \section{Miscellanea} \begin{description} \item[Extractor functions] The standard \code{print} and \code{plot} methods are provided. \item[Omnibus function] A function \func{allmetap} is provided to simultaneously perform a number of the other functions. It may be useful to show how they give different results on the same data. \item[Reading] An annotated bibliography is provided by \citet{cousins08} \end{description} \bibliography{metap} \bibliographystyle{plainnat} \end{document} metap/inst/doc/struct.gv0000644000176200001440000000175513576717030015005 0ustar liggesusersdigraph test { rankdir = "LR" fontname = "Helvetica" node[fontname = "Helvetica"] edge[fontname = "Helvetica"] structure [label = "What\nis\nstructure?", shape=diamond] small [label = <
sumlog (Fisher)
minimump (Tippett)
>] large [label = <
sump (Edgington)
maximump
>] equal [label = <
sumz (Stouffer)
logitp
>] structure -> small [label = "Emphasise small p-values"] structure -> large [label = "Emphasise large p-values"] structure -> equal [label = "Emphasise p-values equally"] } metap/inst/doc/compare.R0000644000176200001440000001301314765270116014662 0ustar liggesusers### R code from vignette source 'compare.Rnw' ################################################### ### code chunk number 1: compare.Rnw:178-179 ################################################### cancel <- c(0.001, 0.001, 0.999, 0.999) ################################################### ### code chunk number 2: compare.Rnw:183-202 ################################################### library(metap) data(dat.metap) validity <- dat.metap$validity$p genvec <- function(pvals, kvals, fun, name) { ps <- length(pvals) ks <- length(kvals) temp <- matrix(-1, nrow = ps, ncol = ks) for(i in 1:ps) for(j in 1:ks) { temp[i, j] <- fun(rep(pvals[i], kvals[j]))$p } temp2 <- as.vector(temp) res <- data.frame(method = rep(name, length(temp2)), p = rep(pvals, ks), k = rep(kvals, each = ps), g = temp2 ) res } ################################################### ### code chunk number 3: compare.Rnw:229-237 ################################################### kvals <- c(4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20) pvals <- c(0.2, 0.3, 0.3679, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) dat <- rbind( genvec(pvals, kvals, logitp, "logitp"), genvec(pvals, kvals, meanz, "meanz"), genvec(pvals, kvals, sumlog, "sumlog"), genvec(pvals, kvals, sumz, "sumz") ) ################################################### ### code chunk number 4: transeqp ################################################### lattice::xyplot(g ~ k | method, groups = p, type = "l", data = dat, auto.key = list(space = "left", lines = TRUE, title = "p"), ylab = "g(p)" ) ################################################### ### code chunk number 5: compare.Rnw:259-282 ################################################### set.seed(18122019) temp <- matrix(runif(10000), nrow = 100) fisher <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) sumlog(x)$p) lanc4 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invchisq(x, 4)$p) lanc16 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invchisq(x, 16)$p) lanc256 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invchisq(x, 256)$p) banda <- function(x, y) { res <- data.frame(sum = x + y, diff = (x - y)) res } dat <- data.frame(rbind(banda(fisher, lanc4), banda(fisher, lanc16), banda(fisher, lanc256), banda(lanc4, lanc16), banda(lanc4, lanc256), banda(lanc16, lanc256) ), name = factor(c(rep("FL4", 100), rep("FL16", 100), rep("FL256", 100), rep("L4L16", 100), rep("L4L256", 100), rep("L16L256", 100)), levels = c("FL4", "FL16", "FL256", "L4L16", "L4L256", "L16L256") ) ) ################################################### ### code chunk number 6: fishlanc ################################################### lattice::xyplot(diff ~ sum | name, data = dat, panel = function(x, y, ...) { lattice::panel.xyplot(x, y, ...) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y), lty = 2) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) + 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) - 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) } ) ################################################### ### code chunk number 7: compare.Rnw:296-317 ################################################### stouff <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) sumz(x)$p) invt4 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invt(x, 4)$p) invt16 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invt(x, 16)$p) invt256 <- apply(temp, 1, function(x) invt(x, 256)$p) banda <- function(x, y) { res <- data.frame(sum = x + y, diff = (x - y)) res } dat <- data.frame(rbind(banda(stouff, invt4), banda(stouff, invt16), banda(stouff, invt256), banda(invt4, invt16), banda(invt4, invt256), banda(invt16, invt256) ), name = factor(c(rep("St4", 100), rep("St16", 100), rep("St256", 100), rep("t4t16", 100), rep("t4t256", 100), rep("t16t256", 100)), levels = c("St4", "St16", "St256", "t4t16", "t4t256", "t16t256") ) ) ################################################### ### code chunk number 8: stouffinvt ################################################### lattice::xyplot(diff ~ sum | name, data = dat, panel = function(x, y, ...) { lattice::panel.xyplot(x, y, ...) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y), lty = 2) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) + 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) lattice::panel.abline(h = mean(y) - 1.96 * sd(y), lty = 3) } ) ################################################### ### code chunk number 9: compare.Rnw:400-402 ################################################### meanz(c(0.3, 0.31))$p meanz(c(0.1, 0.2))$p ################################################### ### code chunk number 10: compare.Rnw:438-442 ################################################### log10p <- function(x) { res <- round(-log(x, base = 10), 2) res } ################################################### ### code chunk number 11: compare.Rnw:492-501 ################################################### kvals <- c(4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20) pvals <- c(0.2, 0.3, 0.3679, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) dat <- rbind( genvec(pvals, kvals, meanp, "meanp"), genvec(pvals, kvals, maximump, "maximump"), genvec(pvals, kvals, minimump, "minimump"), genvec(pvals, kvals, sump, "sump"), genvec(pvals, kvals, votep, "votep") ) ################################################### ### code chunk number 12: untranseqp ################################################### lattice::xyplot(g ~ k | method, groups = p, type = "l", data = dat, auto.key = list(space = "left", lines = TRUE, title = "p"), ylab = "g(p)" ) metap/build/0000755000176200001440000000000014765270137012473 5ustar liggesusersmetap/build/metap.pdf0000644000176200001440000067651514765270102014310 0ustar liggesusers%PDF-1.5 % 100 0 obj << /Length 1211 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xZ]o6}ϯl !J" X4E1mk%E&HQ`?U/gKҢwys|8- < Ab-&8B0"">3_)W?YP!( D1u׼Ns{!~ E qh(@o( < f֒>Ą'va |D i ųL w+x(3i{Z.lUd /GsЌ獐l.-3Qˬ, CHu/1-FX@gIU@h0 xRZYs{&P=V^^$yOpv?ZޤpO+{*sLgK({-'!A",kQ8@!/J牛;r~άW=ª.,@r܊}2u4-\:ҙ=kK&Ҥ:az;JTeƃ\wCrS[HlݭŜYVUB)w=`Y!AR9B~Ԣun67lr%_CR LdUjK4U63p|Q@(R9T<]ؠ b  4ݹ6UY̶csΕq~~ 9_4|?g5Kb9^i )L0F]WIôu?=^<1hףG; O[l+_/Mbٶ%H|Lc] 0ڍl=̣˧zQcAȫͥ=<>l=[j]B~?:Ӈ**mUT dwKD~ѕ{J:LpBMb- #/WCSN3ɤ@^z)G+񤝳)RK3:6ĩAÓ&G?FeX?Jh6zd18?lz&MV> stream xڵXݓ6 ߿3e$$4s;C/xoiXLdH'cٖ%Y³-czxqɘizkQlbea`s,߽Ɛnc/g_ ψX/-|,=O_<+w,u7Uwi]-NGGVnDMs^Umv̳ƫ*>{^*D}e'Z-d{27Hsh☹1諵]YSԪ8N;Dy6U7K߳-N|[I"֢fOÏVRQ-#>,0XyXfkꚘ2`VdN.|q'*#r۠ٷ7FJ/J)dfOril~@Fz"foDC$}0ҝ>0@hOI.'Tf?CbE~ 甬~ʾ, ׄVMhWJvG^/Cfu-2y(U+HK`iH=Z3c<1iD]):u)QhR/iF Yv Enx3 Ӽh<6fKk;:~,`}(bm ܰeM_JEv8q}MM,rU#i⁇ ϟ)/K̡7in؍>`44r/ eK#:\QD(S`ꤣ 3;7\ ]|4q|Do -h8b3,DӚ 03uM`YH?C/5P9QqY)h^!{Në=QE }q&i#𪟲`y? 9efc}5LubJHu}Km[Scy[Ǖ`B5/&s[4.ZSHR*yf́|9=G;;JLa"V,w#vbMz`a̦N?780w>Cs5ݍ $&Ԝ%.3F0fi8s村]+:n _ŧGOSO 'H8 cS*kN*% fvR*tD 8? Ber_cpK]0JW}v,44.X&Q~ledm':,vWjQӔz}(&S 7T]kT!d AjOZӭ}z+}qH3mوh*;ڨ[1%GɰE-=4f9mN?Ru,vzL{*zdd9{!N8_+af4B#B~#cAj(qKN #pȽYI:KF(H lGSﴽNqLMt?h䒒a C4K'\RD#fbx endstream endobj 142 0 obj << /Length 1964 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڵXms6_'jBI|}{yoT[vԓ64F-e g5ã|ޕm[+C#TОmUCotp_~pݲVU)K*])D+fi,M!(xBOkY|jm tƿ:@p|s鞲\IMoA'PYj\[[B1ίhp' E'3Hv&2U_ӊ7f]MWYdW/y軘2_I'޺^3@Ti^eAAyn qGqvSş\lyoMu-t DiL< ltA'{os*ͮ6P2* T)V¿e6@%.! ڧvmel宀T׎k+բI&LOxĂei hG}U:QȒ!P|`[^{7©7/i.oM;7Y9;MZUpGB3@Vl-]ZXK/"p4SPXv]Џ=EރjijB6\ 04k LxNvZ#KfWV]d=96r/h:W<#AEV.\ J+}}'Z9/`O )0hWV4s B,*u$<G^ӃZ  *>@`FHG,:ڇ 3v~C;5cѢ-X8Birt5,oig"͊6q]4m)r`<"@ND|8B$D0St iʗ0w mR $=/r({mԲ1Υg| @1pޮNl56~Fmmn~Ò,ˏ;m6}}KoV鮍hsq< ,XZfr3H.[FjB=$ "pmg?Y `" tdE73&QSϖ??bD&Ƞ\-su{Hix(Hw1q q?.jkxVWswuEuBXP9"{hA >զ2}Ob51mZO 8パ 6z:Ezm:g=? "j5𢓊nESJW-k n!'gUk> Ssu{T#m<+ j$Gl')B]rF1/m rC ՟Q=&闪Xcr~1ݧžVEK{j($Xެ:?<*jȟ;ewXVia36,b[L _d)TԲYua~90^~O֟F|5}a`賭Xm^ P4 T@e?zń 9u~Q03Y(ƙ7s~Mm|,7˸zZNx@W ՜;&7r WjWn+uMlH*}k_'w C'mHdJy endstream endobj 154 0 obj << /Length 2593 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڵ˒6>_Ih|eIu\v6K$Bj)R!(__ь]Q_pw}/r/OD-(YšXߖo'0|O$ȶ R|ܱiq"鄯Bģݰ+ʼ(ue{1d!(H:Vk?WAT۶nV|Ml *uj/'elԈ:, ȷ9#7{%3\4qg8It,nswPC{anO1ӝC~˳:y]_RWڏe^Zץ! #*[ಖڰPoKPii&@ 1^FuX\@]X>Տu3ީUk[SyHG{Ai27n Dlj?oro)NG_Tώ;_ׂnޛOHKy.Y4K+ˈQ> ᬧ a'/Qw ^A0by7} !\f^dl\䐍" QB.>3J: nx 5!l5@KR{c)ޗvb{(Qbxf<8Q$Gժ{Ø0 .W<帖ٖ4Qd(P)@: SVK'_}_ΕMn09k]tڇAn r S1("wc "]s(̾PW3|hYfC3˿'z f~W0w,}mh}a'KfjnU2!1tɚAt91xZ)4ǀ=*YTh.Umf|ҏQDƤ5O, 6Y aTyuڒ!䠪Tll7hb|QO OGpDNI`kd49&\,C^ Ia @1sc%_6MG80L|vIase@O '$SNvla}7 U<Awj&1Q:t ]t<ųҊp\#b.^ֻHI1̖}>c'Tq8 \v!7H4]#3%۵.b8ݤ)1;KU6s3ˡ 5_p)J?sO=|WM_,q̶U1rMՉԋd,Nɲ { 7 [M#1Vg4FFiu41х9t7gq&zp׸Yor$ ! a .qT7Hv&&.uT;xC 3ϖ_Y҅[hOza1fU58oy"iUXIEy_K3\Zt8L&{NK z(anvō) CHq% Q|#tQ}*/ lxB.6- C']'ߖ?Κ]!gI0YE6@iϰNڍ#i)OL8o ~r6ܸ|6Z}ÌHGnv]`W| s;nN)4LRߣ܎٢SǍ>҃jhf6,xꪼ߮pW{ pTgl|'yȝ]C[C{l-gVA66(0W,?ֶEԇw ,N.;PNRN Ic+R!mAo _Ї4-P< l!bubF&S:M{.h*SɃHIbZӖ-J@F5B/]g}2TwtZsjcFf-r)Ra;,k-JEeհo>+Y|ww?[( endstream endobj 166 0 obj << /Length 1354 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڭWmo6_!f1KJ۰a֤P->, 0Fflt(hNR"/w"7I(O$ (I&Q\΃ l=yS4 Z2VKFؘtvfT -Oga'h3C$$Χ$46)zaX[/Pʁ~pHwgFyjveuŅ7.Oyń8I5g]u qzϪr^ʇ,xL?my޻R{w#nl|ۭ'zO:s$B4vMM-J~Tʠ|Xsgb\4m;6Vn->lAo|UH􁃲-*W?9 16q`oݥ_ۘږW0ǣ=K[.S5zl&(wXY2e4`P|:\$iE_+_djC]/̰ 0b3"M]TLAZ2}Oէ# ,L·-J_TXƾFgF] McYFW78@QTq\~?H8F %3D0ݗ'<#V~`muHf̈Ѭ5w)f-Q"3f4ēlJd#p8~ ^z a|EіkE)/bg5UrYx!\՛-o`|` [3-`bovaGɩi\)ϴVآ8t"Xgjh̞8s@ņ_EѾ; ;EqWaDt1(Z8GGmYwQ.J鲞n]SmVǯbO$p.^Hp߄Ou는cw%ChRңf~ƀf^0HS5Eqb([{KaC/a2 n<Q<,6.P9N#:ԁC׳x,ʂU'Z.YM(J䩬F3cp^S' mҽ7&,MM2?98=p8p]³Q~4jUF- %#(C_d(9e=9ymX r6z9Շ0[HAYϑK-dr>_d#t} gR!VeaX8!#ʃJgJtSǺ&4~ɬwCRBUr F/cQJE)Fi&%>UT[uä-iX=~ŐAHNz#o?@m endstream endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /ObjStm /N 100 /First 786 /Length 1593 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڵYnF}Wc0Z pbGT%:I9CZeӈpxp8!eW.(cU "ɥ|IaŤƂscV'\YYe夬U6`3%4H9g h0d;p)0rGT0^1.\*>ACPѠ*Z*&BWE@bT I%pHX,0b9 -XSP$8IrP).jh$ HƎ2 g xp"`xLYpP$C3'$:悠 ( <l@(E@<؂P8@~0 E';p :d9$΋EP ' $ܜ!.tTf 8:)[Dx[/300ЁU2$p,T> c 'ŋA§ADUUջJԓ󼞭lQff暞gϊ'ON>=z^W-q}ݎf>&/]wquaQ=:ΖrwqߏV8nsjBg,bmFUE}zRoz~&z_+8~h38Xn3X,ߴiepsjԙ*ONN*})ʗղ/ dQ7r1Z^TԹ@|#R#ECkXŸ/ X\46m\ m&MK=Vrk%Vrk%Vrk%Vrk%V.U7X~*,\˗ DZ{4!WY4xڀ<:su=+RxgZ tT`9G@n@ uT0Y> stream xڽX[6~`2)Y+"&d7I&)5 pnGH` VcO9G"va9!&VzG[Z@hs",ɧ3`O3yǂB_gW(C.2Z?je: ,Ĩv^cal6 UǬpiRa&{A玡[L_C$k&05pN˚J(<3 '?QB pjs|"U}+KvǪtճ#\.lL 6vr[MgED\遟$i!&nDp ,K` #d;oLL:jj}.mΩ Gci} ۩]"q*PwLyVRHJ"dQI)?` &8 i 0X,8e`eD*'?D,ݹLrURQT7,x2dL!p"/x`kǫ,8F.Nz("N*:+ԁt)m@YPq f;(Y k,@&1!Ks@툎Rn}>k0bCw&OvdOi[~Y(3ZlLF&&D<1w7Y~ȼt-bQr\vbi:A]6bȈFhk{u^uPt<5b+&ET0C_/4vx5\Qho[mn#pY(N/]r ~<~=MiYM4;-^Rd׮iUea0[q_*]ʍ>6KQ̰;] XFc۩p쫝d/Y/cKmaKo4>IHyd˾ ݬYz#ѹ7A39,o24J|!mMďJ_R:*/ GuOnZvIOZnDYx:{2 :Vw.=?0XuG`Lʶ8=SV2ù-](BݩWʶxJO궸P1, qtݫSu3uG!.!^)C> stream xYKs6W(TA"ٛ3IOmzHHDCJb.^|$?&xL.fۙ7z}{݊v3ÞHE+ğfh$/ջ0LV>C#5ʳ$9KzҏT'aZb,vXQcܴ5~8Wem{K󔹝R+(+8]FC=|%8-q3b-i)(JrN4U0sVvk0yQ}4#H!r$n}UR JP%}>(!lqF$( 3x+h6iCgacѹ1ǽ M?Fnϕ]6YzdκC@Ʃx n{vZcf\ 6rpYv)>n!.Jxcޜ? W)dZa^eLUv|?I ULc~~ :fJǀsGrZ_pی=m-#vyN3ѴxbIdVT΀}.+ٓhXz(:~hLCաzi?u/"؋jM׼P4QwкRBj޽A:]1(RoGhe%YIW+YwHP8mit5S2/pyIWPIKK"relX0*Pv)a6̠{wNAH8 ,z*O^sgU6:cG=/Cr9TQ:t8ZMK+JSV}e7wA'PG7H&vl>{OʇVKw֑JWi|,33$eYƇEMbUQ#?j97ueu_ 8fg-UKO5>j9u꺝zR7И%qҷJO2Wj҇JI?:|US#pbq=sOxmOkk#?d.\&/k)Õ{ƀ1S/Bٹ!21GyX!O2Wn|ʅLj4oHDl!ց5)蕂*wXbI,E٩?dص.KkdPHWntvا8YB^/#$MQCJ~Ü.|w h+MKehlуJ4Mjmyl)^0_WWӥCG5v|Q|(ƜoshlDtxwW. {69P*BJN)߹/h:`oo . endstream endobj 204 0 obj << /Length 1982 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڭXKw۶W.Jc .ln:iܾ I)É}Mڒ܅  y|'w'],aI腳 ?E!gfwO'}wU(F"Cʹϝl -,‹"rݶjo;26Qĸ1 cVeTȹ8 =?UD3{!qܷr-;dǟ~r,;0Ɖ&o ߃%nJUnURŹp> h\K;ȿ?ŵ_7eJְ UxN6}PUd7|M|)ǰϒص^p@'~rV ` !7]W" ˥C#<y׫; -G!k,f @jT=.h4NXlw|&8 >|#_gbDZ ߠB(a->q0XjaМ"I gee^?%m!7LuVם1P1.} OׇwuNA5@QGû77Vvv˔GNUA4Eadfyii!$Z m׮ГH[z$|!%c8d%- a>SFFݟ1fg&7y1h]?3)8Q1~uC;ғc&9 =b96m7ְ7Q G &X^}; Lw6Te74JJWW L CbXwնZS"|19y"\ RKxr),K/7J[lS g[UmZײvh}29n.MAR(ݭ.{/eDڵoJ[miM)9V endstream endobj 219 0 obj << /Length 2061 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڭXm~@ I^ri.H-z*[ͮ,9{;CRdk# vFg}n1KIdDdJbg|ȖsI6xpG҄GG"Dt+IwBkwiGWĨr[0`2TQAvr2PXp Ѥ@u 6pOd=M҄&-仠ihr[t?qG?9ڰ dSՁOQ ˄r,bgvbήw^V04Xuʩ |!F[:Y9gqxiL8XQ´<3Y0|ģxbCT@5|\^ Jz ϹU0"VFU]P9#H>ȑr1tJMYjuqMN`]Aո-wX'2~i(3riͮ: 5GkwY{>-?)3)@b_Cl&zRi]WSZEU' *ba%^ 0̩K w`G]t)?msS}4 K[QP=ڱT1~!?mn`UU)ǢGzپBN'1@$l}AXx^[z֩]Q{au -Ymc!ƴ繈[ҋ8+xt(\6*Mr0~Φ]Fզ},)49uG)?g56~ PõzxV FDZJZ('@ GRs۴]9j 8 10t@4j0._pup5үζ*A+rm O\[&.Ccc@0JeC|>{<+4dpw19`)[252o~p3V/+yСg*J+&0Ka;> stream xڽX[F~_a&jRie-m!H&Nvv_37Ǔ̆*~sh׋OR4`$H0MOc68#E5xtשؒ6xA`#LF8Jet#NJ8u4C H`l{r&T/ <ژ]Vn֬mQ-Ͳ[cVYSxƾkm=P6EV( (kAz6'ח7lD3 }9^/,feֶ6=чèwIOT2!,ER&M_R$I OI;iպ HHUiF<:5埙F ŞDrlXn*b1$hDІ1Lc^ MHFL#HP78]$| pp.72&GX0"D qaQ&%xaHL Ŕ乂5nCV0ي";{|D"G_QȞ)N8P!P&!VbCDx0"3} 11Q^ڏՎT44wAX+[!UU1[VX &WC,zTH.&U3|h[/N|{XHdB2n @A-"t/vo{? b# 7654}*)`ۅCOCJ{Zޫ]3V<##-XpB7"-ISu){@rKZ!+ηVvVj'T^#f,BrzJPUPtH/ FO{ꝙǽ vjYEf֪@Ԅ~lsʘ0(PT>Wb zUZ4(زnlNfyn(P[y޺VvlLc}.-EvUm+sbfۋ` %Wj{7pfZ )`wq ,J7e_M_ETu-PY)`0L#4TɨYFn`L1@$GgD@{Cs{sZ@RQ)e~G1 կ7㔚Bs$cz(\c,1;3{+eZUneV0?6WDP0Zrf ݕ-CC~9{?fmYun"lw*=o]rlPNMn~D9V;jۃ[rwhue4v!b0 t endstream endobj 250 0 obj << /Length 1812 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڝX[F~ϯRu=7 X"DP:C¿7;IYOg;1V~ $7]zR"dE!%t}*o6ӷAZRF4cdD-so}=s:[f Y9jxM_$ e60:'t-q2DʒDė[W,/re|U( "`|?a8+j2:) JUUmZ^gXt K¸1FȀȽ/ͩuZ.fUux~K3FxDSVKthYsڼ:z z1'aR/XrA5^:+ &]evӃ+ljBϒȻ2s| 3V7k&;~dQk O6kz)Nvă!bޚOk6.kҍB9UCC8ҳf@s Z9Pe 1m-~mi|T:rv3.!.*QD*Z{UWrÄ % xjVH(oN"廛+'z%Ct#ڡjk"m7upɚWXo#8LVn:Z !GE?vkV|wy*SBTFWoQ״8ޱr|qy 4 ED6ya($"sZrۖD @crs4$f`[ѿTM:8 1r(o$P S2E= 8<.SL᜹oݞ#PY#Q+6!<:譏6'84[6{.Hs1V䫁49 iɘ [fx"V7LHSAbWn-!p y6R8Wߠ*p v |4#J"T=:sHĺgT|x 0 Eȳ}[$uJ_Pa\U #mE-m={Hp >Z Kvn/wwphv1 * GZ;ԂF!Y&PN)mbjjfM惑m8V#Qi_-{qYٍfY`@,zYǕ,#ƏW UOȪYPy]8EvV=Cǡ4}X[F]mFXC"r's̀{4Yh'"_NaR^/{̯h$]=՟]W4_W:-;>R 7*G"jrҕTpqpnn*% ,ztG endstream endobj 263 0 obj << /Length 1302 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڥWmo6_!j 1WIIn+KCaMZeI`Q$ɖ8CϽ|:zVO".<1b<#7{Ƅ_^ XEfd#ldޡ8 Gїtc聋 0e <ίVfqU_Qax 4_&uaɺ7R(rd/8L1}JHⰕ{j%M*mRNeujݛ'DD#B#f$Gb3U/}!ƕQ sF~ a/Y`|"Rz +x]QZe(¤5̈́QqM&#POWֿIVllh#Bv%ij,ktB&/:4F5F?%7ܧ~c>x7*/?c+GS~MfXYhov@p_*}AͶm ;W>նx|HRDJBSD){,ɖJYJ,[(aVFϙ: wOvUe80a@cQ i,w¸@?`#l`t/ aDC7IQ'yTߝDCSWn_-ۓ16.**hWO5nCp8N, W̬$z*2B ᡳkcuKֻf@̄p8|/$}٤E9EJ=}-7kxlLf7 u'8J(a_ 6ntfZWA?.WeY+i endstream endobj 278 0 obj << /Length 1651 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڝX[o6~%)"!imVlQ`h LhG,y4;GnE(S~sQl9{V&Zr-"ILniy2)PIfp@p eyc8ͪ߀!+#J#<7|ؐGHQ'3_,EDu JdjD%X'b"piXDQp9aNX ^`DE4rf3z Mdrvxy\-D'e/I(b|»5v| 0¥0 ^57B"4QqĥK^8sL>ԅ=ϓMo"?LG%

u.Dldg3 13H~C}87)n΄orK9"]ސ"?7C #4@YYkūt}wEUكGlTπ4w-P]\#+ lMS6z"mޔ-ػ!8u6+tUZWKSKWL*,]UWy Sx.+7+uQڇUWN?&zȠ uT?:qM0#+7^x̱*.+N͑kխ.i2Q!p<4l/`8BLY7<3O7f咇}F[R^OtE\H,ςA/d4frܧD&Tj^04Z X<#說31fsF;-;L|y c5\v,NXqm&) k|d7;ok(imaK^m3{SZ׉)Tm1aTZsC++qڕ[XbL{;Z0er7FҬa@7|ۚn-A(\SN&Ct ffuN<*)ۻS2VQ r+uQZ$&'wB4/Tm9Q99\0뢸 s2qB~zyV8Q\L7 循L{o#|gSm :Bykg‰ h2XuWx *MYrݤk/mfvf1:N~G2־ILm. Xlрϐt wgLjB|aJng`Vdy0.M} ۰OAUp6HňUiQ7l_!)ˣb;VuXnc*iXrLQUkf +D(:x*0®x$|g6V%l2> GYU|G?K#:[l%~dx^h^i_pfK}S: {v|/z fC= =8aщ}=(l>&;\>_蜮 endstream endobj 176 0 obj << /Type /ObjStm /N 100 /First 871 /Length 1534 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xY[o[7 ~#R$%A^mm}Z(E.@$^d; GPŏ"OPH Q-*yjoX},F5kX2#8eJA $AE$wa+}$hBɜ|ЇhWG\(~x)=I0A>15|>B(!|L]%o4Ɉ oo?5^/?N/ӻ96D16XKg ~H)Thaa~689_._wC=W6 JJ4dRުOOPLzKGX3{4p+(cm`sQI$LƝ`aH>0(lSgI>vZ|Oo/|ڨ@n6l]^bAԠm=(,;,0 x=+-VcFD݈yC=XSTbBZƝ&:0svqb9,E}bt``t" W_Mۮq?2yWh}`9_i'R> SUF# ̍g}`* Cbz/|TU_Fb;C1sK}׋+el>^/&V endstream endobj 291 0 obj << /Length 2028 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڭYmF~R?4Ȳ~ҵ@%Z ՗l};㨐;ggfppWO_ )$MD0F( FM~Aի/%(Y"P 14,-4v_\]|8"_QX_ l`K%ѭ!G`཈^;}Z啯߾ZuK٧T}YiӸSA0q$L?:}u'|(ϱY%:/[mg+f68pige0"ٺ121]:DL'gE9EFƒ{]muZb"+ۥpdzVw}7`mi)[vex[ai^9鹜NK4AVUgvZbzLXm.͵e0hE12Pjo edia17,wQ5YhGrgCS.T2¬kLN6j@-^Sgbi"K7v$9S?f7ͽ' 3uHJ]?OFc#ovg7{ ֡ݵ6onY&E{ġSe% wuרq%mGMuL7#*wf; Vs[TXAObPWڹ G2 t7<2嶊>j׮ݞh&| t]v|eT۬j0%4ѡisRy;u3,50Iy2L}pݸh#d75K?nr@S6m9(ꫂ$32(6U #03iùf&57?D6^ߌ)T"ѳZώ.T.ZK@mAr!hjBEb= -.yNԷNd7i`$yxW4˶ẗ́K:tnt Gc(=2'eiZ8MQ6uΡq f5FHaN> stream xڝXo6B LjV$k[G(hʒGeUNҢ@IO9̞]Ξ $sq1Nz,¹\;2+rWA0 =΢$* ̳.,BDxF,gsfWT?~$c k0?$tS:/{"pok!-bH}7Jߣ^}s1 xװƉN$/6_ϋ2|Ku'V 8q>fCNdEQv*}bWނws Ek<ðH?`!gĵSzYYt4 Y҅Pܫ\]ke6+4}G7:'  FI 1DMB`/ں֙M[ՖO5w΁>ɬQ>$}o&޳.)#~u,v*d텑 c aQt_]'K'j_f':E Ry>ZF!>`e{ݨ+D`A"\uU=zsU44t+cUcY smUU?+r}NSL$?h  XZדU1}ժ̔-`fŖ٨LŻqIkj x0`Q9GY%Xd;7tPΑ/a9og'Qd^# CQ\$TDHkɐ X=rßx|O2[^/tҲI;›X+Ӈ9r=!{?۲R1v;>'$VBj?i Lw$λ0 O fƐ){fqϖ!JB|͘d6 XljGw)~)Z -- 'ނ1o"7K˅MWi?iE$X:otvl,:i+S;)}8 1X }ƃ;Cx^_-\`&r}`=;Z"ZKr\Iq?xlC^X6dYnLVpIڦ?@t,H:&!GYɋd5 5| am endstream endobj 316 0 obj << /Length 1264 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڽWKs6Wp<9P3k=8uǸ6VC@$$1H,wA%E$]oσ7wk(g9̳|#ס8>~t$!BT|-bQJ欣22:#?Ð<]jgy52l?$U2I7u]zUf&Uޢ<#f;;a8,DOU=d<ꔇ!umHHGaDXhT %E{~ۭD{N&͎8CюU=Og$s*nCڛ@>{qV1bXTi,Ҽ>"o=̳X s7edɣ#?Kepm,ɸ`\PInA}RO<"ǡe*TQVICn0/T@hZ6>b^sTxya$F!h7<#.#l^WEOW.c-f`9 MH[]"]+Z >~V #rZ7 |H=l௣ƫ#XH 5c=E %G2rZVr_|<僧̇#cQ@3a.SoEIQQ,x;M$ǮVDRsQ%q]2-Ԯs'UVPkHN=w(]GjE'{*7)t!oS?T|&/ GoBlqr1z\7 jŕ K࿵rHgwwM C!cL(]=wKTp:&)]]sTZxV;*rΘ<.ٱ͎Kf\m%ONܭs9p1sҞ9oi1B7RʼnޠYj!t'> stream xYK6W|*# WqM\$"2RKRVh!qdU!F-xX?_ܯ_|6 )K#?Z 9 d#_o^Pw_ |f&$}Útf$.Z1٥نu5u9q]4v+?^>LWzRp?TTյtF—L4f2$ݜ͜@^[RVo^ǟX8\cqE[2֎i*׿sRW"Zu۵7K ^e}hJ=4=)ϚIuiI1FmTvM}xM'˺#ʱj"2DX 9iB\vVkSxzBH~X%H\ CHg BE:G0rϏWqM-51Bu/iEznpyadZnU9 X? Re)OP]eǺ).&R/oL]ݪyQ(>WDUiuUdOInU|{3cw]8WvC:_&[6≘COFDST.)&{hyH=Ű7YJ㰟 8">$>e)maKtαX%! E:=m~PX$]]3oX(r{93[B=uTM{BX޽,iIX,ٵրB,J)}$M(J"0[D䡳t@JB )Kx@D CWo+ ÃxALno gd׀0' |x9ޯ~Yq9cFd28v'M#=O &Y u\;>$sG;%{"|E1Țr1#^o\ L7$1\ks4<p"Zλ!&?p}k7Sd| (nԍ[i2zҐ 3.+{`#}y!F{;ٯ;)@0$$;؄g#lK,`CVax+3s$<Ė+ezEGr&pÇ`/37A$#>H~C') \WF:_LEDr}VMDlO" (SBjrΜm.Dng/. B@8]p+G74J-"R1 nzN+c@FPv'ʏwZ ț3n? "3g7C>\ lv2\e(6B1FNZ¸Kah)E,BQ[SE"zry:>B`8ku$=i7eYQ."6C J[}7t^-qnW7!>FAl×w}.Emmu\}Z/ ;NR$:cA#}uqX٭~m c9ӳ9VЖѷ* STż@]T2Z%[%!C]@nru!6lˡmk\u@GF05BL7׽}yĸ'r9E8c~ֈ l {ʖ~mHhNvzu4AӦOr_ݟ*^G5Ѥ.!d|;<dUVN7!7{ѧj}P >ɉsc,fH<| ΀qUB0`YZ:4f~%.,_O1tl8c6Qt̟g/8GX7 ҀG27sՈRu=+H5~)+~,9n%yDO!7zPf# endstream endobj 339 0 obj << /Length 1969 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڭXY6~CR y6EENP P%ldɑ=}JmhQp8|c<2i>y})$7_zRЋBJdy}xu0P1'4MQ4݄ZZ  Gz]ܥm7ɇ1b8 ##Bz>H dmJ Ot /L>$:vKJo||'ph(z&$ SU/"rE( H+k-'MʳFa XVȺǀaa*#iEDX:ĂAjt}՝g,v[P7vX=HFޠ&tVW>15 FURNN-$0ּon h4 Y7 C+̀%SH 8᫵[[JD&,bUZ c'Y"s3Ѵ''@$vw6|@ɉp$wsN `/Zu*=lM] ^cmV$IOH\f]SNns6vhN.uu&zG 8N *ȄHb"G/ʇ8ހYW"ÛDn>u#}{3 3="ؑ X.;^.e[S5R+P#+]Т F[r2!8z [eѭR#qF]Hv8_;$p"{Js_SYt!>=܌ :qHKlvpsYJ;=[> Wqv"x:5gZZvLb'0NzM$CظJmwH:–QhPEuf1 NVLaH95f֌U ]mWգavO]*;hE=O}]3-Zb4&˶e -A-~W{?{`Ms|b\wA/c56XٟPJHN-[jZ]k.@ b2re@% mLkZWj2ø(۰l`x[j %O*S5Re>M 3H\Zm;(Wyn-]c@0\17ꃐuu hLP.25@2lS4K$ɳg, ]5c 9uIۣWgN)T#9%D#;1a&vh|XiC> stream xڝXmo6_!* C&u/ah;@h[,$w)[m y<=w vv~]Fsb *!#'qFYwv]yg790E[ td}+P%^c?/5D m6_%2| ^KrNz!z5ÈY= Hb.Wύ 9ؽ6]@Ę . de8l6epc;G|HGs7u$jhPۋEB;u gE=&Y+';xSRvly.y1sfٴצѢc!;}w޶k9"Im620+۬y ^cyv^؂ uj`; ]hfyo&;^GMwҨ(܍dG*/|Y#߳>YW$4FD`4M hmfWMS!V |_9X{ߴg] PRolk0|ϦiD 鄍nxpةŦ\ng^Y<pv#8$~om 撝>{&VwxvGcT %ɳ4?g{+w {x#YߵA_T@b2Gÿއ6(,l&ֆ!-׳ax@Gǎ[Nct5}&q늆1ף Y5k'\ɝ菣YyTHġaB_p+&EM_гy5VP 61Pkt zyu*'0 վ$F0XY.jɪ:+oy4 { F` L.OŶz BPWN/'WE@:֩_;aLk4Z͝'ʾy/@axTWS: ? endstream endobj 367 0 obj << /Length 2131 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xYo6Bp6fErHi}np_'ˌ[YrlEYItEFo^4vY|uk#TB6"#'H0F7%ūn넍(ˆ4Mw8{|ӯ0zErt6Sc9e& )FgJ)I{IVkڪvխ|WbLtOK2-:LٌeZ{>k ̙^APHMʼnbj[QUI Brm~hm VR[qOn R;a bnӼG&y˞q8r>#ٯ{ c@RBxpip#t8l`/ HPҭS1"I AcE\j 8„>(VqL0D#Plft?2 + $_~^ڈw EvNK(cPFFC9A}r(s`Ơf"#tǰxP(q'\9K-d ?"AdRDH:j`T0yhrb!`+=[ Pu lq$bɞ ܈10C?N4C?VI/aMXwFQnt~r"E՞W HB5Gn.ɨEF+ @Gos!35$OGv& Q9uPI FR.0i^GzJQ_p!g%W|bsۂjgUx@R޻NV;h^S?hlޱp£5ɌIq}TXD)V{%3>޸KN5/}8)diCO{vKδ{=lj/J$sBoqC~Oܵ&/ߚ1_'(e+m0vO/XCĆzUMx<&E޻80˭>jWs=GHl r/ n|o Ǫ|?6t_m~DT@C{5cxf, HY{"Op8xUT/AAz8Ѭϙd;y j-f!-d0''s8|&6ecwn a%fջYj endstream endobj 379 0 obj << /Length 2080 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xX[6~?B@j1KR$%CI-ns Pږmmd%''~Rm ,`jHgsH}Dx+GW.bX(QȘGE?-WRN H#3:/1҈\9#)Sx4Lei`#a\Fo3;l*:D %T>W8RG}\U\qI]y_}[T{v'Jݒ]| ywVY; gOC\$@_)N]QWYFWhŁ KBXg`l24.PՇ%4h3Wիh3•Sm3gsʫї͞-WC^]?/o_v[ksmnl+.N3JɄVXW{r zKթ.WX4\W[771;np)u(ė 2[wiS3i&dC.oqY1@$INMQu>:+BcM{7KFW]{M2 k(PL.Mg;W6_;1y9+5wwg少Bf/]efkdSW.!B˧Ix^3cѥK]no#~h1YLwy9@ex. ߲ 8᭍Y+WQmpYmu_nq|ЧS^~4޾rg_\<'b b}^>sՔ/۾t u}SN5aˋOPO*Pg.hF8r tp󺯛[r7u>fooep~fOMRaauÿfjOR]%$NT ' [t͚ ?4u?ULM9]~M3"7l^-*%uȿ*‰ ]ڊ=8k `!Y@[Nxdȗ?9Cm`B G{Dd"8,lEQ0A|D\ 3⤷OJx)K J$!BL'51<2d)u ˍ#c=yāSo J<0g\QԄDA8$, M-@toĜ-ƌC_jH_Pr}@Mʏv~voܾu^ {mw)r848 rnݼܓoaiq>J?v~ӏ |p؀iXﭫ8h7v2#R|iS")4E)7'Dmo\ʌ:Ӽ_TH|feD^BpW,ds |1bT3{fnb]>JOO ɦ\K;ֆӇ(q=\5;ggKfpeɁaAɡ޹0RNH ae`AğvtQ D#mJfm:Arڌ H]߸]%%+Ȋ-|KKRip<OH$ Kg3E&EaW6[uX{4\tlruÉ b,6Qep#<"S|>-ojE`}> stream xXn[7+l7΃$`n @x"u"!% 3ב{e0eIB gK )䚂>j'br}5dCX`BaTɐנMfDJ-R8J]_ -y_CS kZ+@I\PѨ@ "3N@"#8A9BCШP))eP2C5Cэc. 0a$.Fs %`v,' qIf쒪vK@9ή&؈aW /Oh_]sL|ÌQ6f,b-.\0Q^5rö I1v,cB!(%_&c>;NErq W\pr.pM.hH.i%&,X%5al 8C%q'FquЀagԥ C$0@6` K0 &o`Ka#01g3g)`I7:c7ɍ  &4̝pN͆W ~G7~x;{l#RD 0 ,F%I{l\UzIcѯptc"apuȷ8KZVUĎ9xՁ0\_0~u׫pߟݟW_@udey}y>2Qw/_ÙDv BX%n%f<Ctg_r\!~~^qίC1Lѹbeh7aay 8N>,⧋է0l߱[[[-!Ke: {5IXƽuZDK!Ƭd>x.e$[|(ndnQىc]Z'Hs,VpDlF9܊crl l͢g1}`V'm!8mQl%tZfQu3(;^x{ҧҌHvgծ'7_+Dž 6.C^ ɋꃬy7ݎj!4Ohl=.>.V$+=<NJq=E<_.>q&JSAi<|^0cfTCk ['8a2Y'[͈,>!MƙB>Rft/831En9:ܓLkLҨՓnH8v$oRn ?RTU*E)mČkMM` !HE0X䯐]`-~uw֩K$}`}F׵n=N+ TzK]zA.MۺKQw1oYwunSwƺKg]`E叮]`dџC``4ը5U_8+g#Fs?"i\v(~x|v[?CRv7(7%ܸ%OH,c+DT9g\L"ݍݔkpj\^.wrr?-eG;E V\8mIґ_ endstream endobj 392 0 obj << /Length 1531 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڝW[o6~ϯ0Ee6mW$nu0Em5RZwߡHɲ-;] sΝ“O~<=I"bB0F'gt2O';̯%0 9-j֟4A7 u3Cƍa3E8 E(ǎ{/fMX)ˀ@T Ϗ-FZ\Ra:rD.P^ 6K)kʇ^(*j߽C3ⅈnC|}.Nj!6czv22䅽c { .m1I`XϷB)dq &"|D Gxӳi4DtCg@=_ (p[VЗKW{ﶿ+HIO`XAdU9nC"JRiV,Q-G xZoƐh!KBd/oCp){@kEع5m"OۅܙGRTU,w$,o0Ar9=#ˆ*e٩ijW.̂ Cn/4*LyyЮ: 蝔fifkG(DCU6E*S#eR}a4J6^ K%@*{dZѐy(B-)Eŷa B&F01C0Fs(+j#KM `COSڱߗ+1ΒI̒eΊ0ϡAz}8C>&C [xC7憎D[ZֲYhb0pn/z;MZDž9N7haK~tj븲Wk[j9yqmhLȄp$ #H߅d>[!'Aڌ$ߚ4H7^dNT}{8,#8̳ $$ȶRYmeTnoYlt6gjNgڭo^bBl)kKᗲqo tVk#V ҂3e,4Z4>]Y7ɶP[JwYXjXY73Zh"7ЬNpD}]knw- 23YĕeUf,}TUË4a;jPI|m <3tw0 Pȕ J3a˓,Zb81# ܙA4̀€ ;E@!"T"NVc~psIF$j@*k|eOf,yO;ܹxjQɵ wMy zw}%y2Q5v|C:3:%lnz5J|UBؘ]vqûOH4 {>j70rCbrv5o^_i&Fl̎ոcMG(pZgVlA endstream endobj 401 0 obj << /Length 1710 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xYY6~_!$5Cԁ METYrudw}dQݕ@dR"g~3qӗ>s"wV71w#ΨJnSE7"]|Zz ML.F Ci'N ;)|(tnҝ1Λzy_e?|8z̛ =k'EQH:$noI9vnID-ZIG!ρ!y!(*^:}Ί % ?؉5vA[v0Dm%˛2lw|YFꭨHCO[J(Gormo$ i1Œc痷_ٷ!Ei~ aJz Z5Vޓ$Z{'Vy}=1NB9:,C!3 =ʊF:nwp"i`>]mzj>/f+NV^`7֔G?22LJZӐ)U6sq)Ș<* s>Ħ!%Mnj٦>bLHDr7[QXa3zS| ֽ[B,K2L!aȻ- YMz7hd7i#`mVdAfxԮ(SGa Zuu!ZϘ{S;|b=QYׇw>z.̖8<.8~KnYHxSaQZmS֣mXx9XZMUn:r`p .6$0eGBrrU=:qǍ^u7pD?W V,@+V-B0OȲoŸtڨq^B!-[eplL<}7Vo=t j̢ͭ8i8ύX "ޙM)6z"J_TIE6՝2ϣ~ٱkhHTȶ0nsE ՄFMX9dml!~:]=aw+Jr#Bg% ŵr \Sίa0:ǀuSCjMoq7Qі: q:%Y1 rlt܏ucS%n( Ե"zq}:7@U&E~Z@mNOQ}P2ߧ+sX-"o 6m%Mэ#X4U&AD ުs{%j$w0Dbg3y8|f|ϔ5H\z(s/qԣ3xpT%_n5Gg ~^M, ̉\&?!% h_kޔNjyW?]&eEODMvFb9erIZSLiS^O]Y8b닝̤ien-FNM ڬ>̰i> stream xWIw6Wc;Nij+M_,B)!!9`!Eʔ֋`o`g`lrzNlC' 1 ufɥe2d,`=zvKZBm`{{RVlJ#5iߖr(ՓX;Sib,o Xn0IO.(aIkj%M1CzD!(i>sMk!=nBf^UuYy fEpLb^n )VAavT&].FP 0.$4ݷ 35܅W`5z4pyGKEvF<؏ Heo=7nV4x]dLEO;k a!河Oi*1m)W#S0dƔ 05pLj7BGEI#4Hg)pYAA`D|#z)9*8 ?ܘq![Ba%ݳZ,DX1cbY|b잘źwfnL1f:t`Rv͋;A{*5!ҍJ?UgD]rQN iag@6}Dv6r҄%1h!C>-EQT$xӔjP͜ "nsDIgkQ͍ 2/U|-Fn("}OFQw5b;hb,ȺȇȁJ#˔^x>vM4`& \ 6wzՙyovP7+^ٛvV:斢6kYziz̤&L%-(Y %He|6I@ݷJZ8~ |.68|#=T#E0Eφ;ѡ6=)) ltWh[W\0_gvvEWmMmoHl1H1]fJ R4y"nYl|teRZxa~W̬\բYyהO0i1q DI|X:aq%O:9^mGSuLFj;5j;{D`WVRV͋S^˶9%1& '=sӁ DC017Yޔ%FٍQa_j*qGQ"y'hDZ; N(6vް _Wb>R'@}@\rEk!y6):0c,$dcvb?u#v`;=|}sȊcǚ:=W )/B曯'`'E81(zBeܹu6l1 }0#D[l6вXyۭ6+o5ڦK3×džqysIQJe ҍuvZ?bnޫoD^]IV߾KYa[mgn7 9j!^;Lۇ3[\T?Sڷ`jNz/ې\:}S<2 P#ɒr j=^ފ0qq8B"  ;m11_f endstream endobj 433 0 obj << /Length 1977 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڝXmB@ bF$EM6^$*۴B\I޽ D[޻], 93|f88Gqʨ`E*~8f2I,"F-"^4>-0$1gYYJ.vm2]9pX~}i.Osy$SIYKOԢκ[t̒/}a;h`nilw7ifCsSzՙ_}wQִڮϖ++XC+YYU6MLb8-6hd)hpgl m|?.9] 620ѷueLHRz{1%-c_J]w>Z;rPBC^ UWm'4ޅYPC`QdO*&B2ɅhkV2,v/ޘv`cfG3 @֎o; 4C4g Gbr% 38ES0fy- VE/ {+L֗l?e?Q =IXvNVR"S [Ke e!Ȓ/oiCdCEkgsVk@^:-:,p19 ϼ?4ﱊ;ᯰ?KDIO#_3r3MA pkm˾DEˎpBY*m ۦ5PYA}`lN!ةލlw(0Y&AOQۿ|H?g8?| mv }w#>LIVU9GmatcȣGKz` Ϋݯ7ea $,.|N6G\9~cs\yi0Ӆcuo=9+$ˋ%V m,4%MkN޽_^$D$nƦk˹ly]F`6}2|,6a  u< he2=vY 3)eMvugeiWɧC21 ψ[@|gJ+ٜr@7BA^A(>{P*oReKw.w j7XgB,uLyW<=/b!][rW.E>ә5z RIҋ !iH1sܦFgjġgx1=p_ڬ4q^hs[_\9C?RЩ&>e}j<흏$_Gxt|\$T 9> stream xW[o6~U!imEW`ah L,˿ߡIْoMm( xi<48^_I$Czk`(H0ꍧާ! w/B֑da@[;.҈yG'pJ7/0ɖAA#LU> <,&qkYRv5@TdրۢQ^H98j^Y$ƥ!˜>%ӵN7sSySiUo{s@C4""YuBd&hfkk|*vcM#$BL@uqLJb~4@71'Z\;B3\mL'2+TgKQmj=2IF~&MQ?UMg{ͯ 5rJ- ģMS5;)^s2!H -gԤJVPw T?t0Z׍)(D8rY*s%3?X?  u&zi)WY]<)| ?{ѷ˝*fGBeV47#~~,@1Cz1B̝DI-Tm%2x.@C`׵xj;̺ǃ/rY?gHKO7C@DLJtqHˆ yoMo!MPȉǨ@2_yH ]R n;qY{ϡ"8m^Lx0'xZ,i N+]6ȟZWe{0#0Y`{qkmIHfa]> stream xڽY[~_᷵E%@6ȦH&@mbWI޳w,҈ |yEWy7?b,jwZ1JUS"_펫Ohʶ*Ϳw)'oD$P7+dew͆ze^lVL^$Kyo͖Kar]ո~[s.JAݏrnj6m-q~m.ٌM N(7 I]sQE.0c$H'DRp ,Nz/QE=˛Qhm_(3yXVArMD׿wwnEG6>;奠q˽??9j9NCHߏl@[y:ɉ9.곹\/!e?T)uo ~a^ ס Ӂ Tw_ {TuyS]Ϲ_k8FNS% #tGl05$ඃƜM 릪+g>6Vो 4΍ ZؽSt3mgFXז1Ib%@I7Vи$кڛtN4kK%)Itp&lV8CZZ9QD;ѿQ9!r+w[ΚlQ >31MLE{)`4r)A"z8>fkyR6$=Y3 ͘I 1=9-UB@fDFr06NDB2;26&VAm^]ӼC`u>J'ꍙrxހG!$b_.i:[Ҩ/}Q 0Vwr?O2]g3fttxo2 抈Y)bΘsε2?7Z Ht TkxnHպpK3}@֍F8zN6}D0fWN Ga_R`6)T뭛2y$êilVwx2' y9"pEܩlGZXD,tV5վ{$HN&sxS8D|w)2(ι*5P]<,/K׾CGnf+oUñi:?h?X_{~mnpuw TR@YE= jLTl6WՋlzPv$TFc!<){{ƞLęl 'z( Z2$pz˙/M!^2 2~GHE,QvHlL1_ggd=G\Lįnml<1/qif/E8U|apKuǮV=WlmKNbs+ Bͽa2thLJnE,{6EOMŇSnlqwi5놇>l3};x| {mRxhȕ q~zUۗ sjܶ44!L, S+paڅ?,C5PhY6: HoSMK%#^VZ^ᢟ6ǔ$rG 'A`| {ps^x~oŨ endstream endobj 478 0 obj << /Length 1088 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڥVQO6~WD*IE|'>zE`۪RȚ]l;PqY6{Zc|=}wX“D&<Dq %"r,}y*FQ0hI2uXx:v ]oՃj*`&Af^2dPc(!_\ØIIH8.tFkו@)/r8Jp UiHR#_u3̍j?ㆍE 96D q t&VuhA<"1W)Vn 2IF2ueCLXW+(Su)Dإi)_vH72yԻKDB\[jI%Ӧ+Թ1uaHr&&%&2cA,g0,zU=!HcWF#/.HiTס `1"8$. fin[mAf dNy2#\ 8Ng1uY|@Nju"ցnM]jH34+9DlMpHNu.PdI .Œi2zZ(,EJjszb|NK ?HobW DyXJRIJ/ %yB.rJ9/Mz?_yum"\Y:ߔuID=Sm#/L9>܁4OfTcճqO7imry/ endstream endobj 388 0 obj << /Type /ObjStm /N 100 /First 875 /Length 1605 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xYMo71p9 ? #mhk8jj$ y]oV%٫^r gV!;㌈a1!)o(h7ghi?Oɰ&2\LrńL'"g4%i?r^gc:4| y%0$HH1^!ЎcD ꀆ$N%X!JB,*bÄ6 $CU0=c.O1ɘ` aV匏I_eEFL {g|Mx̓*Lԧ[ո^`nVaxVHG G6J`Τ Y=DFIE];8ljQ:a vifY%(XR%Ḛp_ 6u[ $ 00sũK~Rط#z3M\憡WG#^ш'`#b$0aҍuI7 v𒀉b*HC.A3KD*c{2QX8nSDo9 vشAϟϚ/F0؂dUh+M *pb3"a |4tG n>,pK ;' :yA FAY7p@QrXJZv6=?wԴo_Kgn~/FM ;O+~ڦ=_Mg㫞T{O/洧"|&V0fdO{>Wܿoړ]bi_NgƳ~wоi_RQαoOFTlG{_黩+>sˊ -]\p`9ᰊ=IVԁ#MU`a="[kN)עv=Wu-ףv܏ Bvt?cpi j]]f"gNJ TLOFdž5aINܪin"YnI3.E g6iEKT얷{nb:iOڟ߳?껶;\eUCBZ/ ykph魦sx$[)h]OGݰ*9Y˭..hsՍ:]?Ez/JU$~]˻ZT*rN@j8 WSs#C%8DD;ׁCa z$8>S%Lr8_@P&ϵY̛m)ŢVTrg*k9V(/XsV!p+d  ETY)F3H5͵j۾>192rs;eyB&bJQM@۝\N'wGdO= ,{(Ys.Jl6R#<!ӫ5{f4g<75y,T9%L-(ԱHv/48!~܍Xd~1G  =d;[Tq `,P.P,u`*gA0# xo>!.]N%ݿӮ7pzX$[dqK̸vᙶ67X `V~ݚf׿S-#w endstream endobj 564 0 obj << /Length 1484 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xZMo8W-fEb{. Vb5Hrͯ_ږmR(2b4AA GQ}{\]$8B0`tu8 eP,k}zgȾ.!Wq4#1qlWd1Kwki6Yt넲"3YDY1Q>?z|>P Sh^U#tuu$p%atT(](C@C1$V͝< v3_>d}H`w a^~/>juP[5wTԫ67%>=t4Ea r?6'ՏATc)ك؜{$҄{`?Pomq!Ӑ,H#./xΰ Qe!:W>T*3S vb:ߥe7?QA& ($M0l5c= {: wY)G&WtIlpgȕ[-5azҠ &=GsΗX^ ƜUcgۼmd!in8؛7Xps$6-aHSɢ 4p5P"D˼Yf(pNDub Ԓ&rzq&4>a$M40iNe=ٴ^wݦzl(Gܞp@ϥj0',ac~qӊ@W@(1 FDV;pf3 u ,0i>&Jlʅ2놚[ܡzjx :qz֠OϚͫM]:&V#xL!@eWLb\T:wmCA.&S~v 7^st0w+I{3ҽ(Ta{ݚqmc61MeD/;3Pԫu^@oM /~*af{^Twz0 <PWrW4b1Ўs R1ז TbX'$#`tmͰ(qN,j˼*o(ỶR*7߸LQ7рκ#wuZf{VNo~av^Tꈱh8e8z`2xGB@k:weǶ8\s KY4Ci7su-HWc1DJzy {K?|长m"zh݊>g\P%x, endstream endobj 574 0 obj << /Length 367 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xՓO0%hiimуdz :M{ +n,m }+7dh9Q$~%"PH pFIـ%M;P2qe}jy̭:F1Bzn\FxpG@h"BZ X541MRv!Hw ?r$YU\ǩGf>8JGԮqVژ[H;EϠw-߳|] d.'[_>ybt97o-ro _fզd]W $v7eG2 AEί^2_SqK97 endstream endobj 565 0 obj << /Type /ObjStm /N 100 /First 922 /Length 2560 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڽ[Mϯ1pX$mAIl:8"b p}^J @z"8Տd}*֚KiE.jH{($sa2 9B}A'F 7䩅 uZabN/l#0-Z7Q?X"H-b-"]ЋL|m KkX_SE  P^lXsb9d!rXb> [ڍ0cI6@xO)Vck{q3XӊOlzoC&\:(mQum+ݱ+k饏sFb,00}C?qD> qDW 7uwYt'@юep2h6pB@#S2ᐷZ$ógvS/@S7>{aYn~yww _شqT|sO AFs9i-GʑsLy3͔7SLy3͓H9rh9z=ǑcʣG)R/ T6 .WC` `>A6RxͮuɩRaUl> R)@|o!PRFp/W8FZ<+E\fj+mA}qV7 ']4D+  A V ,ԡ+" +AE'խ"WpJ0Ԥ{>ʌZ*PC8 NmM)+ 30]ԒgEްbKW &`c#2U^e0lh 8CܵLW8oip"8e$V'@SV!loH@ <`sAcl'8x'7 ##(mzIӛ`}@,Nߢx0>0 #,Qc:Y YL< iiq(>}c7Q{ EkkK p Š0Q9GLlf`"H4ZzV)tjT4c$}} 2"C ^hsԁSPlQyCα u8H»<QT0^ !괏V*N^5`A2|qG!~֨T׸ܖ 7b[hا.v6M.l܇ ܲ&A,2\jHzZio=l"Ϡ A$ !\A=tB$>ie'>yIȯ4"4ar6D@) 2fAh Z cK_/y_.xKAǓ'Eqkix^6Z*sqQQ1]^0 q{Ơؠ9vazB^2 =0Y}ҝ3R^ħ>N#Z0R0uW.~  >D?eNFx$|t> Vm-ܖaR`F᫥+d@4)]@0cD3 z}E%T;߇]l\=b@kQ{ }&uTnKt-usvQ dA$8^2@#_ $l!-z+-GZPb:M.!NhR> 0 ApH0ҝNB00NA#nwHuY6mj۸jZ1g gMiD ;24A׸̦U$6ݭ)]"qŰ/4ډNA|J3|^^?%Ft\r_<6bdK)O~qw{x4,/\˜?D7pʦN;|_>Qn~+˾}vS_fmzmzmzme&6tG@_?ܧ|^G)%bsWp =X-$BPqDi>jSq=ߎ`8ȫNnyJIEÙ*70 ީ1*\s Onׂ;/ۓ~v{h endstream endobj 595 0 obj << /Length1 2909 /Length2 20695 /Length3 0 /Length 22148 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڜwT۲&[pww%Cp \Ͻޙf֬^j|Uj>* \Rv&v6F.F^t@sW#'h Li-q$F. 3UW @ `ff=032qKމ gibaX99D<,-\?(M@t kfZ@f 7J3K'g;#[ ?m,mMmh7LLtQ=Al@w2?Ye/៩(m jlJ4u75YK3jg tH@ @4{4q_99X.. ٙDlFotaXTh 04q-r 08Yzt}~<ieqyqVx388l\N6;U4/R "ox4]ۻjkl&/?u_Fj=ѿZ/잿LuAqo}Tiof9O? _ }!ndkiـLSSO#?UJoT`fd \dl,퀊Ζ`c5U Kk;3࿖vA@ 0rr2c 33 ` zb3ٻL. :5ElDD߈ qD#.߈ 1$~#fo`XAo"F .ro7qQ@\~#E7qQ@\~#E7q@\F\ .ڿ73r64t2q[dl[o bndd!f/?oc.? @I@Mm@7Eֿ$abej7d毓S߂ :<~JaD-ۻbT O  0? ٱ2k4{@Pl _v]#Ph;W[/?(1`4ȧVLL~/b89mcYK U7'P]Al]"3Κ/tl ugaA;n?\\,,(-w? @>\'(?.g{?k ? vLȩo O^@2 TXNa3KБzMVMxBC}%I6d;1Wc CKJśP>7a[{}KA߁>~qc̩ b WM=-2$.mG*xj |&"ޱz>Ƒ1"Ɨ.~1/n(&bT-R5Q7XWRIéhCdOd%)e_][Z|7ABFk>/ 4ntTQ Zko 1Tb'{8A 1Pk qC-025?(SA?xO(ŪMmZQ$h5ƫ N[E؇Դ32cz4S!s~a `QCLόH;d#Ա-Wvn*5>=ϻK<~D'ReS<%pس,= SK\ڵbf8%}V&5܏t+m"-QoOY|*CM6)&髕9un&z`~_LkXgmvj GVy%Ѭ;!V-adǹ?g& $a@U֊U=;;V>hUJ}TČA'%kW\i3 H*a-+aT,ṟkhr/81/ _<E їx9[vdZI> lVxg?!IggR*!;c$Ɩٙ{Ohf= {J5qi7MST=y7zd1+ 2nett9XZ G]lvDt&A6J3(g7Ӱ/A=Ĝg}Z9Ϗe<%RXppI K"p2":Q@pț<,jSv~KF "&}, l 4@?LݱzḸG|yh] VSV;'ʃgܧ0#M4>5",TSdzSLx&䦻M㾄czӃacC_=Q[wÎәNv9g'8nK2!^u{G,Z ^RyiF~Y?]\v&[7>olE2``,D´/En\f<3{>JWtKARE8\ێN# sgݨn)wQF[~z~¹5xTd{FHD+G+1`vQm٠яmR &*2Gc4{^wr^">-[ )Jusy5Pl2y!tt&ƞFv!kܜ  `33%A=DOdSd'%s;˚kV"]E\,327s:A<\w@e?Ը?|ss+nǍ66-O3,{? Em['i~sk`JK|k&3% A`_ݍ]7%<.7A) RH Z^zlC/V [ii, na,ϯsavT1lk8˗WZkׯȄ y5}%Ft81 0A0qېvl=ᗉ&5C}L& 2c̍'aLU$iH?L#igOӲ"H7}sl +OӀDžGċZɥی:)$-0\ +;ZƦSs$,㈡k֥M dnQ5P`J1!j^i7U5:W7ͯSQ?wȾ #3no/x SFΝwȋp5|SlGhg+G$£ 1NEw E8t fR1ZD2HSsSo,\rrb4KdaL+W7 )(YvkOq#P[>+?A0A"'X}Jm`RpNr,͎'ސ`S<=:AilV04_rDX?ؒIEp)N9v,&xgc $g%jIpX.,$03/ad$@0۽2eK8$OC(Իj+X Ӵ0eko}QYVW*GY]gَfk\e~ [$M ;/H>ܠ㦣O'߸X=$YQGy"q0QXg~a3gyH)Cd7Ӷ77wt[涝ZHNTѢFP g~}z/8'>?$w&ºt|f ;ÜHb+IB55Jy Qs`?)9OhNJ'>_ 셥\ZwxG {z)WolnBrFzQ}>9&Q b9cqkG:/6U$Aq3v|A=cpᅔUі\wx!F.?ډ4O]'L>0jdIoBcD6c`̻%9Jޙ(--7im]GzWͷS1 XJVQ` L<0!KbPy/( jމ3uKVh}K-Jxamq/-6DmvC.7wW㺔0`(tFam"i!.$]tYAK17=ݒJ& &Wlw#Ve[b|y>Qpec' ]+i {}v): 9%ٿZ/jO))/'<.6fuUk>92;+!DWJtgB&i'TT[| [TVcʪ3|;Ʊ.V3&pi4W7on̓Q:dǴűDi:XE*FB( ~I;Cvůꊐ ({lEV ){riߪS/^X$s2Y#~~Y:\*RL"HVsbr-w5ki*b 1wJg|g1W[Nsxr ݴwhZE003t>ahK^Z';B=}7 E 7U||3b5;|"{:Bl(evPQ,7*Ȑ؞XjxüF*[1Q[Mz+TdDxcw&C$>ԍ=!r ;3Z{ƸԬ2Io,+\G-?D$Wv4,t[%دZW;`nO?s|z9 i}8D?aJ9d0Q"UX#PZ{ropx<~4rM(& R~E~v TX!Il]MO@˰xnE*X9| 0h2dH) zS3^2Az!u#\ո\:{`(:M \.Hw*"lz$@Q9 1US %X>9ØNwKl|WDc|Gb tsj <~'-uVXX՛ MGg>_vU2IZfc;h/[5ʟ2Iz(G!]վtSeioft bSsZ1v UrOKx|.\J=0Sě60f; XHСTN&^ߴ 175w1YlBV$e nlC߹1FXSx竲kE…ڝOK T4%]0W"@7U-jk9F\In+q pJf|(Jk4E#y wGfW4!W#/dd {tڷPm~ĚeҡIw+kR) 2@}\~wllznZ]pOl)|KTԫ w(d o8*#F^:Ə'6|?m{ڰy 0 <`ɾ@e1Gƭ)ZX&6]=!tWF=(& y J!Lbt(} 82\<U2,۵>9xbX0"rgP!"8E,W}nkS HJ1 eBw*e_"ƺòGTbg4W;y>~Bzg~K&ƊLWMNHmI;7Pcn+SîP.GX6AFkP^R/S7G¡UB ӈSgΛͫ,)Ʋ傷j>3ui :<7t󏱢)ӑN-ܣSw«?1̄h-ęDHR [9V#D /bׯD1zhW.oGN.ŃWiEIv&%UJSцd"=\#K97S~dzpUz2Uli0L 4}#h/@6*^k}phÄJLB;[z쁦F*]oWN{YfO5 "сQª QεE(ՙ_! »܉fN9/{6b˸}*޲%h,FIL=.G?#:391D]@9n}TSmy"{Izׄb6F=؝wЋo47ڶCG,1iGr:·UY*F`~o cQ}n?&>ȵՏxYLC83 .J{홸 {=lAs;xC]`~_lk3vhw*$5rx(קdǀn5/BNV32cJ+ ՋesT)yF/^y&Wi*dQv*4UWgݍQ'|ùOd\Gć-@g!k_$u?<NgAR.>$UrU ڕ[!qEVq$1WAL!c}s"OX4(sBk強ˡwxrxىM̞v"Xzˇb+\C2gu[/C4;1ZD&/hCCoxj.Pw~U P| 6 Uc2+ϱ )&Y|EmOrUX[65٤ 5bG DR ZV^^$Dܰ2]ڏ8j:h !B֫=kNQ_s645!Jɶ8c Ujzq>Hy E_2D! ZAɄ,A.7WmeqΠ2SGrx8|V-` Ij%3T ѳk{1%c\ufneL<_~a9e23:%=j G//6)vh 2NA*A7+3O2e|{[z1^xg$cEa+Tk_HHIt߸mY0_u3+o$^wd%jfi WWkjH;%i(2D̠4!piR4p_ h9Yz?;cyI:nTF{ W2C3]Xa)[-&6Q9{Cx3 p7DB~N ?~-(z@,wu+Ҵ/9E)eg ^{`ʢUYJLX^RRO5ZLb3>[0ُ%4ڭ*(IS\]cs̮b˙ S]龜%Xt>Sq^vXHlӶF/Hn.(OCY&V?J 2K`_AD5?>sw;"YJ UvFNSճL\}o AV㻎=J ͦGP6_<} Z1M҅Y7w5{RC6i1kd( -y$~Z&@3wț o@}mg}' fE 5V֑CL8tO4NLn=ri%m!0 $[C@\ y"4"ͦנаo!ٚs-qc@5Aq :|'dRWx tDF—["On^Q9Fw{dĿ,',~D]fi$\7}%ֱ Zl3b/RmYRxFzgx^:c%P CZ$ PP\c:dג!q#/80gj3*pn#N| ܠ PNq`T\7K^ŷ Ⱥ$oT9lMh&Ev<q0A[O~կj0.E|ZR4?An{jDwz192RJ`r̕?lnBkD0H |ۗO)a7 pY;mfW+Cdyژm,+pzrYJwO pN\t:fȹm%[ MA=^T6*LZgC>_#JdPשD^e?l9C@<< jFj_Lo6qHL&dW?l0#ޢYMMT7[o0m vZ[,1/h\؁jfKRO辒a$eZa4`lrۢzR6)^obRSGiL zNwn蝳LC%x&S/"%U'Dr""ci0Ϝ~}AzǬm~>%s bZg:kw>;1S`5~Gw:D9|: iŬWcGm>%n1Lm='d(Qm Q~p\lj2q8_mVt:Gv2e1kQ05]FU(\>L[rZ&!{ohiJOu. [pIo՟,"H_k8%Z9@?,u`86@f]Ӗw@Hk@]wL2X\*:rL6QAQ\IFx8!.-^uҜ/EO`QoʜoJR{fCy\Tu+.M3y&"D 1m@@TIF'rՉm3_?fאR9٩oQ11/jFڊ3*)fd(t߃U`b')5)wo~o uQFs <2mi|}5Ԓt(W/4_HLgA&-lS9Sj@Y!'5EL/w_D}i2cv욯6.B5rbtqD})>#`*&rЌOn *{ I3[EA.~UtEmGp`&kzil6,by|'l;BCndE!~aC"-4^7N?MA.\>ygwA(3 va4jfo5j3կX ԇMvl4ђa!j\[8Fw |]W$4n%7ay"0 TPxZƤ>H۵~ի\|3.[ 7 :-!ΗpԈDe#U :z*P *l}8H8*RUG]#$#-zhk"B{1P|8~ERMUjōR EpW'"]?DIy_`@fg^t>KәH-B?lJܤmZ@D[m8\ .TࣗClfGEKt1'ᄯ(Oڢ_-\c2|޴9kLp"S(.LO G4E+V?r]9]'K)%2 xvua؅lx]=e'`$O(D>hlQ<KX&|QR>W5T'^jP0Or3iJC=Iuy=̓*Τ#RN/F;ZݬO IPX͏Fr{fSRocNTpQF^_l~ 'EG&Dh.)5| $/Lĕ~sDRMaGEe[36*pǪOTVڔYY 3Z@4昐I!؇t|c$kX`fbyŻv`H@>J6Zq]~5ONW{pͮVD}Xp E̫Lח%ӹ=COsh=?`iĒSB:Kc4OYSrY=WM\֩r7jzp D811 Of@k"=l0,/Po|_Y*ya ovvpWOD' exbe&{yERYQj UfO[E8Ȧ}qBn}C8S2HR9BD BuB:VvIG3 ]~稠KKBEq >T<_( >h2k(/TG6_h*1M4OX H˙xX ƪh}F҇N˚!YNO:ybi~^.Uzc}^4pblq5gJޫ=Xo gkɰ6Ttn؀|k+WBsm.E9H]BT.jE(Y/ig0Cl݃:sk^iGY/sfw&LMMQkxQG׽gtp2T|KdӁt#dߚu|L\ibuGPTKӶBN;k@+ݒy} ˟XЁ9oJibBvFoG\:b_ .Lo'|V5Y ymq<= [U=ևHUv౲h`fäiBZluRzZꦫ$(ԢWyץ_FJ3 shShH>v@z(&y7?{w8:>{EvX܍1~K!c hRĩ9@ֶ<Qm3I e􃸉)ﱷ;Eu8GDBN/:[|)ۥ"l yp;qkrTOCWi^LUG),mn#BAv>u%4b#o딶{&s !'B=nLԳ,"Nt$/S_B[i8Y W.c^eT{޼[N 2{#/;W$Wٴ\~ÊO*'SNxDmQՀolln/g/2?e؅7 q|hޞ߆*YS\Ovg 7!tYO [罌OusÂ,f%&|iT 9\&B`[Q/E3ߌZYcӻPvmXz"{@ET8F-\})p"MOuŌU:ЌF/]l5W .zЍBM xPڒ< 5zE}'2!~=K_LT1%ފJ|.F_yّqΉ6@r(`ybv[ CHuH.g, Nh]dCs-Mwh{yS97n qtB%ZeV Li2~dA2x; f>8a`, w]}~MmO<}B`S($Ja?-_@R>QSkJ :#`;Ҽ&>8!];~?E/L;j8O9І05(_ a=\iB=GD?F6<_8p@qOM2\L&XqoW"itUȞ_JFWFjTztG~@_%`hbFBd% U[ȐanENϋ䵕i5rTʷ{)[h%7dmZlCd Jf.g\1)xg=/gWZ #(Su, ϩg_UVm6Ł®OP96Zx N$j44rYd`3{ ZGGs!,+1%ۥؿ݅S]|FB4xsA|q[9jVk]38[ߛ1n[#Dja'56 Z0II2.澀?qL&Uo⠔vXhyʟsȾ5%7R&,&3=i"ZNT»> ǕpƏli;f)h '6I(hK ( V}7$,T?r=ِ̮lJ9t7j)߰tWei46.9 l)~Zձ qUASɽ(q<೥{8 ]8lgnY-8.UQE+ʦVKs,K]Ъ{n54C+fJRg/bJjeg/WUدr \tsu7\(;VwGgFG{/7Ydž]Ot@1%_:?YWeӒw20&MIk Wb f 1!P_{z10L F, 84FG0#S`3r435Q*B11\387+]Hm}n:'k=/m/-b}`Ǝªs_m,b 8N.<B¸)I)fVV1G3?@'_]rq7$.ak/n2Ed3ۼ4Z& L:ڑ֕XYh= "j]S1!m_僓a-c_O uA4)N_f,lݖXUڹwWH!8zqZZ#P*w]cOr]!Z N xF ꚀxCB.(2lxHSi/n%GՇ1P(% &#ƞ{]_X~Bnm`ڄ+ɇCreG5IBo#GX7gpVAFs1Wpٷ`(LvbK69B`Ԥ̵v"NG're;"Ы}T56i~ʈ1݊Z3xGD0OG!x\XwH]7Fh%cia`~TRlsYy/0sc0k`dNU=2]z]&O[_4$lƤ ~0"+7b[yq|/7?״z1B6|3Im*Yy尟Vu]Ӳm@%r*zoE? -(hDŽEL(mZz8]T§Ϗa}RzUEcW jn].ʓwkvI D򐁽|i&:J^kqLvHAQ{.fgvąhC/QggnvtʪrqzlJ7SqZףW^Pn+7b]*j߈C 獔仮)ٱ‹ߎ R8zd!dR;ڸBr5rAg?i1ۗXG܈gNIw /Gwء &8LxXR ?锓Y Ui=rXP [׍1֨dճ޳Z=1z\S l BWN>/̈́;8rFYWqwPD~k .nOK# YN;B4_E2T ^o߷ZBϳ`KUި[ WF:YP ֿ=8v_(Q|d ՘!Uif[O8uG@1qET(.a#Q,Ttp.Æ ]Xbfm}J< ϔ99FWo& س&W9NZ ƆK&w%/vhh6o8(TԗwIt~l} K\D3L޴ LK%)t D# O᥎aF)Y4 E?D1<{i*N \yKbn,<\%wr ۢs_ӓ{%O^'E@g1Lj3SARns j^ Y-%Rz=B|`ʢV {_Ѡks)!"`lYI<3p2 uB]>7|(*U2dO QmH,B- ;HDiAS[D (C'; [UI7R juNlc-;~.~=3AB dXw+ni*K8?k9^v)jyFiXH>%^//4Op d\z(eOEK$F#RJi)-9 %1=V5#H=rH$|b^*trfEXQ>)2ns6(>@K  (A9d lƉ:RD||3F>xM#^Mxw? bJ8k!Y#C67ʔӋ^ 4= ˆv,ejB?EďzBUf\$0z,&0Km̧ZӃ_;IǏS~2e#N%M D|z=MS=PDΏ*TzaGdf_jOb%3_&8bڨ~' r "׷Z5RӐ妊?~cBNαJg+VH?J؞g]w",D .9b5YNhc$MZ{@Mza8șB{߾ pbKUJE̜d?}\)V\ &e;Eݻ| z܋5=ԯ+Z2c`dzBy92JN2,-ʖD)d6']fa87Qb[[F~jfdܜLG6 X?kdk eѕ8^L kL :[^kD1#LB'g>k=%nJY28GRkLkeoۄ]&6 QDM?^ Ww# ]催':S+o$59q/U<0BāP>l~*є[y4 †H9q~gJDE; N`Ys'!=\U3lihה2Qcz<~Iq4TԿ}3{1qcHhQG\Di=ǝrX8ϱ23^ebyeEvlɳuX] M"yXuT} @>P; :Xpp!{6`>4aӺg9hh)?8NУL\y/-ˊFهc-1C10%y=NXlSMLaaBO0 :p_a!i+^vzX ~\fમ|#lk*6r8r3H6{T[ e$}\SL7.i_7Mry |TCʉ1 9-`$AU5ND3SA@w&˨ނܦvc?m`[7YRk0@ B+a׳I^/ǁ,6:Jng&L}#3~/1_D!JEFFeDX/!WzԌ{+vZ#5vdETB)ǽqIZj@y̛͑>#M ιI=zqaP,]&=CUo{cbP8+ږ)dP@7'HQZbUqZ&cDQ^PO'+{K`ٯXxcI }0 h(pWZ]ox?C%pO`vXN6|s] XA*o~Hu𠾈 B&9EOkܓ:?;l4W:Gda|3b!B9_HD.FZ33hµ˒GB`|*slㅉ 6ɤl5X1h^1Hr7EV|PD0\ IÇ拄om2L. /6hUɈgYTr݅yuj5J=a,  (G{XDhW{)b0<6A⪥r h`.ź;"6OWo4ιEGTȅ7όlEzaPܭjՙPxi.Y\L0G&ZDGxl^y!h.N&eVnDa7uTYE"<* gh!݁MsWm;zAfw{Сpm$b83o,`͛ ʯp'05gN_~ L"̹q ͯC."$RBn^O揸[H懍0VۈgV_BYh I޳nt뿛UދjvORM=07'2Ǖv=H9p$w\@zXX2H~ \]i endstream endobj 597 0 obj << /Length1 1515 /Length2 6671 /Length3 0 /Length 7680 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڍT|6N7H)c0b1rHw R 4(}gluߜ&TG ez@a') [NiEzpPEBAux PRFX ",,")P =A=Mĩ @\\Q7q ҒʞP$ @(WMD0`àsEdAނ?rCH_(d>4A"N+/! {ߘ!P$&:D[`?Os@Am ^ x py@(?Ryx#nA Fw tSH[F_nnڬ"<=p7ѯ`H(BGap2 >^Bfp}?2( .,-")!@BxA_^2`Л"7 @!} E 00 u~#:? v7 =U] ?%TQA"bi aPL\ ))xoG ؟DXHM l߾7ԅa0 &4H7y<hPuzeՃB`>j@7 wO#a0(Řfv"a @(,?͂o. -CЛwHu8h" Kl$!A8uc)$5S@=('//D{nn51[ u<@ȿ oAfM ~-P?L4?FGUfϹa#Gvg QڈEХC㉍WDsJv*md݊u})2b~}  og66_H_VL $%چMq9Oӳx)oM,|wr!у$RHtRkkz&ʷw*_2͢KN&;{]k*ڜ}i H 65*C**QҷCMٰ_ wOT :wZ}H=xmHEmKr$Eie٩ރR]^pS~ŒMa nͣ=Q`c^RK_>IJ.wg.Ԫ-KW>N501N>CS(`_'RigԬm;ܑ;Ck-73nڶ_oէ+`Uߎ6=Kۄ8[@e ǚ=ށ,ͤ_OErrZP@$_#lps.m.‖~eG.]NxF ;%=ؗNevYpsTw":lḥܜJG BQ'*9?VKÚl 5KxC8$Otnr )+jh~׊z^Ú%idw%?Y_UTqKDOWx.MM2}P|N'YL>d:RknɌ{M3>@ȴ4l?J-٤(gyJ;h%tkCxT͑Vl:ۀwFEUQYWiMP49kp%|n*IA|< FbE>0g_~d_&soһq վ5ia*'d~.:& \(-%XSgޯ´^2Jv^e t.-"Q}ÐY!%xP'<%iz6>&;^:tt1.m,#UgDj? W1Wc9o;W;EPXTGw,|n~{U`<=oJAYrL1_Jevo} jf<>"}r!aajuU$da ׎>Ri.){Ck[Wt]zYmB,:^8iL0GU%E<{5 Iqc:U8ٳ)stݦojVو|ŸEp_,XVI@;BG6{g\KCE*@ak;&ӋiUj{e “iE~u'M|ï8_|s S!k!ёx~y!ǒ ] !{SoO;q$?vr{o; [Qpi,+5'HnJ+}X&]mnaCgwU&|jšE%.ynωaDde4?bΒ6toFrEп?L`@O,eci`0\mzoِgvj_kvjs\)N4cL8&C0+#%? ?dSr.R"pՄ*,Zwcݶy7][}:-LWiI׽KVMY Or .p?\fftYKf t2JFsAyrL>:$ g[]E즂N{Ӂ fּ"Uؗl ] BI@&R-[wJsjc߹OUW?_ER X^cpaP2nZ]U&;>aЗu֑[A0"M}_H,yrqR+LL~1 Q9( ^l?yF"v]]G1_m!>Z`FEJdE}^.8UU(r+=fWW/3 L[٬=s_bӧJHgY jz~9;p4〕pi5 "Y4vШy%`s86ȖDëyDVv4_ `9>;@WT% "fgI~z mof)Z{QРOׂ^ve,Zd5| hxD7Oq(׈bȍYbz콣)ِ\ K^ }2Ka􁾶[wZ+RL-}؝7oǿfФZ;U3p#maaYk&d+40Lt.zY m+{1WǔeF-zh*Cm3@k`_Ҷ67U$O{=Nv,N:$#&qN=q*Z:uHx-P1[z⸇S;II!1Ty"CnVH.b>ʅn$GWaK:Il!;yjZ ֚&|ȶi>rg}p,M ׭&'i,ΩW=5E0Z6fY#26FG7c@:^g }Q0|4Yև|hyX%V%(r;`j(ܯ]ڴ_Nzg~tVM0ɰfE!;-?TKWoqkAcXgS{)s$)ygFWV S4ۼ wV>FVn܂*] pDD~U e ȡMMk*oQ6feS{mUs3*AG5+`1Wt *mg;]X*4̕Q[ OD@*zaM-bYz6m";G:z|)CfLۭc<;ҜO(B"M$B,D'Y{g<BvE߾3xVkAֳ⧘ش$o+??! 2hpְդ8X'V+O 5!#+OvRB*Qf4%rVHD>}:P$%+@Z3xcKOptÜ7\qMioCA|vAir1F]_l#gҾ`O:g^o#1qmc+>H<ˈ1Wf2p{;s_[1xx7YORRw ]g+'Tol"\k? %Qnw;X͍Ap)RvW j.9iMFuD[I%۠&O?9:3mQ[8sd>^$P:u]Dׯp9?UTwaul I?L'z4ͭ[L w (5J!Fsʈu Jؖ6>鸣EH&N7# q%x5Sigl)WFiYҹHwy1BԚ5I8Y,,LL&ܯXxyI96}1|wtQJ$VK"3!{hqؐG-]bSA{{ IkoȘW-5 r'y7w6 eStY}bu&4x*jGnZ[!6,k%(UqU$y|:d8d0,ػx)7N d"q* cN 8 e T7luU}?kIvޏ܍Gs UgO| (X-nj ].î4THСł*3W|o}ӘP}!ư_ +v)V %H9\apyyV87j\Qh谙% |3V#}oS9=GĤQ E#~ޒx,)QAEcn8fYR]J kȫ$En9ywCz7G?zFe׽ U;gW>d˂2GǙ wk/K6DAo3x_nb]Hl&)Vo8[_+o_~r6EkYf}S @&v q\e."Hࣗ{G(}'q|?~vWxQW2~PW1) ́v;zr1Ej.J^/ɓ:mn{OtdZ)U&5?GK_Kp gMɱ'5 ʧˮDЛ ח,?V_h>~`S&O0P9L e*w|!A[;tGώVb˵wS0x'}0cޣNwam U" 5'ӃTPv)ݡ#ؓI':?L_P=j}#dA~0evG"ެ /+S+v8Zc&JZh L  C9k9;9A촓}7%jOrt37\}6єwlχaLiC-s>32ZBS?'MR=`A Ɓ>=텊ƾ%f%?j#TH:ގ/-;rx_d8 Rϕ$LLi s :lJ~4Ngۣ(mD7ы;)uQ)@"A#x6ti 3ց oå{LJ,]ۣ|>aKKFדIg`G4qkﮙczJ%+s㭔7\1|G],f*Ӆ pkkk}qg1{.y8DY> <^Ҋ2bh ϗˣD`<Ko?r1N1fXv8MtL_wD8~ϭ&:QSʙ~~֦A5@k]E4cE "љ[Ujx+{*S OLϾ95^%0AK;Oe{c2zJ[fG,VƾI;=ĺ166ՌF3 2KνuS endstream endobj 599 0 obj << /Length1 1376 /Length2 5918 /Length3 0 /Length 6860 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڍtTT6!)t 3tt)0L30 RJHHwtH H "Ǹu:}y6;C}>(Bb@@I '_31 @!%@ cmk6 pw QI$%D%(@B܈ٕP.h=̿~.HBBw8@F@H6cs;Q '?ٍx"0= ~ ;LO0GO068! 0u; Cյ.0/@+; ]HoG8*Z/ /P`0 l{ 9xn4p54׻*aH 0{ 9YG$wG _C@] Wwklv0 @(!(&*`^{_ ]`_ }]P.0v!u{;;"P!~m=t (kh>EE$]UP &3C0o#(ğv_-{e_upKuM[?,!/7(+ݐo7o;#Y뎹V6ZVE;WVۈpSAx {rCW| |ڂ8^nל]K%ED`4M t-F(7H:p=?B:Qq @Նya~QF_7 k[0 Bi uxtVouHP{?2`%iEoW&@GhIOUMxp^ronZkf6BHN^ DƆR-~hZqq!f2 u6}L*iEgyKi ._;D5mFc_:KmPjuٮ?ݦ w(*+hBC>Y yAW;˪g -nD#N儼0R$ lfJwoX{@yd] r1h|ªRpN?*n׹j沼9,6QF]&cs)75 Ɵ=ʛۺ>U"~.<"\c똔Cz~nJf3^J7ax;VҦ/Wi&>Q<}[VHI|蜟k/΅ 8@Q?4;U\6cp_~,P,| Wv<+NNg|h}ho':2ݔxm~oCWD MW$HzaSY1kM]r_ҕDuߤg=T_.daZDSmc>fWzVS9=!bw;\.zLf5a.:=«\XŴDz[fdFO(̋+)uS8y<}D򛿰n7#ۆ7yMԭ?)(5=vá5HN ϻQ, 6El:}υ8k/jbt;Gdy'rDjv)gs|բWffdOANd8EP%X.Tz)ZZM42B j2kh}Qxw,^:uOVõ_Y@y~+D_,5גY8-%miqoDQe ƖMC2`jtkԂ YٽGY ɓ#ZM=ç3]]17dkI; >䙝Ϻmʧ%d'4~r('X46PJEwれgu9^|/%Ur5w4~cXaZpy J87NZP47|wXQɚw&棥i[17{{ǂ(1cǮOpc~#4-3MV# @'zJo 7N,:y>j^\~XZٓVR-ncA/$aEa69Ѫř@?⦽d# #ɬGAE^hq|ꑥmr1Aft-'σ~?BڗJa>+*7*c7lTB5tYJ.}?t*s*d`lxRP6JIB|(mX.KeuÛnpc].#\*eCu>tQvW.\/vW =w鞾<'Xxn@}sSww=P$PRU+ڌj-flO>aMk-=63G(-[2OylNAձoN($t+w5BmDӴ]I(gM- K.ڠ\[6ny-'?ˀKܝz#fޣWU4:KCѼVrtԬ%]b;mobH{K̝; Sǽ-1-F`g A G-eNH(z|w%A+9Tw|bdު9G;.H vE-BvX']2(歅ך)r(΅y%2=[ez}K`1Id NŧX ß*r.7g\c_ % O$dϷhU$\H2kFKe_$`pYRPb53.̒;meá]f)a>m AprK z-]ݴ, A'g%~J@|#9YS-> Z`e?l,rXE,dkaiz e?/T\_ȹ?Ol-s݄SG;Sj zhIC[WOzu\$*f \LͪgޱjP#!Fv/C#ʽ SI.R-'ޡc\c=~n 3y -s="u; # 8q{&oBUl%n[g$OL,cR>vՔm;̆+hvJ/z9=r2Gt;LD(!?$qNI#N {kk,uY /_A%:}YUV^]3h0sx \Wju)w]b$J M+oyP9y}~} uˡNW4(8Q  ˄6ơ%Q+n>=`c4YaZ8" 2gjTⅦK:aߋ ǷN31W^l%ar 4*O1.Xٸ2d[]pȾQ/"Lb Ѹ[y=Jw7+[tZSfxa#nEF)\'{F{U[m{Z j9 9 o1!#cYvN;)"2W,A# D&Ϗ樺7?} L=}ǟCHҪiyB]3>|P )!yIXqˢ,z_oկ m cM+::O}VJYBI Bx_3n r*x{eڇ m"O-.ތED~B=7lҔ'P;>e@C\c5p /ÇDu7 l&^Y ETmӽ¯b`}Dnzsw-"TFJqVz?c35-^!1ngZ_qt88~|&SҍU[z9{cjABG/[$~m>Ĩ/Z̶TvHqދ2zp)05 b%z\ByυT@<}$oرBÁثyHDbt#vpxhpsGqf+wrxZUI&U3:& yShKqJ{ҺGe%fC\"sV2k/tb|9:Ŭrife_~bۊZVւݓ~mݷoc8M[ޢ>Zۅma*I?_OmmN *ƁSe7_[`@ق\ | OvV !So_ŗ<~_? 徻f-CoD%g\ZFkVN\ +9{D:7rz)\Ҹ⾽{ǓY@aiX$z_m$IIb)~G~z.,S說 (zo kE2AO( DB%a/ҝx`'5 BhE,!cJntG@hyCj)ؔzGQSݐY-tK ), 0&gTKX* d(5o%ӕ{/EPAT$W5x/HjL]t;'U_0'&d1 !G.c*o,AzCMV?qVk-q]s;86wqZ bԱَTy_ hxngqA_\-idWks#A1SWOGzkֆ ͤ2Q8K;I&P0L*bm˭EigzXo;lA+3h#E)lz YAmĸ>'DzNl~-n3#/Q4jEQdez]X=6`Eǩ r%F`]*fAj؍ګJJ9OʒY/҇pd:>z[Iފh%k^RO$oc"25$里? W~oPnT$),S1FBõLlzXYi;P)0fU| Y!;~1]m07Ϋ7+v8rY6HC3L?yR%-2arDj\NjӤKɣ'66֊{$,RZZ|YOmM֤Kڢ4א: ;}XxW&9kg(I#.YKĤ]OtYC8cYeH^y!mHveI>Pܺ❢Dp԰)IM3qP7,vgm*Eoc,LZ눁 pFS5dضNk/ޜgq.kHB: ՒBJJϤtyJRT*IȴGh{|)δj~ZC}-ßcfYȆQ _;a2zQDZ:cxnzg0B ^rHg,4;`8£.9+e6EXI endstream endobj 601 0 obj << /Length1 1694 /Length2 9480 /Length3 0 /Length 10578 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڍT.Lq+^R8ݵhqKR(Z݊(ZRܵH733Z|gIᔱ!0g'P @^\&&](9.> s+@A:^ P?0WQ<j P!nLr0+G+GDDwjrv'dF+#@f +9q\m%Y9P@qX~ 9Aj kuSAx\!jqvC;[C\jM8Oc? 8pyudesζ#ƅBp@ֿ An0?u(h@ GqA; `NNg䡮+{s5\g wpn=g;_6H?2[ @\/+; t?<}08jA~< ;ߊF<<kBqClB&@$x߯̐ 9;zcLj5Tjo, x!yUǿ|;yP/!CR`@w+"EwG?, '_H#kC.@]u5 :8")SuSzA_@VvOs:C^ܠ?:Y9 7$7Tܐ+c1T] @ o\H˃\Skps9Hg rE a HFH:sv%|Ho, mBmDqȔ 86x5uF:x%ng%r@ty2THpz>Ʉs74?TCUgǻFoUS| aP+__a*xMN+g~^+fj}NB>NSoa!1\->̭vG>.GF)-: " kE( AMh|0J_<C?lI Twj5L6瑷B׿'iJsαyL?x+mtIsNX5.~kD6;'|4Ǚ&{ţYZW_ wP2>/`Ɗnq!LּG͞?)K`e%UWۖ`vۛ3UJA~v1_Ax_C-d1WI1H{xGf223^{IL)^Л*}O f[[#-8 kNr2Y7"8Ҽ}e%nHn8bc0/A(lsI1Z&=fMA"Vki޺BԉV/%tWr<;li8T>Ga׎_2$S@ubMЍ Z/KwKa|b5A=2t}'h# T6,pqO$oF$ hI|.y 'dLf hRf5)\[?BdpUgx ^( 5V%龹}𞫴3g:Sgz2mړZ}';CP*AZGL1JE| ܳЯ"57],5A6>qO3~p[QLU/I"'cC K6!VGe_ԝ倷Aua 2dv^-v4\נ*z!rp7i.9 KnMeee+JnjkIE(&0jIN%p<.Ɓ;Rhe4NP5璚q)a }О\Raܡ&aOZl{Ż8Uz㕮2mwF7D-T}>3G?gF4K[۠iZШ`NNT㑮Ay`O"cQ{4**㔍r.7n+eeZ69pCBQ7kb/+F-ԻՙB%[JKLv~Ph Mju Iʔs* Tur1VD . ,Ogt*Һji ԥsK 8<Ӽ"xJ#4őgAB*oBCbCGl?pV2y:!۔S,m(ƣ1'KMw[j b/qU36$wLS;il竘PLp$  }yOÁ!V*xRfgۑժڃhz${6q:ʜGȯcuDbQ 4m9g'?EV)o7( @ʘM} n?q=Qy}3[v;*m8zr7ۀ* ՗ԝT h0i೼Ƚ;fq$5DlnU}ɚ8 )D D;v/X~oD䴠h]31?\+D+muJ\Ӗֵp{yPO ;2h,)`rq9P&{t]hfޒRMΟT̲u [sI97١p EgS-c$qy110 dnd|fNf[k1Pbė×ZR5Q)&h T^b u,YZۋrR׾ +bb1>nXI^Gٻمe,B+ TJdzomz=_6ZCpM?#嶱.qʯ>B!ݫih*iڷ}M wɏ`)&})ʾvƸ`>$1*+*8.Q,a#ס@&/'ri"[?-8?;H-Dy6CeF3G<w!fNqtMCyng_H;:L=WufX_0mhfx>Ia;!WrvkHLh&U;.|=)1Pa{jwA'Mծ /-C[CTk󠒂8ԣP@>reR֪HԓTZH7LЧ5ۧs=0NG]Ǝ6vɲ_^.|]_,t2bF " qҕ-\ˮ9,tʒ b}SB 28Wd|,3]nMd nܨ)٫! RL,@ YH+]OW0=:NQbRsЍ5npш)VH9vXݡ(eQPt,3N`RY' k8cO_;?vC1߮;ȋ Zܙ0Khu @/VN|͍:{/d9 (ᥬ)a%c[`U+`zHWQs;BJ4ZCa*R?n,$mOoIy7^;lBՆ31SfWDa9k-c;,w[/{}zn \Qho ЍزnUӇiw=&8U)VzAh_$iʾuoaYvh{ӥ`$ bn ZǃbqyU4?5Lz%:; 9=B`EU%tuJDCVmXn/Y-T93~TO*aMA.vު uwbF9á7]~GeK8Ĥ'ܮE2־5r&G`:(g 9 ~Uӆ )ΣI +OrNurTXOMi09G=Y&d%}ݮuexH1 /US҃5pbG>=rTSd=L)ފ9!E2=o; jbή KJ\Gk[>qɠi<8 tJrCqrde7v ELqEPy% 5+?p l}P;0!bmv:.=*x O3#F;QUIwNV(ꡓKZzmwCՄ< f|uh՛c qME182Tq2q \1.,t#zT]Kiy/g$YeFrRNOLyOvE&4^AݸkltRdǶD6`Ppا˽I55٩\7}ʥcK!i8F$=@on-(}<*Rpt^ ΗZ)L`"{5[\pRK X9:c)J^@^,.ă5U]M0~.M/Fxćo. r˿ *YkMN| BE0 ZُSTk[;n&u=ws -o{%:},j`ݚX--W~PotOGCT]>3[%l=Eֵqm0,,10uS2Rjw_k*fCOo _WJX Tܔ*eJxM N?eOaO#[LG8sY$ نpFK~ Dصn=pd"|--sʤZŐWdK:l%6Koڊ%&mWl;mfPPzy vUwHLp\pd;QE n=1YRxy_'!phƽ]#;ŮD[O#ȋD2b(W3Խn,Rh?[]Oÿ́X~*^r{e}5S ]4&M7JKB8gaco7*ѓ:Pi?b%چ-ay]nn#k8nUV]\10wo߸pUD \u, St9&{f1}1:>cu0 6 .GrԠߠS5X;L&ѫٜ9$\0i(S_6*:?]MpF >LŎREf5*.%]Dn4!ܱ ngt-eqۛXR#h˵;NU)Rc%*YCkD'}}r-,"7z:9}|A*w6[mQ/0vYr4YueMSJ3$*s EZấri!Lf,X9 .M'mu Ws%:?_~@%ϽzǢf|;t^Fok~zJq@l#Bx2aJpӃ "'TI\t~Ջ,XG"Mg^wv)fp087VQN!ETRbTcU]hUւjtH[sM/KLiʨe f1۬SNCWjkmd`WJ{F˧ؙ6z-yئ(55I\7hs?j5ͺy*E0cqt(?c(,~r-pr_̰j|[;Nh2YE e8 [EtSõŋCr B6!!ͨ[-=@'\OOƼ_h%*keoO% [uk؈:~C;Ɵ*- 1I>h3Qd V[ ofs,Q?cıL2}3Q#,ki`wU^2Dqd|1 Otu@,|3DAk͛o,\ '齄㍮t?Ggv5)3%*j{,v(bD'pQŤ1/ܗ(=I\*(W_+Z@;d9l!e:&pӾ?JBidOdL[RF,R)r,Hƙ=oLp/H'w-dƈC#4qC}Kc3js5ivB8rU@)Jaʑ7 e$@'bEd >pT^66ח]U2˞U)4]V?nIL(v{~U{5iZhVpm_H5nO"9d4=ΆT@QLwmE=&]Z<-ؖ1KoӯX[єz׸r׆ hT}:qzԘ76R+DpEMl}0=ɹa<|9dLһ?-"A {BuWiIE+/dạ]O;?mkV~7d! 'smH6@I6`; WE],ϠlH57z;=  J>xәNhڭߠJ="Q뤧z'X#K"%;޴}LE,i&bJ٤XLqЇ+ư??E ,Z|M l&L/+=g^sRB@|?^.I-/ d*^P^$5hrpT=ЎΩ|&w~Ov9MN}'u!;- V 1+DZ7ކ7 #eXrvu\+u%g&x>OiZeL03g]i8S,ڃ*{$%6Wc<I8aW=`J:Yv2X~X588ifbpϐѦ݆pܳ^Cve.O5/G"R#{0}ۤkHr;WbzG3jGQlu3, 韁u)P-/"QY ~H0E@9 @` |g3a`+ ;L8Ib.TF׎^_vsKP!cxY&jf2Qps\@nW|"7~FPI1Փ!kMħWw1J,r?nx6 x,?p챔@Ak_;\OPDWFs['rSqp_֜\JfK̅5cZz^jE>]A]Y wiL!!)p3Ԩ@2۫v4XP֬<82j;R"U.rQ endstream endobj 603 0 obj << /Length1 1385 /Length2 6193 /Length3 0 /Length 7144 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڍTTTm&KHЍtw 03RtIJ""J#)ݥ4uΜ01hq­!p$ih ?7ćĤE8Cq !P8L!`'F qp Bbb  w^P[@P LrpWwy̿^V6WTTW: qڀaqAhv6P%X%W1ooon7^"] b @~Oƍ;@=~vo;@:62f qz*ꀖ+ d,J]\0(:C-Eunc'=| F~uet0r?yظC]P#,eCxOA^:0?fks[OW"t A06@HY e 9 _]CmSc;&+  \| $]DaK?h"_{!q, GMrs SWU/gCο¬# v: I@ @?FߢՀB=]3# GW$P>jC6)oSjPDmAf@C @wهnSw|B샋\=xc0 \ k=k:&pp:sZ2y/pnlNThh\} KI<֋7y'OH1G# [e3%c+·F+FIy`ӻϬt.io'NyQH\_k ƙ}btor%&2ZDr=Bݛe"VT|=05G#Lt'W8yϸJ+!T"da}o*Ћ*w xְPCMTWR"$;c7ST38cU|\!2!]>61RCfP!*XɋNfA 9@3Zol5Pi_ m/F,ͦk~ T˛׬8 /(Wֆ ch(")CpSl܅`cy60!4|KB0F*}P.Oע~D`Y=N"#l,Lݕe70mijuk2reJy;_9~-~>;LѪ- nǫ$yA9V6-CTPg6o18;<(Hllϛ4pV B/d24[Ba`DbʢзC°'*%C>РN+ӨyaODS (D,y,~%.J+j^GʫZI:: k;A('f]LrQۅG#qp-cIJ &H@qKۥ+U}BG*;i!st%/^MZ֦&NT|}:&qLSGzD/}Dqf90e1>?Y:dYlxT _o>Eggƭl;4v$:'ljb3&EݾI~B`@ጹP6hf+ ؜G\jW o031:^|}b-]z` IeݜH j5FnމL`|:+N^x߷YmW=|M)Ɂ'w]6۪u['04Y2nO ʒ' j;8m|ArP[(fc֫5JCMV='Lw.3֧$& qnH6~&ޒg6w(H2x٦:;9Cf耫^Ï2E*WKyZ M~uztN؅DBf2pDq% GbWo\Э\`#bc3tvc88.?0Ք; ') #;䎑? ϴ)~8_0}ֺp:1qnKt垞QExYxۖmlawHhSHYʀjұB|wޮ̋r;U>Eݭ8(ǃ6/P?ؗQ=f.9.r9W dzo1l[N0bW2JĦQwߔ}b_D}K^5cx=Ǥ"n&Tk')0t [sC5/-:bb*%FbcC;q$R}j(:o:[7 + Ѳ/)2yUjb42je1ǖjٜ w.,N 7w}q;~^"P1~|ߪ+T>]y8ԭ{u xN{.'=j57x{2^O5lӲ~gIюJ L))<"r/Y}B/b̜pZ6~a7 _>}ocdV W.#`J2 f~o1JEk'e,AH[LD)Mdܚ܄0JX y6ޞ\%@Uq_ubKq4Ea $vE6296NN4q;Z+u{\WU.i0a=(}4ٴxЬd =)=7C6D5;QwKq}ث6ǀD4=5.lD7@_sk2%~'\'IΊG7IEsGߤ'I?c?vIIˬo̒>\iѨ[nV ut42/ýJr jv_Z/L1+}ΐ{O?L)wBPSBocB̎}G5*H!f*S5&2DI ܎__Z)U/k=}uVƥ̃h0v~]`;={0UmTL8y A%1:З>ńΊ/?%']k r8DV}_drÑ8;w4):c]Hu8SʔfQ]2:3hRxm1vogfˬ5}`BvB)xQ0+;OR/KtMŢo-Խ QYkI\"d⛮e?nUMO6W*u_n]/i[֟y|rj`@x{xtjXhدq<Ͼo~L49Fiz 8&5u$N睁 .XqUIYKҙ}J,8;ꎔۧD6t%kygtHx򁧲(SH˝p_BK EuU ^1lIC%Y-+>JƇZ%Xm2 hߧdE 4HTQoOmYr~#vb`-M.[pTp;`GH&{MޫIqr4>gt^3yHaI^RI&zdӂ 5m1s4 {.|33d>2~s;= !,ƃZjĀ.zgW\G͎ԜbRt0FMR ^eT*[+K2W-gTuձ*_zǗU>MOݒs~9dwUX5VOVwrWXs.l"e"er~:'xGЇغIЉգ"X 8H얋mQvvG,W!:8*K9GŗVA?QWts)44yā o9_8f_vHs44 *M~~2ɓE?Gw"]S p;(f]R‘so<\1ɢNu=`ECFU#]Kjf*ʡh^(Sj|ƽ;3?#q=y?gPȈɫSv~˜q%,Aז=xAэoS~Kw9?zX,x (ơ"c:g3]_ri% .W0Aʨ >نf25 š;Jy3HI10 ޭ9%}=[8•z=e̓s|]:^uu̮Ĩ(^UՂ-8G UP8w}/v ىƂТ=+ 1(##,Rϔv/DϒJS8H: Q8lpK+~qk$!;bM>p-?oUv%r?+A]*CA1Bʑ(.`U] |Mf¤7=Nm:ƥm3eQCO,?{8T#SNqHrQ8}yS$t4[ jICnTHbe|e%4os> stream xڍuT6)HJ 3tIt 0  1C - H#%ݍ  HZ߷f}>gtePE Օ@ ?ȇ̬C:@21@]\a\`$&Fx8@@b@ "ì<,pr"Qk `@\2P PGԎ@A^H&aD:zxx]y.6\uCh:c\uH 28 P+* nu6*4?d?._g_``{6kƃDrp_D+v(Em_B\`NHWWïyAJ#]~'sBPf_Մ>U2m"@a~>J2:qB8QM@}aP+ @A}}O`$jeZwyL(_e;xM}::OV HF-|E ߡpkS-U_`k8L@ `[@A ?KwOῲo"~~7%Z7$j17ghաV07*#A۠  \aP+-bG2Fj!\aT_>|AQ+J\`W԰!_/ E?PCVOPvq{ᡮ> ԀZA=+G Q!TϾk ޯk_0oR/? oȇ޿?j-%T¿( F@ăjΪe=G$SόGp Y󪥊s= E3N Y_f}NYNߞO&a&jF1L}$VҋEy])+^]f笵g[%\'gEMfMd7{uo!:k=j?d㘃q`d\$z䓏"U B|2cCK&8Pp\ 7CG 00!c/@aRy19 $Â(o*/5M{ٰ# @%ɽCú]#-?0oPwЛhUp,OmF2*Qw+^> K%{CyX[#DB ^uޚK.?x^$%&bpYރi9K+ԽZͬP\fC7gZO!6_>^5}mcQ8F{"J>D/i&!hK3ȩoDuYr+gv=0dXAI;"=^۳ snrf%͋U皐J]g>(.;?m'@f⥉\d-%bK͙nۊ*hHϡG*j )ժD9>yjt+a|),gR"ПCe("q|5ڥ$a]Kic[kp%ZfwDj< P\.ceyFA'&¶PFë;'3$TfOlŞ_eF\kxZg֨ a6#mT/-D+E߁(Wdn!ߓZW S:#SӉa=jFϝΩܠt|o>+/\uUYc̝d#,*ke:&Ô#s&'3d6mPiνd;_p}VQJaN*>ȑtr3Q]<m<"05f*ek G$W8́l'C2/OI0Τv,ZQcγt }Q{QoE!z TecS{mhuCt#OL|AƬN.q R/nI`OI͛K(i8iV5bK C\ăDLoB͉dʞCLq3F Lo{5a?Ԉ0 gʞ_$ս?<ҩ$;vLLwkƆ|5 irK Ɠ7Џ뿾HI+=i_ŒLxU;\:$qaO=C 6XqSH֬8UƐd#ek@qz)̖>2maIBO}k8 UHBi&rmtweZSC G)XH%:œWz_7*D^O+ҿ @Ǔ;kG[叭]QōG0W >GH`[^7vȉcÍ58G98WO{cԸ'Nl$GV ueCb(Gոj;;:/k#__5$cŨ=Ĝ*_\?]Qq)=M$1p3;9:~:;i>fQT+fM,CmqB6כu:F9Ŋdcfv_κNKR[?Q!~3Ij7֭)m /JC9U+,zĊ/T:DߢXkLoF)j,%;0 f܋9K$PZ {V #{z=~v-ylnpQۍFZiqյu4ɶ*^Ա8s0"5s IzI9I-Wz͋[6%{j _1ioyPGæq8ĩ:" OYQhHl_a҉~%i$Wpû|l'TAfqٵNqy#wSo  zlkRB;hC?58NaX,Ԇ]jw0(,ii ߬Qհ3MF2f^}~B nW8-,ӉH7[{+Si5"s=ElhuUi Q_-ǥ){9ʹdJ{|bi=a¶{9ġ fЙ4n@~m}vBY㣾$B'Qu]vSI3e|4W˻W{~} Τ:RaIA5&; ")lm'F2TA:XoNd|>KP*K0n։ }:5 hy$sW5Ɗ7Ϝ\"“N>{/t*5);Syn'͏}TinYL{']CRO6_Tjg-cSaR2nwLw>1a^%~ 6𔱤^Ɩf[t"iK|{ 3jv +`#ϿJ@4}*L W#˖m`SD<8zjxӋK)ޱ~p៽8k܋0;G0d lM]jI0ߍZ&kL^}%l؞@k[=׋3Ȋ7Ȍ6 ^oA? sZad ^=[h7}̝vegVNgXVSg%9Qg}s-4P EՁ|rtU7.`_/7[kĝn c4 Sjmۂ6cuh I%6amC{Fj| ULYb*W,b i(e2\HwS?ex|."OqlgG`'EÍD9x;Tg ݘ>LI[.`S<!}#,c\ (fDiksp0LBʯCgc{2^k1`#$fTZ6?𘩧[,TLJ|YQ9BUZ9R71E~y~ ;Vȍyx,܁AU{Z]bkcmiI7p>b; 2yu&PX)xcVΐ=5?xN T:k>ˆ64%q ȵ}TyS_~TV,$;!<#xߺcnhxfؤ^$S*yãk,&?lh:b.baWߎ/ϑqsGn@-s޸y|qWٍpK!6[_+)23`idA<4#59 7ʉߡ]7J!sTBpR/ڒv':E?m֓LbŠum%P41o{yY |4OBlH$ȲP\XK$Ks.R/$p|]%mSۢaK,,~ @8|ʱxrS’[)U`} H`cѓʡY ^cFn|sOz L y?% M+1I7 Y5d$ oJx^o|R~ >vbI H´4Ւ͜jw6e='꥽F98ڴdU9ZՓ,;9c:3H~`#BHV_j}nrgZ'dl2|`8-բlM?Qg0QWLM= KZjq:A@߈RSn-Hq&'I:6݌s'Qow4w$:{Fwp6>4NMNz{FlmrU @ˉ23Q߼PC{!|ez2$ym#Rj8ڒ!O_UZ?;eOS4{P<&Ѩ)cv.(y uvw;pz;& $c4UKS)Po܊ijfAtS&v|as쑓6x v:}ݹ)ƅl[b h+LӇRIC(sWvely;coԤ=a8ȟǨf=Lb{m ]W`Ku _'Z'ow89i (`[kvҢimHRT.%)%1B\cSgk&g2'fk^%wN>h77=G X(MsUvCrYU,ͼM:PHMaOy{FQϧ:gZ{-YRį3_~ ubxt瞮A[vu=g4ר16F[1/o-bL\,!t(Bk*;՛чF:7XC7 BSFפfYݭv飇`JÍ=a" q Ï%ib.k ";[A<5M`c&\υm Zqq3;%yO7<;ZȘT3e4R4_)VM/ݪYX?2+x*Z1$!|[^0V mA8\USc!p!!TVk7`"X:r\43Eu",3eq>sK4CG>~L"y@ V %c;=Ή{Ts;0*Wtj$~" Rٻ\|v՘ށx7sV.U7܀2ANѦ4?]L}- lsO KWS!';FacϞtFht>a&%xC&:׻rie~ߗ*&k^ևqCٳc*(3P%Wx=:1]%0h+ ^}=,SąT+=r뿷F&]GV]5WXs&UB́RN G`v5Boӓ"W ~dgƏV4pKoS׶[R=x6zb:o1e3sb^ ,gRz4reN/ ^(k }ʼր"7j#%jAfS/s)t endstream endobj 607 0 obj << /Length1 1673 /Length2 10851 /Length3 0 /Length 11943 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڍP-5Фiq<\[@ X-.33WuouUotԚ:lR@ygS aFA`4:};"/7>۩9C`_K@)Cg7a'Pvd]|@4y00XpH9@6V q>Q ubrrgwvgbxm;h 0@ gght] x  b t<'(4\?U4`u6.v;򇳕؁@*; 6;?[yZVTnX=7W{6n ;;EaOYb+@~' r<ǟ}q%؁ vpЃ\=J[yP7`߿-qqlA6P5A'3 S~`=.Ofu}1cJ* F,vNZ `p&CѴUƿ| v?}>TZ&Rw~f-M98mG P3@` I}^55ϥUڂ- o,E^g Ogjs7 nIjx=mn[с^ Tr6]mWWa(zbi_{(xX]ï~_-N/4t.:g FŒw=uq9[8b?5iJ]nNZcb z?TeY⥾9ϢT1YӖpwj@1:ϑ@8YVr]y 7 V|h+ nrۥW;4SF_\خ"Z6JJ{q19D/- gQ!V@G: J/pXKvcrbO3ɹ9T b+/.D#>vҮJDo@MyK=; CTgk8:.0f7fSt@}BOm|M|p6:\ܵq),evz1eh }R"΃i!,Y{/yw ^?uhkBDv',?Prqd<944e :䅯V46fI XJ [!t zkrMSA]+,`cg|npSԓAe6(B'&.})gm(LW]OM[Zy5x=M,Z jO>mĐrR|8SSQ{oY9ǿJnu0D ]w#%AD C*~VQ2 h>X* iJ໽fd5N)`u?) ,=7;W#$΁j=ľ+Iy3[K0{0?L< }+[)TyGhDGOwx|(_fl`͎+?,;U>~BBW|R"K'H3%", ,HXOBVJO [+5swU&J-L pi`j>]xݠX\H܂o=&ZHQZW3vD + rUN j/YYjΞl} x&@sH#^Jx329h;~l0# A&4:KMWJx=,Ie(GUE7vB9nkw,6hyѱ:؁\v~&2pi7 ц2\n2{ϩ W{R&c.%AsysqS :4֚ 94f/}J]<ϾbPD͸-cwzCKi6VJ*z*F6oRs*"ˈ>~]+^lXuwTs-Wً_Y"$ڨ)#gW>CG<&_޳1D[N3v)4+th.rmFX]E&*I$0ls zn^/r/6 ~rDߡSCxf%>ZuQLR+@?vjaE:t[TjPX3fM܊.z\mus1WsF5o?ƞNuNc+27kIa+ͯA R;Mʘz; 9u${F SV]t2Mfp@, )ʪ(h;yhU~*򍫋毲W G5f(VEz{<7NTWZ xq9I=;?3g_ _:g{3B-#CGdndrfaﮙnK6azY36E*90Ap}'XOgպEo%}Ȣ #|_|늦4LR2lԯ*\Ĺ[9?3*&błTo&+6Si 񿠏uf5D{9v]ŨhKShK[xț5S+AX>^|qZHTvX;Ob@ހ&Aق5bPa#4PNJiP>=.B)GnP>AdC!:HvV=;iPVuΦ;AR*6{LMMWi Ԛ; gD&-y,˦&M%IET'Ķc'F?$G>tSܪJǧmS$ˋ\BSPoj3o9xVSK7iSqv' /zуfG;Nb4PG,n>ň쾮; z왏Ubv{AA"/C4\hO*Lʆ`RA6ё{`g5Ƴ$7җ#?EK0'Ee 8!hG}ŤfС߻$1]s9W9MY.׷U>Kng)hv6,|_}ͦsnɮ;X`;yL aųEj F~ǣ8xZp߰܈,EcS#ϹNJqMsa8`uݍOV:5QPBn*ÆrN?ōl㪂DYɊ lU 9RܖšIXΙr)ȫaKDN*tQܵ}>qr gBR8!nY~,8`Hd}bUQ4Md EgXH%$GWʐv~0Fw kXcS#jiRMce'[_ |o]^Fq,c';=ߊz5恝dגpT3KQ } d>wVx%&5c8;Fr H"ZQanT‰jw% yco|BDy aêKǤ ň7QNX,,S WHx޿aN"yZ/S`YlX uA/Cm8߷ڊOhϛ7Ynen|06J-S-Ț=4: tN;:ĸ*NJ?d+:P$µUI FjrpCzݸ( {%d+ɮ<{~ |ai*:ux7 Ve ."&y]e Q_>-]!5}rZ5wxG" UM< +;Acњ9GskC7%Cl/v͍1eol9T ~WmNRܑIrK-Ji`)pv/Q\q2e,G0. =N5uyh2H>"k\^ aRcpIl~%tSK{A};A!f%FS9߾[v#EeCLrQءzٷ^LէSk/?,D9 g;c}LBSWHؤ ]q`|Pأ:ݠ],lW1V%s0s#Fvm\rGB*3Blah#D_Ԏc4AuD#Ɉg ?,YCķl,Q 6,tkuGK:|Ba_?Utdk[2.7EAZdgz!U^2D&oFPv6--'rKU! @csϰGUxIGCTHf u~hƌVKU(0,}>"w=7)𕨆h`^~ONYx0f?D>oon;Sn\-q݂QܒG :fbG!oumZ.Z&WE}U;iRD;*K2M"tХVmf>kҏү^:,rk~ Z5`+" e8ԀOf僈Z-wҳ[G.w5VT~tpQ#FA"~ջ@MPzRv[&1OlZmz q]a-(#p8R}R0IhN )Ȳ}a.>q^o6ׯOo&0cO  =O "Vu7R#8+Hۈ4"|sױ 7fGo>,Bw^u|1y8Ϩ ^E[D\68{:j[LےחZi0[K\QaMm6z_&g9BXW;nImWQ'.Yc0kfWce#tuVD @o)]cGKO܏$u;P07/膴>sl*-w?;tyYXy|@wj#*W}b,cl_.8b(jFcu0ig_8L$\Tr=j \Ev&FR`W6c` #dZ4Ǜ>ZhD()<Ձӧ/YѯRLƕ.e4 zZE=n,q_wXf~ɜym 4(H)vb~Bڣ#M>OJFRNPLIJesSͿ/wԝˏQjBă07IiDu=,R::?u׬^q6R3gwVWiٓo9"Jp]L 0F?3sM /Ӧ#GMgSDDiWo=ַQ:oC?_ôWb4}:areu@ߖՉɯ5-v#7@7ۈXA4ZYCxoGӘ~Ż0\4p1|يZPQ'K|K?u/u ^o`5FB/+ 6H?`65FUR1NəjԼ 9JӡKxN{`\}pf(`+;ꍺ̚sX4\Kĝco.h 1OXqTJ pVcq]oe`Q |4 ҂D_6.0c|:ըhlzqkvERyаΠL xIHsmy9tx"" R1l!k(/@y 4,ߪZR$&e, ~cjS=5HBtCmTf8/4E/qeAfcZb:lLK mQ>@xn^q3o8MLa`&"r%b">{ť#p "+P.JU"5lTE.:t LqJn:d(M-7 4 mAmOע,k^1nhb$\K1Ӈkm)wrorc5޽BΓf2 Y G&W)׈,#J1m[ `>v͑PD) bJDpnp(NW?d(m پq!QYiSuGPOVuf:iF`t0¨gpɖ&s}+wJ.cjeO_ɁFtf[ FcDPT8C]b^i6yܔ,ڭ\S4y^JPq:'VSQc\=v)̈7_Jn>%>lo',gK TV Uaat.#k ]βz5+ylvwse˜o^0ٛ?w A xρYV׹PS wFA[U\2E˲_V0TaitUWOjIghّӁr[ĕ=/:R/:y( 8ȠH[ȍŘS3A}pj3ㄣ rKySu5u `?͊E.& ZX&^%Tn 9k$9{#fvrц;T 8Rv`>ClT>-vH'˾o~)^&\"Tɽ9~1=2ݾ3R)NاΆN~r{m)eH" endstream endobj 609 0 obj << /Length1 1427 /Length2 6378 /Length3 0 /Length 7346 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڍvTZ-MJE:)IBޫH!"(MiT(ҥt)RKQG[뽕s3sfYjb.vkQX18Xnh& %` ? ?xu cP,{!@DV J1 @ hh(C~~uO0ş(BeEUp E X8" 4GplBb}@@q(OqW"@3w*hE&Zx h7l o ;\ lcl@!W 3C#}` ıAXQ Co wP)`OBЯ0KDH8 o=^(t g@*dBu5C0w8( e@/ nMB~p>hx p o;tE@;':;Aoƒ>Y9Fyc S}]CcRSCqb@1 i0abE_]('Y-p_k0e+G`i0 oE DxkZ!oV π*?B]MX- 77A!~=(@1_~`^G?4>RC. i -更8~ ]A X _^  oF!0 >!)y vgO DA!p_1p>_8<LOaxZ#PluHq:SH 7iAC&<'rsIqESPe,)մ4)lt05vɦjM7Zom/F6=|_9B7A5ѓke)*ދ%Z&./pydSHc++//N>L!{#"B6ʆ~vlLs[U>Dkgü[t;I =\vG줜OzҁV"~k*H9a hxw(„jgy*;ɹ=CRMzS^l{CIEiS{gg}LSMɏ2݂6r˂:KFNnKLq_.YJenT8]Ⱥ*̧?tDF̐!ux*k3{Kel݂GEՙꅡR6dd@<j}@[MYN۸t3yf/t#P\8s~$|hWqiT%i'TLw,kIX75?6rͭ} 0|\Dxɔw!S\܃/sΦ(D?7Lּ5jqWpnm}~DŽRЌzgEۦ(IÃݫcSNO<$>+w~}=\D 2[PQ HXI^#V_F;Ȝ\(,~Ti;.Ɖ8VP̿]ߣwpsQAEVKDB(p?5f<6I nRIxdc7U~4|+KBLi(ec>:"9vrz$~<|Z$aM=b f6qZ7oZb=[h_wg:';Ҳ_<:)vv{>&Sm\N+> e}YsvF%XA{q?*'ee@%M9^i>pwmFn z'Qx")vmih/DZ.f%PڱҧJZnkʘbP2^!x`g kǮL5̸Z2l}67_nG ;cꫧ `?JWY0A9sFVb^xF2? s n꺴$D ;閆LT\s }ȴ6zoGm^)REAΌd? 2S9_0- N[fU&M5[-ڜeknO!ؚ%'tmykKl5ѫCAvzV@+ ux^o~QU)եdk!짌scKDj弧 G ǻ=ͲV!ve:qͯB;:^hn6?|sQ=Wo)[WZ;aϧcM4 T|ZUf oZJF ~#AHT,0Osqz݇VޛV6i%ؖZZ0uEXfj[F&/Fp6\4 Woҿ1M§[lg畲8~{iyQg]֢[\TBw]ifIRޚ|NGOG;|up\)yL@!Ue^vtOZ-ؑ.,Zi|L"8wouTQO.On_xGnR%5"Kj[2t8ݖSDJ#_G_mEqJ((1t;ם~ 26.RQsaĬD3Ðkva߲7JG4; p0kL)lߑsGJZ $n2D8-%Ly&Nt7dxXEa=حe2{JV7Y[S@,j&stuQqȮ;e3_:k{ڟ.]'*aa1Y xqxكpgpL4=ZM&;i&EC " f5[JoIȍ'iy|iG5G{K9qS;UE5;>VX龩oL\ݾ3*xLYQY0̓7*àa戊Hgz/<5Y!{ֲۼt60ݷXA =Nw+?\ej qrwֿwz?tmT] e0S߼fn()U'hcnlCF!;JXܽ^Ch9e6(m¯:?#A:7.~z^M4t'|EU^N$BfOơntA{G:,f<%/+D'?[a^_k@n+ sQ\Fgn(%A0&u\n$-%2vR`oj~?y A2r3R|ΣΆ6۝ v GKpLWCi#4QH# Y#貟OIi }\&z/{q'ݬ"kzf(A֡Ӱ+zw>/fZ;!{@?~99֖ĘB{կ p 3q.پPV'aH0YoSoxjqmjNo />X|D4+<0Tn[8و:NߎO5rE{y+"[61èPׇeEAuVyYĈ'=O KC0o_JI@GB[#EoEvZ5= n˿Q$U=''TwɗC]ꮄ0&F/ M]aN\nh%l<00]FSSPt* F0YK\/)vwL$uw-sCGn Iq'Ϸuh&Lglku,JN'\¥oqdm"ƿO7Yuܗ2*4.8k~NO6j@ \1&oj^pjq!,,BO|"Kn~niyҿPO1 EbfY-F] >qtg/g}xB3dˡJ(e8!ÏgAZR;ъ2O/ʞstt,P+" +Sa\B(/PlLIUڣ_Hx>XoF | mKO^G,7`LftnKPE efOvd_]/͛mkuS5kM *NW.ӸzV', *f\3\,\v#I-c'&eЏgUԂ;mrWT{۲oIe;89M{&a%{ iF}I?Je&ʬlj:ԑ6#ٴ1"I2}p{UmB>Ġ#`nmlE.-IlDuwv!Y>&Os-ُ)i.& n㽝7a `č 9QSoMN4@ !wUj~64% In_.ӝ}NP-@U)6=H?[l|{L N-H^9`%ҧUM29Џj.V֠If5Sw5^+g8}AI `@J@>A);-TϪHV,^R+.ta>:5#bU܌i Ĺ]ykX˞b(W0MRl b]L}t,NA/xiVےqCI7,,හG/FgK#~GW+D/y/?\aWf7HD5A۵XȷA]qs,{]$%a fo(ig8/2VParbA8(1O,st؆;ofy.!( ǰ5E{vs QET%4|o PzYNDʾ@#ZuSTS8mt_`չاƀ2c ]ED hBF3-/ʯp'XzY`Ês">-1oFD*=Cm! :>4mE{G湉On ׳dj{-߈:]d^c1%Yba:$xb*7o2d*P]Ne }-7W Nbf(yyeIoPX9b`K]h=BM,J܄.Y;#c[J'F t#7*Rw‘]qV>/7%L]Ss4e]);W"鴉*I1`!UYzs0W21A ZL*RDf"Ga.r5RHNAszuf΀H"YNfӢ$pSsB (% 4#b9e&b(<;+k c̓||;kg; endstream endobj 611 0 obj << /Length1 1488 /Length2 6865 /Length3 0 /Length 7880 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڍxT>ݝHwHww7 2CtJw tHI H HIK 7{}k֚g>3kXt x` e+' P20 ᱲ81A%Cd@bv Pb!aE;/@x 0w_3ߏ '@P\\w8@ AZvgrG`Ax@K{{{ٹ`NҜ<o0<@_vn?X`_#@0#C< rw&@Y/ +ݟ_v@  :@GYA~9A0dbgt]@YN`dvG`/ Y ssAp_)=@@i+ {:8o?)ABxƜ@ :Frw4@`Gn <s)"5a63A]* ̉ą(Yڸfr3$D_+^}}!F*QӥcTED |IB8]ζeꈇIyc[ ?m75DCbҺ6l^2t$gQVe\9=zJK_!}#OOhFֆ'j$ӕ*-vkVِC^6;r`0l1^1 :fVQxՓ8aQs&N~jXd*]#KA^ɳ<,FeZ2 2k\sb^DRK TbcíGmZ_ҨVFj/ӬD*?R^9GMZ*:/?,^Oٛ v`1.Ȯp滲^g3j敬Qj=V {T뇮:RԇUsFe']ҳ/hp[|d:23c kgia:;"}IOl'[s0n #WjW9¿WPZ״B7?nuUX# !Y$w:^6eX IktC&=Kܞ$VˎɒMFqW_&_wIZš @ ͡`ޤı~U\{?fЧo1}/-w8:,8Wmu6B$F-v-,SDԚ_Ӿ+$z4|18r4XDT-Ц|~֜ϙ I>7 Fk4ƖW[놎TL ޔ#,,ݥIC;  K}ثg'XIoQƉw!nai(k }&~Ov4]R0Ey }B*('rQWqK6h AW|&B9ꤷqiuƳ'*P G: C*G"M#h5ZcQ_P:to57Lnp-'ʹ֞N~\0>UH,u,BvuJUS <?w"pXg,&#;~4]"pkd6%sI٨0MY۶Tq?-h wmYe0LYg0ZC r6>\+n{'}jE#=stf]^(㴓Y*@(@,$KIACI1,!JR]ωi2% e%ϐñ~ o=Oy\D|s{ 4cr#؍ZR1&WؼknO`Ɔ%Or,TF"JPֆXDDLw;rUdkO^O_}2 ;18i+]{px D7:0_xY$LT3;R宀.do/u4zyKy,; XW*uǑ>Hg%7ֻGmro:e2?6ez:P1O+\=z6U']^Iyg?_B]4D5W95(Nj+f/wf&x,Yr.dk, kǫř]Sudw{i@DžO}vCݙl:>~d/UiQ%LT^o*&KwxᯔB9\;df-xmۙwbpG-IIO!z/Rd`دS򻟡67L}ҥ<vV4OM#Olw>VXltq? ;`CT)1l)?L gȄykazѕZ[֏t$eLzylUsm*YgGJGN:z/Y~:' + $ ڛEa T-ɗTpx9IS'HrSLJK 3 U/,391j8/nlqr-ijkj'|2\;|%Ҭio6OwM]?}^SQh,^ѕ.sxd$wUǴYH\F#@G(-Caƛ},IUW/TSUx [M`Q.xjL+~;Jª,;8 uxQT ڰ^tα!ʴ#6㙌Tۇoe%9uO,Xġ,˃I׵\`bσHOσ4LfVe+NKHRzO 4] SfJȧ&)SdX oS_Ym K2ſIi|W@zjM؉觓/7__Z_. kꦲ!h*~N?M3Jxr26HX6H9A[=?EYԈN@z {YCo&\yxjJj?rSZd,??$Bz\d>R]MZR]A,jbw{k]*aAȵӺ;QĨ8ĦXT*7gbiymrP#6V'EГ\q~=Q{: ɴnD|q/jq-'`ڏ]|e~!XC@V2>qVs(^""r珢8!oO,qyfeqq{N~͔N ;]bTq_%u*Rws 7yBYZV lt@g] W ΗYڛkBe$9pD-?ƽm߫z` VMD8}KT+knlF-`:ᷚNދ@qYr651'K$BWRw9,U쭽R)r#g3$ˤ"39l5ɭ@;#p/U~80dߖl=%j(Bƍ:ws7 a,~2N)h%Uf%)sRXd@-q?O֫k -sXVG XfL#Z*pcϬ^2 kCʗ=:V ZާH5uizs9dKGz- *e&\oB"efLj' ~), %YL}[Y$)L_Mɵ۾_Z~KOUrqW^v)[(סcssw sV%J&%}/g_oIlә!D_H~g~^?ιdzǍM{~.|%$O>KwRigd/ݣUEKpzo8ap+C!J{BMxYJ+wu2SvZֲoY^Ӟ@ \/I4~^4($+OY5,) c÷7.y6@BӤRZ0rN ubiZE7CSL^|J~ȥVev0Ax'/Ffv/tXmU96?Oz46{ר0ێF^QP 1؋dа}ϫ \^ƨr]c-ckގ}PӶ CD%; ,Og ToUI+{bU]z-]`Ak&%ĔPiodb{$njJc`{5?5}?'6F|*7dfY\˶ރM85|fImku.E-u2M[[mμ3O񝹬 Rt2"q G^wޠ& G~)hJ4 HB!})e;KfVcRm:uڝo Q1$$n'*xή%5O1O0DZq׍dvL~Nl~-I~v<>y!tӌ;&>;%IQiٜhB]=jz0 [l-wUz0mWM83g R =]4_s)Gsml4e^=agȾ(UgU^ތUo Q܊[ڵ^f%FjJ橴VB)T.OԤ8v\ҕzp*TU}-%y"J<-HUhwod3Nj[||=*/)0%l9B8(}MC%Ȗe;Jr\MiF%n.Y[t;'ā9Cᜭ93IRY&o.q-fT|CUHڲOIMbc*ϱ@.-09L{>5Jc 6ɳˈ!~w:+$UB. 蜦%Z D[$ܣw-UӧoC%|TBçfg׸~Q L؋֝E^UZQ묭soWW7+\nZYJ;NѺ> stream xڍtT.(0HHw#C0t7R%R  !Hw7 8޵]7gw}EKG a U@Q< ^>1OMrH.H((4O:@HD_DR vYy*8ԅM䉄آ=y; E `8@:w G q[I tww;"60-@EAh&%b\k;  wAg­Hzs@ CVCx{6/f*NC G'0XM5^! E; `70l& P9\x]`F*>ey, GOB sp;5) UKACDl(#aaAQt~ |NkP_5GvPHWsE`j:ZY/  -/+? 2QTR3c227HH"\e5OcWn@U pG|B|-)77;;0Ͽh]Qh#67ǴP+GQ`6h1y0J /9P- ׷_1 ZCP}<3~!a{/$ id@S}$ѯkapW_(?*C\H~ ֿ z@!Dӓʐ ,X@A/bLu}&,e2 ʭB,UZZ3Kk?`p i~51Wѓ;3 q34;=uq qԱ.Oɘ<|&gl:+LX:[l"xGTB0&% d_gp.d%ݘD*Rj5Ft>$kyy1Dprd}r14+AJ|`݇@+2_`?IH~JrRлUZyqGл9P]D^b^j`7% ƻ|r: (eJ;PC ),?J!~73-gU`绘G8&WD<"2~=*AӠD}pt2ܭG oގm J: Л,qydpfJ_M]'bA[s1M_ M[WL顫~R8`Őw1xe=o 2C]̌קf"gt{,@gGf 8JOCHHC#L;[$ igneT+e'Ȕ_vVvONِAI7uҿ+4&[a1[xDW.g~54!A+/c]|x"Zugyco r >^j{Qv%ga?ݢحy&p5x[8u#vlTP`Q \:[';~u20#+K}=Ϸ;4’5~]P&ƛlRƀ5'_^K AR)3 50ȸåv}fc՘).;EEGgyVPJ޸^suvq8҄IW 4=<8JR>3dF u  .,Rcz*&#fH,0sNhmwtjd'R.vOȦ30Vll0.i i^W5f0p'vJ<^ZmҶ{5* ~HKphK3W/lc+>-2xҰ6q6mQț!H]=1h'(EY~'t[w >|P?[\/Y@8|!Zk7}PBL>SOK_XUIS׶}952#a4{^5S}gWWdʣNB7a2l_gc̲@e1U69Nyj #'.o8[ V$;-_2*<S9,u._8zD/;aߌ+2Ҽ3maW(?ORyfO^[cHgM'PhF iMkɭ=aK {;wG)BC][Dz=vsj~'P,WX[/Oa1k"C#JReGGKI-k}َI73hbއ+V-q ~ 3ëĿSȓvIn(/5'Uܖ۝5Ӳ~Rd?zmUY}5s.1oጁ(JXlP+nvs^سi/BR;@|8 }2VT&;#SdkiOZxz rq7p óFܽ_V7Gsh.bJmedfT6*;sBr(bWQN=HnSGpSSm[2!&f(5T FR 1^2svC8j%KzXSxsy yNu2`cPJ |Mvfig&ik'kQ6E6EpU(B i /;U8Rm+4T`a?bǀt7׬qNޔmğ=ȡYMGyG ৣNpF5}N$XvK @~Txr6 <0Ӱ%Dz^͟?NvǨP:&oer#M@qR#?_˸R;7.p~Y栖bz$J}$^:PE~L2]ZYd~oaG9fcUe98 hߞXTyJn[$I{|r~.E]Rvw>]!d}S!2>ta$K$8-,Kmsf҉9窏}-lKt*V~T<?z/!)9>>h֐}0e_=xji6j?fQ"v`>GO<0lNZh.4(u->;9Y&i{OHO8;E;-s3-J6[mދG?ԛIs]OFP<|wٲܟ&^a:h.260<`}c**m\IWrH߫ËiJ&TGB'2m mL}ʭ<_%zT,fJ{tHVg &P.~bjVSRuQR$μp53e&|*]ȪPm(^RTIYӱ 2]Q'BfKg;/'6y^`E)~՗?a3W~E>L:lߟpYpm{'*@]'Х'L÷[z2n hvZM2mjkFf̶GKv 4.`"oE22kIƳ II׶CՓM߀UUZvk胉[dO-(miONP%r>NQuOͰ#q 4I'qSJ<Ri"Zprt.XPii+hg| zy|kخ S̥ZbP/ap k5)5U ng,&BWX(y)je*=R/_Ոeڦ|%* 9{wF޺P6byy7KJh)${g`x̡D4F0Z|XkGhAq@љyd%Dn|R]]=n۲N/[qQgh7f1G~핳5 VQzKD0fQM^<̘x)=}ל +>z"rVkx b,c X83% pϳHҚ7,NJh1ǻvo }QsiVM|7{U<`#HeqW88*4%hδnpwZI9e[?NAQK9k]q!ƕ8N*ۂ|=V*b&:?3[37 qikh0Jb:'u@^DxcrbX+6Q'F'A7‡$ݪ)Gڶg$E_n L:oC|y]0-Of*JHW\  BOGpNvc^oZi+7^ zξGiNn< ĚssVXjY*{ۉ]z&m:[d9;9ER$諩^HL@Wop; |!+xR6na7j(nT)(MygxE&]N9>e}[uEpn2JNQw亪J%%BM43k!%_{ ~!kF=jYW=u^M0@240d߼W3_\ f\34ik?2I endstream endobj 615 0 obj << /Length1 1626 /Length2 13029 /Length3 0 /Length 13867 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڭuctnmc6:ݱmضmc9ΝeOSUP^VXƉ knm`k-k!M+cldB 9;;sTƆ&&#4)@ @JIMMO_&|y:Ⱦ>\lmBNfs+cBLV flcow627H8SLlVx mm*͑+#@hglhffhl`g`m 0w:8}`nchl/߀l,t_m _YEL܎_jɗ_% u7q89`dhg+0mL`l`de+_gV޶[s'Gc+:hFN_Mm [#?Fvs1vA }#[+w 4WJe-[#_9oKZJVkqc_GFugҀomnrWkU2WWKlLhacQH `oկ6FV6_R-#ÿ -m"*cEUT%8)}aRdlWAA[7'-#;kq1x)Ϸ@nƿ?_F诱Qtҷ16tvp"?ϼ!ʢ!WEJzS FЄf_㷡 z<*n-r )ΏV=It+$\\/bw f(~aJtj3S"q :P:)Vӟ35\sF\Qt*zZʉ/ktyN'&P}6+6G@wq?3b7Mo  ե_GQ~t%WYh^`U~k#}e13HnPJʡӇ1Kt^oGUM-JeWEx/ lk.^Rm1s[}+Vv[[%gT-L)oIJXW1}H ^mc{Pk 'i5MY}k,(!>wo[Fpsw*QJI=~cy(.#TШ6Ff ]~_38k!x}G"#3C}euNnTL2izz:H{IJYMW-_1mrN ~TQYMrm;k t Q\~6.j L<[ ه7bz%.saU«gVXd85{#Y+ +גYJ<sEN̷ ߦʦpK憺tM׉FId`W>ۆs+,o4bn%FhHw,RnKA;Aǩ1d83)_^Ҙkj.'jv,Zo>$>+ $:^` svG~̴Oht"F_ R&s'N.)H#ky$m̄xT .|ü-XG~C8aZ#}F&)8b3B|NZ^F$1 b@7x;k \;VtvPY]n0< =b5אoj|{gǮI9T:?Dm ~x򔐨oCNЙ+ S0f><C/ e''<:YIܩ.f$?|,TJ7Vv`t|x ^iR|j`elVSYx`mzJs]wG!h,5pYs3K>*{ 4V#sovb=im }#υR7n7 ٦Hqc+^YhvCcyPqݜnV5ũ ߤ3u)LEPYşM={r$*ϟ(Ej)w" S`Xk؇ '[T́yھYdG^nndGbtXyt0kZ\'?٧;(gk^ wL ;i␷gij\l|Z%q&cgJs}Tœ&4(npS"45CH5skBgŊjS>ZEnkph%;t>qw|iZapI}v7E0piQ,´sE_궿 ,x0]GQIq7A֛qѶQ3~1[764CahN FdM\fW'"!i#ԙ}6+AEA\v.XFu韀ù#,X񉱗^MUܷ@ VA ([Įv`a{줌L_o 己ᤄש%eÂxmU2 ʂvaP><rtd0s3s5[%ɇ=гA3O'G{x-.@7_axYi*iTqT('(l d|s N1d͒^!TBlqzs>]Ŧ,zU1@R/=?#A%{뽞Ik3u9U%z֟ivI*ю>{"ld FYiF-8Ol̸N n8CB8CZN^p{$]k溟=*օ.V.H^-19v? &+#Q$^ޘ z3p7 ;ƢA[V<ޥv޲l)ewp71ߥ o!IefHx@wf p4/e=VDVZXEX[zrT"aܯj%sJeO sT x$*-|E,7ۅӤm!,ZܪH5:6,&5LP]8NΆz7{[S3,#@饬1̠4tmWo ͪ]pTUFjY`pؖ5C!xtLg'Q6j뗮|pV `80 i`ڜT7c E^g~xٝl|:&_# } )ks5et1Y+FW; h~9AF`E9C 8r}ǹc,E"3UL0fK &y8<fh?(o-^;Mc,Eõ)@IgO{B馴.2?88[|bWA $aCRPN0w.8uXQV죙Yr e90ekgqHNNvm%k7 x FpN )Նd1 V{[K@h9FT5D|o<^l߬`5aTd3H}/PUs>'I ?H"M&!q^4]O&ǔPGR2I@Gk 擄4;X=!94t tM5Cx:b˗ N=Դ S˂j[#+f"hI7 DL:N9,U}-3#̻.%Q#9sL}M;hgX8v}#D Y};x@]+MCzܸr.t^V+8_o`3{{&lfcgSE_sP6:'5˲Z3"5PE$9+^PVnnzkr6]UpGٳ{䰎g'CTrejqz:2! 7X鵢vnr~䢑S"Df70t_˄qH9 uƁ3靓M7S\.\xFrwjsVKvy1A>Gf=6+0|H[($lݍp`uj6X:"wx5瞽 "OP`.,l^ǔDsL\gV[ CxAN^ w >$qp;uɟڄI`h2\onֱj$Χ‡}mJCOB`b4Āﱴ$8\6trɘM,tLƇ:yB;d蟮_GJ.>&X**@@Vi򞖭`$huxc: Bl>๰wh[&`WR®Z ;ޏq/G#u.u`&$"!z:*Boc&M-~ᡎMs,SMԳzn^u \ Jy{nxrrIOyt]-oȀ> 'UB9=R1zgWF Jfs ]vW@B3mC}̘ aЍ @9-T?@Yp%P5$xrOzqLu ny1mgg)>ryuT׼o&Ȥz3q5@0 &Ffݸt."ڬۏUw Q0\~1"`q?Ki?lq! +bJbwk!DP?VnPB `jn#m3n4Yqȧ~r%ʥZڐ n',w+> WYc VԷ}󮧊>Uks'ςswAs0Wmzs54h?zBWHGEꮵy#4&vS4~[]Rppe6XA#O < Z/+FJoHfBw({&{L1MoO{g3 |]`D0tr!kۍ1=7KM㪀zG0$dd#-ɓfᏛS0WQV\ +iQ˲l g3S=덫rBAH (ЫWO B۳[Gx7 slhRv ]zQ3j2-xa 0dgr'ҴPdjvvG3oV^+{7ta2HeBpqu,YkJ} SfҜ!Se Q@ۼvZq1j??tktk0{GsAbCkJj]E?`-#m`lԂ`L>A'5]hI\i9~zVc/!: #(0[U@nm!ТKm΍Fy̢ieaU1`^- XY}Xy#hD6+]{ 7鉎?7wRwҽy,|OyK5^P-wdXF) #5+3H&bLr ǒW:×^رԈ8EPE.ަ6Ruu^\`nviBQ2xr}kjp yu^fd=* /ı:YOl~wS(e=;3Mx q ͕n&GNfhYT=2׻ 8\U"nHːUW?:y! w2[37h[)?tU{1( 7P ö0iHe;Wd)@6*co2ޜOJ8umdIe3ۆ`ظSn,*1a@Ceur#ɩ-ZiltȌ93j=utPHOgRo:oOCX JKу*<ڜ/Tj?e"JWc D&@bG֨5w{'y"(ߪ>kC?=E$ >4zGYh< X^w<oep.~.ziƆrl/Q`A KqhJt@? :Sь6tSӵ&L ~Sc4XD} X}r3 3J@N_^4?w8ڥLJHw& zτ`S6aû`*~=a10eiWEhZOb g-crQqEwaG3Ca Q-HXz0~:2(A|fM w$ucX_"G~42򋢵BgYjy8tëhfȉːhw& BWJL8;8\Vι&NqKW+njm>p_H^0{t}X|vRiTmg6o3,i?حd v[@0*8̸͟P?]زr5vk뤙:]-9YýiDy>fhXCmN>c$$|{#hNc¼ _Ҽ]8oD+zdmx v{ZL_̽0'B0F DqVR/:>=֒)P4;Xm;0gZr t9N~;nxS~pt[&t<M@Z^XG+-' L7F;I-ra'ʗe܋·C#C./~2UC|n4.^X%$i\XDM{ -I4 _`zߏWj$tk H {/${uG3WZc?4Lե -!Le?@UKy/gtiSxgI9c0(I/Zm=k? Õ}$bVc,6Dj5y ]Y0;s"nV69y F bw<~t~PEv{Mܠl!Pz̴Y)tS&.ek/"̷ EA#~vȤWlmmxYt/DRc<% gSce0lu#XiwPg.1n<LrMufq .et Aր辢Q [i e(KO'.T|:JvŰ騙R<*1C) {fOq:zp$:|~o6  xEX.~3nΦ/հJa&~ksTQZAQXr!T$É!Ll{W7aԻ7k-IE"j(nLv-w6qPW)&ڋ2te1e=KQ5S{L|k\12lhpy§a#d3w > - yڰI;1 #RF lf6kE{q( lHM",Yd2qLhcK0‡/chx2Onj) {+\k~m&p%:Ά`w{Vkίp7ɼV9M?(J9'8ϦjMm=Du1-@Ǧ;ݒ}2dq?=6T <`Rܡ_usa*[bWk5lRJވ٢OX-r<'7yٲ!g9 q<}W }.N('sϒY%j_;(0~XDK~If>s 5epQ eE;+}.]p_ ]M6| 0+:;S1-(qo戩P/bht6Y}VףʔJp (X@[PXJ.vȭ6jB$?͕(&j,[B %zH@|#^/܇#H 9@BF.tu\PJ#B$6v9)c7 9!bS2܏ŭ2S;ytB:/^Ĕ7Jx1k+`X%]%#jݾ%Kf<jݎu~V Z-و.BP\2O N+kH 4PpKMOZD…BuEfkϤIpYG/^ ddb}usYm6j'OcIB<򤕳ĨC5VQuIUi͢K(HXxMG%_ ޢk 1b09cg\QklPEwHVݮw>B%Loė,Aӯ/Bg K.f__/6xeM0ndZCrUo[AI$]zCpuXɄ&p@U7ТI`\o & iy+Ngvo[kkeCb= $.MF )m VSǑ|4륆Yu".:S?y-N93Lwp70#u$~pt7/?7]f~ףvJ  b%ÀyAzԧCm@W{׆!ۜD셀kHv4VL'pUp⃙12{LwG. l`,nP7G:]ʃ{>[= SdR$䗲멿ݖ̈];bu :dS'&*zzwQgζTc93@4mMJtLt=AB=M`_?:h]bKb<*}Hy:SUv_&w駚ܱZPILj+.縪rY$=I*HzPd=~bQx;Jύm ȊaxZ|YUnDD-Kl$%xZsL09>`Af* Ac4 0lYKZhslۯ_ay;=d2?ԒUM$ҸKxNC|xǻkHP2ta^`|kR5Ð\ >g"+J2 {jw ަLHpwPFx%jq(TKa,~$Gq7 ."lN?Զǫ/n㛎V34L^[eڅg (nā3&|P1Lch@&mp犺1@@$ab-?Ve#as8s FL0iyʱ4ޜcd^֬#7_M&D)A+ߊA/e6qZ` zOx {majdWC ,?\?cc66 b ֏/Ol}4v%;'X  34Nkdf{z^To'yYNt&+]1(-nW7|]ƷX0+ϛ~LV, Vh?$ endstream endobj 617 0 obj << /Length1 1630 /Length2 17907 /Length3 0 /Length 18747 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڬctf]&WlNŶm6ضUm[Ulb;y>8_k⚸{l2bE:!S{c3q{;:&zFnLLLK`pv03u301sGE p0s:;}NFv.{bڙظ_rpkaWL UQTyXW 7kijoOIu19\<\el0:;y 4\v-/__ul:2{GCc8Սùj1U%I mɕ!v)ゅKtQp8N2< .8hBdFUZkIl};:k+w$NR̶N)(9`*ȉ7Z+@&Ə-X0^+XCŗZ5}>LnN=ޑQPP*,۫r9k/.XfpŔU*7nZw}2WpM&"<;^t1 yÙ&]h-ɞ 2X|?&ZݝJԬ(d,+ZABG5|p8ͩt&LS;[Ǽ J,xe_}j?XrF~C49>[b|~^5~7Gk_w (] 7xbc1TP4)nfir<7UGl_fd1<2>4$ %9lȶaeȏnL,B {MdQ;bhQ,@PSel=%A(0|5?ڋDуKV;g; &nmܺ R2B5$踼^l^ۡQ^yJ|;|f_.'=f )醦Ֆ@KL񟩋umS*rplE,O#XF?85k0ADJJ #U<{9%Pc{MSUYmgڳMU&U31q^ot|ƽKe5LR9`0om§]fcaIJ[5כ)9[ &1*5u +`̐Eb m뱇<i&[ާ,lǛ"lbs9jK2PᏹlZx_RԔrG}|9Dc_Y4rV4-hZ\fґފdk?ȯ@vr /RN明P76!lRKO㵒|w_DhCK$'1N0B JylRޚ H8!]Ӧ0w%w#s TGL7ҦV{D3,̨v hByoQvj7LWYK˻.J-.i\ #\{.KK#J /Ns,Mؽ`2H)(#[vyc%k`c/#}hX8넙ckhE6sPe;S:V`BH0m T{яQQ Zm M˻1lR}wnSk7bH`2]^-cCcXЃѬj8$.0!T6[Hrz:|ީz|1VVDm.]퓋n 1A&x2yX2yc$ajodZ^§W,uFVo0Zǂn+m-hzYiVKϓ[VtDǼ|wB5(.ǫʟJ\cu<~yVF-8=WyX2؃W\H~ qu6lxPVrs( ^{*ʙBGeC؇JdU7ꢑ93g] gevr?Spȳ4M *!޻9ҝUq"HpA`gH"ZVF?ŖN{G'd$V2`1lYq ĵsQaP)w\'qbG>Wo y45&M";)Iuȅk>$OZ4RSΙ;vΧ;bFܨA%oe\!jGZxxqnDtսT#$q} Н\d$@U6Q2yi?¤Kd&=,PE^#?5-X7>Q 0`ߚ>s8X:ǴM8_<`[RiҷGe?:Y^I}}(lt#S|vW.-U4 m F8'-A9Ң[W6yL" %IF-SU'9喅TH5S4Ӧmܺ5\vTj\($?euy>1nF Bߜ}c&m"[/ jĚrmjV,ɀ0VQDle?.V Ew ʨU 1EA;-āA(bt1p _`CBjU~DSl $vrEje K'y=NLe8.f.4x68zYhNml{X.m,F?}p5)Im}"3j?%LGK>Fc=?1mqNWL6r3~05J5E/{2GZ&\htq θ%8T)g +G>0X;U\)} }6=Ɯ}zm%ɯGҴȓ ߼'[1܏GTfndq j/3`'h{4z7Xp;&TL1mEt ŕH FSSoK5r±I:,q lPBZp7ox/>_.KjOڬFHGͱE \ucȳDgc !PJozB{E!, T`÷X4Z{ ~$Hxf'LJΣg h1}:l j[PZdῃe _,Q/3)_Lɺ Ii>IEH^픑EP]?;aICt̏9+>>lbˠa+ݚv0.P:mp z0 c`U$56zq5E' }!kO71qUJ}J3%_Tkǯ95U{x 's8%Z'^D p}TAc9[=q#TP{s*%kXdZHGa'F M ;2Z 6d8uu.jWuT3C{hG.2VveȹJzZIrIKo3?Ͽf$i&ȎEgT "6>=Ojc:[P9Jװܻ0 4Dh_KN~v8 rTJF}M[x4ɶ9Iw{7"<:1vǟ"/YG9Gny盧/B, \>Jsˆ1^ xb0!'O8-0-?ʅ]Qi|0AJĀ%9&qb)(A$CUVUYQF-4Zcp)@?NMVaTP/65!267uO"gIʹm_wski A=F@V P.c_tHi`v_ZsZ&FLNBAQ#^)U5f \\&yqdRU5 v0[Mhu;;U3`刉V]629s5u蘤3M5bq Io_rtIUSR9# Fz/^cM0@+d{l ݬPTl %dmg˵_0u&p~#Ɵ%'btajc6[Pyt*AzX+ޫ|sȩf.<{N_C]-=nN9@̤"7PqiGǚ-e'K[8+Et{/w'5^OKV?I#.0f&1F=:_ĈZ3G&iOl%Br=TB`MUЦ@؏MQ0y]]L^uؿ8W` ܓa@~b:>J}l= /[R!(Ծ^O Cߜnue=T=1صTtxLHF~[i Cq7C챹@>KQWTٙ8m8WfP0.(2A2rdXP_ΓeYw ׹ u+}Pchp464W8' ^pR&Q37{`b ތ5{Dir$@^h¥V+ -W(bj WX>xDzNbr?$αdSP5}ȪFء1nN*LQ]FjOC߶O%Bf|xy %qfߎov (j CywR.ֳ;ʋ#`YicmCnXX8SژH%lvhYPq"L9\ Rm4  &`A܄@8:H&5촵 I9Zܧm(l/j3jWH?7KYΞ=K|IrV]$¶Z͆G*/:U]W0X uK1Z[2>=pyְe`v7(ݺ3G["yS9u\gbd<+YZEz&2.ە;r5\Jn^7\ }$q=kgCWU#mٝCk$ϟ.AY]/]4D1 DmY)R?oV(t e}rP=5c20B;MRRfj0V=m d{-hyO غ+? _[`_RrfwE?a柽1ToTM*H)TޕqG)b0v w!+ [zdVޜg%u Vd( ;$0_H/N{_54f7JC- *n7 _aoMy*bܒN<" Zy,lJŬlQvL -}3Y[rHCRmN*!.#qp̍Bx`1g(7ov؍/w|uh1G_MNzUƈގ/*M̂~C[TW`kyv Zvo襛Ķ_l@>-5SX߉#y@m5gD(<Y* ؖeF94 CYΞBdm~"@O7uچ۝.^6xQqX]d( }uxGZB͌r:@Jw`V[@R~S3fxG9__ВHtl&v׃:$ЇoХv^EhP;ZrS5Cg_KèO/r9k\n!^+/ZUPI0j,uOrqpO`!kaœ@})$a[:edsNمR%iRbppk5&>C.ټԒU Hsjc+YKhY BZ .ȳp>o*B$͘_6 1} BIM3=!5": Ϻ݄Б)-:<{YbsI+c^)%*ad}%v)ᱛ|eHR,uQQ=P?պ=~3$x@hͮ<Đ@,i"':N=kD̡ږx`If- |Q-9fj]d:#?PqhpmurjRanMI"^+4;Vh( zGMxꉮu; w/ӷ#2/tQ;#;ſAǿ:mxR•=cj>rROEJ]g1팰3]~˗fǫ.I+e4 PiZk^6F`4/6 Y뒞-C⟻)9h%\?ݭE%MTRPxO*x u _C4ڡ/n_=)9Dp>mAm׏`I/A*B]!h ?MxR RSKgA؂Wsq9c7}8*8k7=M5LSa/5>6+t ߧ y)~1WA c x,&r}\[;˰"jyptOeV-[Ssy /Q KN z^*Ax#s{Q(эq,@U/SeRVDzslJ 숣 Chd+a՘U,R9%J;FV ?b3{{pEJ&"&L!DM N}oBܸфW+C{aPuzV/a1DJ}D+CuP c94c+.BKPq{x;9L0.Q/h ~L_}g=$=@J\wcpi!|%[bi64SZ>9iAw:%MQ (~ 3T=Nezk{C}MZC,c R(3k`t~?u"ZA Ŵî_;y '/ AYޭc<8CzUOhFִJTsȌ4+S9챁5bk^<2}S:xLܨ2P ΍|! {NdX6k#˜d2v[8Zv{_Ȇx;d5X MdfB_,1Et|TR _ mӪ^ ^Tq)m $dM^%>i` >D+_M1߄{QvK1{u`r>[+bDSAe)9SY ڕ%B9-d8t ř$Bf.DE<%&}ZH#55&T$Yơx i ISMaps> 2ߑ(ϥy7b6 Y7}+\P_=%ЁBl/0I/o*}1@c~|@&ƛ_e90\FM/&}5:sw嫁Au2(I}V2#ΎlKB~S՘+T2D=WBG:Sq4[ %q'4VZySoֳp}x0ܢEEڇO󖜭UJxuv#>d:pE7Ć#>Qv cȋ_~>9zsYU4BdJkCNUG=Th3p>yrVF3u, aCgKfMw1ݡm؟:;Cʃߤ`0ZUd;8/khg&tJa|L_!/D3n9*3b:! t}}a Rqvjrptst?zۨ1zt8mHx IS? R3|bbv Di9WC}iMmdX _.1!U'-M44FT#J aRIuҮ/6+x!^5^:Z|^82j+zr}l= FMW b>hDbo_-Lj/u )~4˥pv~Y;dH*Y6:c&Iװ #b'1A|c%y$g]*'N a]70sb? mqr礥 A6xM"S(!5: Xxk (2ˏI< V RKvysSK bE]('PX]2O0c.(so'"9*̈́"0HWd C<񿒜F{1U=N߰R,,2j~re+茠b៭I;y٫bq[:&gݦAxGcYPTb#+' A/ ҫ:#ɆMIKi욌jP_rn>#]#1[ƼO1pB2v7|_0 e %:_Eu;!`jΗ}wgCJ_<4:#ژTեWjO*"(uzW8 Y`q2m|vXNlۯ.,3dFG{7ɶ 2ȱF܈DZ~b ~@T/m06Wc"fG{03LaVM%v1b[ F.zr۸LBAekYͱhFae3L Џ'kw[͋il>' "^8ŧ1v_s"r\pr͢|C>՜@pAF@.D!o w4p\NTd2.:X 17y!:Uuj昗{>(>ԁ7M:IvMF ت5"%GMa# ы;v{~ʬZ]J(Pd$vb+UA)afo58fWxׂڵ&h#tQA-a6N(Mdq ZE"d͢hu dC#pMh#ytkxRN&N{_ht9A|ڪ@|4Ca+xmi򈶳@%d['2ܔaS@#j@M.[Wwm]uB; 2ğ73_` PI1Xv,̇:+Že G 280b KK1EڳZi"[ZjF{A m`"Tol)ǖ;:giOěR?f^$%nE>1g.q B@ɱb#E{rB$|R"8h_oP}G}9e/ iق-}w!vV՟ Vvan~ظ\wsZqܶ/at4 DYY w5i:=bu`OY1pE}fTI_}%*; MlN6Fb48Y -zbm_^mаL?%,;ä9!{>$T'ݎMlN.Q*9޴ $)m3> ѬUI\ f VZw<Jظ$wf yHwɬȳ>aR0$G4vk`JUQBbdE=6OW0sV*bQ' `(dB]A ǬŸKCP(aO΢'_vXShګoԲgf;|qf4u+w#[:U :wI-Wī3\,WyPQ Vvjz26/>*=Ғ- Ub/]I6~g)Qԝ:Y~;6NydkT(oeI\1 /I/?yf& .Y]%PQMY} ¢-ϡ5?Sf`{ MP5` /9l@Ul@帏U1%U'H 'p¼zJZc^kxǘ{Ws$dV]\JR{Po@QÀeW*+savXʶ3'ߡuX5T29C/{ ؓ5ɳ*o.h̙롈[lrmKAUDk9B$wfYsv?-(,3Kr#vk{k~Ozs72\l೵.-9Dw}j'Fj{hl3Z"NyuberqdnoB;mdOq0{T7 ˼Iwk)*8p0`UW%S&Lj2)1Y!|W#(FvLa'>V 2-΋XGDN˃F`A7&~cf[A.Dd3[k=i#t z`e>H;rѣ^?x;#+UF󃲹.s? ec4'iK M7 G=&#ιL266pe58-zYPjDWx_޹/"I[t&i&䩵Qc Ĵk&Przm %Xb#J}Sem4 M'UBB=t֖e2&rVܟz"&'<\z $W +ZƓ]("(M4n`y 86Զ1"Sc7NC|'܇zO {7pEL6pѓ] Y:/^8yΒd7@g,#%az9D.%(8{eHZϺIHE&(rln4CB*GkXR,Z$i'o@}]r;rO/q8F/+l]t;2sd(4w@HK0,˯(X!jSLn\'7/^ #)Ftu;;?փkymx𗩬hIg$_nAL9:%;,n}nwp 3FU{- %ΞzV<JӐOJW{ևuPP0i$?C6LFCQ!9iӭCO&|3 8R4*OŔoqpLKUݤX:PkljnPD!Fжcck6.,pt;d|łG@ eݩ…*"*4$ReIqHx7T+ VE_ QSm&ZިN `CRC&|ݠCWރG##{ʡ{GrGE'D`txnlB¬1iZ+:ÓvwIy&EM5SclFנW=;+T=%ϗ(.W1g]9v'p. D+; BEu58߫;|<>fD"jcADa!/`-S+ Fjx>e;NdP0Z8w̞wɛu9kd)/]rb(~p[()on@EH/+#Ek3?u-6%I4aUgU\:N٫a8ʂ(bR(2:6IY-# ͥψJ]i5T,MA?3" (ҥ4E4Q 8lmGM]@4t?׉#J0.90aHOn/Y.p 8kspWc J%A/3BH`Jm/</W <²)/0Ēz*EHͻiRJMΗ O;Z5 'ܛw }~UBD@ Mʰ!?zU,$C^F.j,][)!>i |܉`DWpӁ=︲SZ\{}iI{&ݐ5N# 1:~1Tsu89tU*zK$U1O޻-x3j y|P,)i Ml{`̹ؑEQ&Q9&SnԻ owTdj( 1 ,S/ A?vYS"{3Q>둎+ZQpbD_ ܷ]kV.GJA?=>םoUC>_Y?8 k*h4fso8 W\ endstream endobj 619 0 obj << /Length1 1644 /Length2 10171 /Length3 0 /Length 11017 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڭxUXݒ5$mܥqwwAi,w$CpO`  sA'GB?v| 6  *`Sȁ 3@v1 . Oil/\3 ir@./[W(` pp WBN./ :jbDU;OOlWzi pS_ 5 OX K2'ۿps[+ B;7srr׭` u9X9_bZ@_b[ۂ̊ rmtsrA f% 3K ` BcW@_Bg*߉ 'w#߾uspP5s|w eɘ/{ h\uAߐ)@^"~UCoUdn X9/6` Wk@ôll--]SJCV].Yַ/f Ee,Z^N UXPR fX9/%5NnO𿈀:A]l=l?b07 -_f?ˋq@   hܡqiþ PSiVQA@ ?=|SCm([ӤS"H}w*8ԗw3nI)fơnɼ/ָIg.kj|+',?8&WutI?F#0C2{r@ zrhxZݢ[~э2vYvC|zb1ZQ(ъ-P_r.jCu![xG䅳0]af9wwabԵ&BɊ ١bͱJ۴\wo>ʯ96QF+ҞtvvaΉkR*BjҗS*ǝbp5o^;bh$]25;{Yꄛ;v~fg=\`+QKSvk5z QDV 72pq[Rp:pɕymNQtNۨ>Y y۝ !n=)g3VܑWRmG,jtS`&D;5I=s=ׯ5@@ʴBJ>rԕz 9<8ae:8WNu. u' =is_E7Tx\D!k#Y~ChuƚW}+s r5{roEKxŭX1ipvPQ!/iv채Եf8+Zs wcU#^\weǜ0_Gq}قVT[V٪Xw1 L1bv=>H!0Jba%ͩ:6)ebƻ+b3lw2yPmߜmڒvP1˖%;GI:"lb18 L)DnFU<^CB>nVh ;BVRJRlFk gZҝ=B׃pFx.qڛV&fe9_#l1ړu# oq$rmB͹{8G)9Oԭey4ֆ _G܋ޱb~{:Gɛʀ-yt7ɐۏeFϢx+ 0{CAh,?[u;##kY|x)$OmM- {V2GKw}d9ߧqm^|EZ8?& ,o@~2]7ԝa\Ɗ,uoIAȗ\; #\ID1jX_rg6iKEg5 IQua~>JkGZ?Wa"ߊyjK":Rts?M/mBfV*O19{.-xTLɤtQܑr:ͦT˗ImMR̄s`UIr^L!"6Wz|j7g b Jx6X'ax!:qwR*7_ncm|9mFRuZe-(9M3x*Y|CzUo`en gī(tO (,ǰ$-`٩x#tEei)`TqHTxa kIfQ^C`{kHou m {>KFڐ)qoLVGp6/Ⱥ ^2pw"Ɓ*FP/÷IȧyFKqk5B{M:akr0xl%NVDry Ǝ$l?eZ/Q,端kr`͹Lπc"_Ad@6Բm0!}\{Q1f9qz4Hw)'irR L"O2\DwF?D 6Rb`JN)GQǣ^<]cF/ŤR*sOuoD6[K3fVN4؇/x!أAgC"Ǥb̈p8twX?aTӐʏ)Bt1*,=jGh`SX-ܲLkՃQ0|G:EØwf8?Ő8B8F8;9x}@yb,,i뽑+ eOv>&Հ/cڟ0zaLn]]5ܫh"Cq7kdyLum<qqjT3f/nB zOARE>?t$qX+4E4+LF(6,Fn%hٷʾ J m3R;O08:'|xDa~FNcrO#$0_|:n 4h rJ&8fEdZt n})o8_oZZեCTyˣЂKBu[68^zhup-V9ݰ|ڐ߆maƯ{8T~wa_,O6oZ T)OFw%-egmbod7Y1ۅOfWF )SՔi:"Am QG%o7xk"LޣV=%O|qc֫jހ{CnMX D(ꆧ( i/W.6Xy~j琸`7~VlJ=MR5{(Bui>뚬>˖<0ǩ17Gd*},&m]fQ@66>Xju ѿ4LCiKؿZ4F6E *Qx$Ax%0o3|oۂ 9ϡqդtgDdT&\,@N >v( έ[hرF_4O7 :wJj!dOP|*)?KV9y2śO m\u)NOZ4o 㝥~LrR%::>ѕ{QmNUqSڕ~~F Dka.">L}2wyHELG16>}}x)Sڥ2yJE/ymb84ǥ1Xt!l„5Z6h_ax**$.[HvUS~ь?Kb{Y7>@n/zd;b[ `Qxo<Aµ+u+ ʻBfuH`%++INy8} ;:7M[qVZ_A"a\*A8/qcѼn$]jSp!2[vNtc`ٿ'j7%-jlx@[k1maAd.b7~861nYX-qv,\P^iQM$_-xCL`LP.*T7<YI Y"䭇Ɔ] o)?[B ȀqB/EI8K$&z:}^f2ܚ)/r+J紸 _px2?F aԽq>еP$tZiwŘgzDbn4`d q`B]՞$&XҊnJ(E*!ܙ|^洑E 4y)o Fz}̉fX]Z 4tE G Y:K6ԉ%rxqzzNHkohB1O.TWMsN=/ќOW߆|`V6$N S@9'@E(]n m@fקfJmHd|K"WND-_sdn3cYX?& sr^-z󩮀prZ(+yL4W`ZzK/7IIK)<B1Lza_I$C,?X6AI10 ;R}24*3JqCBKmp8ІF IsmVǽAռ^PfG˒&* +i)$Fw膵 ]Rd hP"2ngSͿ;PJ1ɟ?I)x^ņ~N++J'"&s^Vma_LaCa=.hYA x$I{#}+`ha/<+e ͨVQ2?;d"e'6+.._ :'ub*S>\F38ec5bLؖqv5@M=|pY8C*̣[N;Pߗ̞뽤 )Β* %)31oNNw,!Rr<>F&A_b v~rJ[ ;7"n8b%^^jhbр p yX!YReͅKzL4$yXZ;ۋ(3ts@cx9/rxko7Pv* ld"/JݛIyj/.{cNzg|BGr駑ߌEVRVS1QeTS0텅o> ,AN}'r \݅ZPx` $Wߝ"з );ryP f; dǰBW)TLE$ t.b4 L->Kͯ\XY0~Emsv`Xiӂ&iF?D;F[q h=fx877>ܳv@=b=N4^|y@/|>o*rgw?r'Hqij0v#@E(0v.Yʘ|rɉ2{[V Qqy3kw?HܝP;M̑PWEAP`|ŝ |H_%mi($/J,g;=϶0ׇӥ׳0d{3}/cms|\ɞTfY>j{s]885_e -egnXFTF#ss:E6Jʮ=p8o }TWu&IG X[L[NةL%WͶ)v'f/ϱ (ܠt qVG&!VgD.09 4g~Z !'~?4YW6 e>(r1}cmcx&~Afg_a-/ Cmj q)lE4wt:+L|X/.J|bɥ=u%m))Anjia@,BǂW*T]ZҖg.;!kF>i)<ԁ &W㣢u+QHz(c ~΋IQ*bbw(iL˦cF i;5rJQn!N2 W}m%H `Kݥg0X]o$6eQw8U%뷾@V1ŵ$4 ?h& ۞>Y awbe"k`sݻrv~5aQ{0 c DWݗtW͓N .q $tBBh\)"n^ 4"~b"Zk{T +~!ҾԂp[ךm?{Kk ԙ7Wa\unOOh)PuZg :m)k'3&>KtI{Uq MiV7>:B~EaGlB4lmw!.hU>uvs+oC=g\e/Qz)\^9]#U^#{4>:2B=@ȱM󻎆zULX5}W{7SnSg+zYv2ސMNa-!Y_C+ \͛|ly~!x'T pq;d>KvR]՜o/&bS\LnHJ[>p6=ٴxPߊVߋsERfQf._`{q(muד+1xoDaC,/ l5Zt~؆A$@j@} q"ӖnIoxF+p\ҹH_6^wCm2}DOb^,N/QRu}awxnͽħE>3T ڶǀD°Bi?05-8߇}|1畃Vg o׷_% Q޻xݡK_3Q6ʣqQ FEc4T{;zK첬yZM޾¼v4C^ ĩ_JI@wu1(joΦypF"C #tWESI\JRcqmO[q,mU/ʵT%Vn޾lۦ[rׅt#w\]Yץ,hV8o<̟6]$G D)3GiXb%Te}peD̝=[+HvGtdN.%:i&tULj)Ğʘ-K@YjAi$;X\!7aՉ+:Nӿ䴲@[-(wY%J` wYV+9Zg|էhH*i:E_+mAab3IWOERɮohz`nXo0|YU p$r[qƜ3[>!-aώЇbs'LȪy;W-{ךT`Rj~u؞:#EGBLwD )oA8ۘ$2u l"l+_N|KN?f-"9FqN{5Xඅڞి>cSk{S(OL$3B > stream xڭvct%ܲmqm۶vlc۶m۶t̎;IscWU֬ɈUL쌀vtLy #'e;y;.Y:e5KF&4t5tr4&Q1Kp03wP)kP??Nf??\v6@[?cG lZX" ZRJ y5E#k c1 H0sX054'?\BNC=hD :X89 p9:yg;_ ݟ6?dvNNƎ΀?QE_,;?7M]*o tw+`bdom'2{Gpq5WG5^_uK{}?spvZ21i'-,_"ekj`b+g$ahbgk029 L'+'k_wZZOc,C[]l - sd#app(Z8L ꂷT[VQn jv^jd/175%{0Hx/يt7zs6~FLh <jT8p%x8%0EKP1b_ V,t]X-i߱+0uX>FRA:[Fh{|p95eaWk tR)X_1x;@δu@iOŻ)@#TK#glFEkWEy4G6Mu"8rK\QOy]A\ 0nCjEO G5ˑr,F>M`G֦@`> W\υ \3 vb,]H6JW'Z˃ό\5򎾾63"@_J*R}.Tj'ATY"2 0Gו}"V|w#ޟNh `HVߜHx(Q}g$#,BGz[WdD`XA5= -))Z{A8w!W_劑[}53|V~.#lX?_3:n|òx:*ri}i06 |hsUYm w{%3%4^{\$q1K6L-9ImT.s3ir8h^+$4V.S:?K{B\1[$h7QզdyV w>;iD~2^^Çw"mV[bIX<<''Qzڊ(j89It׿ɍjs,Qh [{\ JA~0[wwK QuuzlwŁX9fMA1ʉ̀]Oq!̭XSzWW*Zi^ڔ.o ;m/fozwi79Rn`F}=oR\_{e? ԂxUHʠ:h.Ν.f}6^~O^HO6 KiF1s)Yc0*7 @([K9M8a.`=qNlwk{сCjUG;ĉT1 k#0paW-U~&<]qtSw8Yef\*)MxvsڂQ~騑o!{񥺹uyV='ͥ-YTV嫔ȺD2=XCi<+S|wU, kA%ӓWF \4j~zjrxcu4[(yfBʊm)#=.xݼ:5X$ٵ, }& ˰a6S 4ނm;ѮX6 -ꉝYmTK.9Tzlf J^G=mS^!vc 8s*pW/m^l20䳋kPW$'(]ԈO= [ˁ}?v & 1aœ˙ 9LRUY樛W3zo 8kY^?6/r)ӀSݔ3 a':[ƶ3d=dibhnOqGsSa{fM@E,E-10>*L No+=8Ez1_pyԆƕ#:MGxQ8E?9W}⬿cyWb}T'6|>z!mzw բ3H`5@kkٯx*O}1GfahRTi@GX9hD#Ժ(X!^8R9 K<>  0vk04g/u/dM}|bfTASis~,$(ѝ6$q#<8%SuzD(w]q,ʹuN'}5kR4H]plhJ4<~[ef k"[@#Y_740{DQSEk:g~G^Ӏw/g7;} 5j)$f:-ܱx5 i5M ]SM D:'क़-A7v/Ɠ%WLJ9, g{EQb0%0KRR`e?(bjh #Y5B]W'n2w>{\B&~;R` ț̓$޶[ +??D}Qr+9T(ְO\ P*%1Nl^36ħ.rK[I꒛oQ0TPэ;Ij4 4c%kwm *Lnd"6naR"f)Fnոr8BpuEREt_@%](9{f[헁>OaWHb *N7f*(׶HoAnE>y i7 5?(?"lgR֊d`-jOJݪCBP⽁U_Ӟ)ЍrZhdL0> X;xoen56ହ 6\ek3~=LkM98vSjлbPK=Qi@R~G+3}E/ǝb7ҋBU`49qZcZ鞿FaxG1'ޠGܘq^aDW\ 9>H a][^Ū^,S{RMr~Ui;?{~RqZELr.A8[}1sP0"\d7Kk&CByJ/3IYɼ:iNXY^+T,Ճ,;A ab)=D>O',3yw̷": lwDw(iݮlY]boIQq`$$HgByG hBRfb n?bu[T< }.yjˀwR}Sz6,8!ӌzE$8aو\/[䡵^aT}L&5 醻ZLI$8<;m1k}PkuC#ixs4z\5A jQbp{E0!̖8pA1n=,Aous'ayNyέxv#WV,=NXt= mP)/?k5R3!%<*[aS  $OY917ޣOD{֊71* 0jߔKrO,yWx6;L[1n;Lg}0ڝC\3)8ZTj;Xr`e{6;X`4TyVzC:ػ> F ۺmɝu<3VFq;vB!vfPN{dX6bⓏ>/)g'މ(ٍ mO &gZT$*y+Vt6Re;7P^$xdGZhn` P^m"$dAքqn9$$=ll&)zUmńyHlWHЍ&m Вy 9IV/}hΠ[u%\\ٻC?֟5i hKhM0QAzZbTRў(q=<ةfػ㵄8K&/l%S/9l!I$< #hX)?!y!xe0ӴΒSO!JDԃ`3-h{z0Qf e˧4k$3j,O߭˂=טZwqz763Ć:Ǭ]Tu0 q ]|QiRnbHLcc6#bZ@ P +|^ZU8mZ@`}l޼7Li?PHk(͙my0R 9~Ih;W9NO-Rqxk=D>,"|.bzo^vr>"S=7`6LRDZi:~Vm "mD畇(4)xydPm nZqz dm!?Ѻ枿 b-=(xavHV[?&W֋$CLp7uSDJf9Z feB+2>׎EF )w4Mm7ҁҝ o gp`ڽNLj=d2~HtfA:fO|%Up>,e=YץmOHa~3у*)qfF Fd+x_8}"2)åcZhO"ekM-ln vY.X$dd\Yl &:!o 5iX8ײvZ8_-m[.O ᄥI%)鍼Y<<6t.w3—&OE ҏS,ݤS`jJhIlu3E*nj.UXuSVzM-ն%l6STu.DI׫kcM͖2j4X}GH7*ר= tS$aI(Q:] aaA3-<(U*DȂݻ¶&қ4j T'o2%Y/T<.L V[[4f@&تeaAOaA ->K]ӫ7PZ!IWy S?zojNxlxΒtι!Bu]N i:rk<Ɏ@ڐ-=g7=ꘋ_?;,#Ц5(w(z}Qř _ťtЕ'RaTs@(eokӝ\ WMiE,5A Kl )MWX{ k]:n0a$mPU\*t[%'@^X. 3:V{dP:ʵܫrh^ڬ Zыוz'G;1rfd`6W;6en9Y=>: ^5:wxI:G[ɴ`+y`\LJڹ~f3߱b 5E'D/ŋ~nek+"ق$\ ~I6Yǿ&3 e^KZ&0Rn]skPETDJ $@IMN/YΕ݀67BY4/v ׼4Tz#xMˣ܄-6ě/ 絁BpwRB+|lɈB# *.ݴ \oYe,iU`'헬Û ï; zvB$Q-!FRdH ~%h.Ђp['hZHDgX I`!WS~]B l K;O5æ zqGh0qe/ڮ2ҏ@La<! HwꨩyH^ce 9f0!bnv M1&tAUfab5daI:Jdk rA^|]uWe^i\WZ.اT` b藳҅H6K;C׺:AY?E.Y_Q$w%DH_*RTR 7@UE|\^.路>^x|f~ ޏȗFUʱ氻Ќ$1Fw -oX!vƭusG e 0Ԁe8f4ʅݾ @.H,B% S!goe c)ɕ>b$Z-d`ͻ9m{XCH%0ob`vP8%WE;@8nJX\k>&v93\WJikssdREmɊշ=5O8ntyCLG8M:Ҏ?$ٹ9z.^gzL؍)j&;ꡇ)s@ vhfL[D1`YIԯ4'Y}Ogy:IԥT"n9)J*X+4%lj㟔0EQ1j!CL~N(*'ˀ=$O'xUnX ٙ)pI̖!rJՎllc6k&稼xo4p",g:i.4-6_-~ isNq@.Li;7"q rPbmE93PY05Rh\|Գwi[Gkwvj8_E.NVۢ69UOqd=a ?ETͷC"P0YP@2 Nr@+!_L8jmJX[]%{\mt-@f9^Z>Dh-VFxBF)-P m㒑]PpD'>fṇ{'%wzgG/xôǏB(mN?FpVļQ'y/Xb[i߁qM1Lj:V81To9(}Y@gcZbRr0Hإ=o[N ;l炇=Q]ā#LʝZp':GX^tJ\ŝ<;ֆvNg)hoQyҼ 1v(3~a3Nj F9 Y.a U͑SL'\3ZQ n i|QI ]+ <) yzMЊh sœ "L8%Q\Ҳ"<6g+_0f8sT%$]21fpUԗ)-C,og<_\Pf6Rm8j-6FKaԔ#J\]0Rh>ju" v }sZr\u?h"NxzY;!+>/칃.8T"w`/kz;Bf65-XV~WҚr cf/Sh6iwƤ؊|xHG4#I:+BR:İ95Y|6YMCa9ʄ9wC\;naU*st7vƊeL7E;?œMcq:V۾^~G"YN 󚛥Ċ(,bN~hٻW2yZ͇`u9-(2|KRii(i:E?rq_!1$[K ~ZP>N 2Lù reyKi j/וYԝM!.e7^#$R†SVsq>r,PFglV\LLDUh'؄O8z"'%fHmD<`za5m;n)p/%DOz4~[/FL^×y&{K؏٬+i4sOGá2V}.IZ8"ٻ-x6YŇ.vIBt xooWH1L#N8W+fτF[a(ՁI:K=x"-2ZEIܱ pAQB?!g⥃YjDmb{2@j B[{ؑ҉HJgve0h(@w4Ce4HLidv"pCGWPA"ѵ}ɉp0ב[\O_n_f?_g$+\͝zE!qIVP?7a|I^Ggz|BF@}$C`u! ys^++AuT}h esf6 T&W$4Glֵ;UVA^MRS5Ô؆ԣbe>l͙amv'ӕXlUn!m'm8ѫ4V"iϷ(+ZKf/6T4=,ڨ xsnANp=+gGg_Wǒ3x{?^?]tk09I9P/p|8鷔 F 4[5f!Q"0g L}^YLG jr<ث@q4G`($QoIH+pPiZ*#r ݰ֑NEaeK"z0Ik^mJťNۘSݣg !Y e^wKiDs,|ч # 9-=m2"4 OHB׫tyx3܂{A8_A\Um+E'zp1,*FwvY4CGbGQ8ǁԨrw\,$wGn!mlL7GEB9eXWnt+<9@ qp̨-y7%DoSQb Z EE`o.EKIC%o;9wiQee&]W. DukLV+& +u-{ZjsNuã\(M~zG'ϯ?zV/zhܥm5$i_ e.C vSMVJ(铻qu5ț1}m G28-Bc-h"Re:L-_B@+O{~]Wc"(AߐH錢V R F2zWC2&Ne\\0ݑ|6@;)pyi }=G&%"gjܥʯxW*/JkTS`om L:8Їcq{ޅ~hxO*א< ܮNP:/@5NaہY9 JwXQsяei6M9JQ6Yz/=rb$J5Kn:8AU-sjdE``#H_[e_n5tҡ/pQ؇Xk;SOe%COHʰ]R}(dG*o]#fgBT;_M|WaA*yt ;zUHC5e젫fk6$nN}Mt $DXPPz ա-ͰWiQ0(Um/>x:YjGhBHwuFV%Nj]cr#GPy|W3ܮ RP| ;@fq0[6>@e~`yV^j"vwLehBwLo=:T#,MzZczUu$[EѲ~a m/K1R]95fxp GԯgA_J 4Šh8Tu  US9nWO]hZ N%mxHXDյ2M͂s ͈Q`c҂YWޟ֬,>VT%g2R%ݱˌ#3XdɿiR{KR$] `ߔ<ҚgOF{44[df͔$>r~s8qo*f9sڦ G^T։ĩXo)'yud`S};j)`4R:Hf!6݆XͿyr{aZ^Mq|wRk3P!%k7um9iwQ^c|2xjP %Ħ;7 n endstream endobj 576 0 obj << /Type /ObjStm /N 100 /First 933 /Length 5077 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream x[YsF~ׯē{ߪ*^{vLAbn"A/X/S*g bf4SdLfeeL88Lsg,2&̘Ȩ2Θ8Rd` Ew0LhRAr2JV-Af))h)8 8ΔGL3i l )0&V8̠Q83ඕ]61W999R8M9A,F0021tjI001Rޕ8 ` mf Pe̡d #Z23Ω:`2d 3DKF?#i$N0A~,Pǭ`#[5ES:RB3!m$A%BP!6BR m GfIx"!bX%ɘz02h<0K 8O᧘'Ti0) ( vjr$ $ B:8$,@ C[Y{%0FB~k kVagHF ŔӀ" K `2rRV~O!D@ 1p,7[ RNd}2ML<8Z&zFēe G*~f1~1Gٍ1@?B>.T8]Q?R*Rq kDnfQJkq}J%:@rLq s[$Ie|ԀB3!&(^ ␂pt8Y0hb-LpoqHjb1q{0JnsN[aje-MAVnTܓ~!]xL ڌZiG$1$ i:ȁWL7) peuμX\y @c&p8:T-v.o2RX/Yi= l7JRUn6޳"HM[\u\hH*OI[I1c1ِ$C'n1Oa/'(=,fzU( H"TO TC܁C[8/ \8VHݜʕؘ6V}7[bkGpJV9@Ux6^wR`} nX[z3c -+\=X0I,N`q_&}Zq\% W*PYPrO3Χ|r&[f_|$|)k봤q`ĄKY8KJb>" Gd, !,>q _$ m}ς Xrbg كG,uYhfoC~YC Wa,.Pݝ|?hoCQ|,|?h 5'})o}kχt\"TƇ$딮KSI8)Y~,0w1KK&i4DZ1$-njhU!6AԖԘFM 5ܵ7/c;3عNc4LX+beo.C67j[ɭD_^*'<&BӐk:tY: 5*ÏEՐanLt9[.8䜜/g)7|F.E \+ruuU,HI$Ɍ̊͆ɂ,EAb)/dI@XU.^+0myNvYfanD'o5ِM n/d37W"պ(HyId8 g|%^I |Uz*Y>y<82;߅Kuc.A 9$&I$i@P^^&@u~^N2^ZyY;BU|ȘCyo~Șa`G`ҽ'<@«p\I;:Hbx3uv>luUkr]P&XyXw PJIU~wgo^vc&"!FH!.ۮC\7ޕ}]a}#W, c։A}ç? .KTID+~Ƀ_rb?/=i +@)ΥK,nO Vx5۷C=;Wɮ(<ֻ~fܷ%>OL~voxA}g;֐s@nl rRș޷Q3fE_lw[-~m :{{ 7Eֿw`=@&?L8vH LSHw>ԡZdu]uko=A "XB[2âۇU#(]R ؍G2X![+tyOƀTyqQi~`n&dS[p!-dL&/f@xH##`a 5,Ul2uO{],qIإE\al~ 6gH<;}ޡ"ͮiO$⋎;Ꮀo2'/7P/3wnؒW4zi>*DMw/{Z-KM&cЃyu?lc;oT'BюrcW}{w;oeO;Uz@o;o [޳w{yӉvyrG9-}jmyy*cz3{K?e6-}yqcOE]əڦݴw爮*{̛}-X@G? L/8o߫SrO)Gp+3opfc8g>3kpfc8g>3kpfc80w]c, S!7a!~b S|/ }*_W7wv<:eZ.J:/L^xNU0Dȳ|1/k<<|kx^W-舱9[^q\Y9LY9/[ \j&Ck RهZ/7]EmLJ| cFn+55sЫU99×ug^;!ӫ`zWڝI&uFr l\c^!Goeq[Ԡ]okqa$dceY<,)ѳ&rTjȥԔAE@ixM ;;`CDFەP./$fN"/|%-i5dU4%W=agJfנ$>$PcTWe5[U M lCO$^EvWzM0IѮƺ6lƮTVw3Cw|A:&xfUϑv`VX6n_Vee +?%s!QĚ3 :_|L=Lr;|9_jigX) 5$ ܦ'z:\.K0-<_mrL3qءTmk|6ɳ%!|zU|YSly.nߥ 67$KJȬ|VW44 ۡf= 淫#) UFMY u.ŗ *,go᷂2ˑR-"GR4Rz۬Fkõ09)Z[2jO(h;)PEA9q 9."(P O)o <<#<<Z=Y.)<ÓF -)xT+t|`U^4lρ4K2 j nٔ?C{kmΞ]gX-ɬGHv=2(L_Fr/ 6j1"YɲK{Ћ:E2B\l}%ۏ v}iח9?"&!uئ JҞذ$Ɩ m#c$3ni$`c뗴oX|Ц6xOEy/S"{"iދ@HIm"-i׍H^NDZ@$D endstream endobj 684 0 obj << /Producer (pdfTeX-1.40.21) /Author(Michael Dewey)/Title(metap: Meta-Analysis of Significance Values)/Subject()/Creator(LaTeX with hyperref)/Keywords() /CreationDate (D:20250315121912Z) /ModDate (D:20250315121912Z) /Trapped /False /PTEX.Fullbanner (This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.21 (TeX Live 2020/W32TeX) kpathsea version 6.3.2) >> endobj 652 0 obj << /Type /ObjStm /N 32 /First 280 /Length 1191 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڍXM7 W="%JEs'T:®s/;BO& 4N҃L:s.y dN1b=o‡h.։z@Ҷ>UIɅӀE4 :,yJKh/"'#^8>R H gJJ6JiZ]Ku(ژz6bQJ= iS)(:*( j:,!\?B I(9tRnvi喤Ֆ1CZq!8֕ *hjN@ZWҺb-S TtE Q([([S([]P9[(z[ݴ^PdG@}?a[E$}0%ͫˢחQ/@y RoZBXyRGFl3Թ1w!*V_GBZOBZvn!-9M rmJ(uۨ7Hzu=AZW|M}5HlPiΟWEoOAZyF|tsM;

7?NhXlnyRѵ:_}x?|=n>ʶ&[S3?ǰp>TGl}=ߜ.H.<$_=h' Pf endstream endobj 685 0 obj << /Type /XRef /Index [0 686] /Size 686 /W [1 3 1] /Root 683 0 R /Info 684 0 R /ID [ ] /Length 1594 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream x%KlEgni-0m@W >҅Ĉ\bԍsi1w|hN1ʸ2}n~9|ߙ99+8z_t gyPW0[=bӌ*AU[6b3$vi A");.b2u, 6ɴ4$A#C&6fbaZiorp eWYTUv8~Rxhrsv.́`ֻ紣K<_WȔPrnS}rw}R.YBdZȪ* |nύf Z|1und̕#x7w{^133A2dx-xG>ET،cq\pbƱ#HՌw3fzZq`emϘ5㗌_2)懴 .se/JƓd|4_nm-AGd5*G{ (I - @*AݿvPۼ{jP@c=ЙF<zm8J%V{U[==|U 08@.Q0KQ ΃,8.1^A3`D0 ΂)p3@Ҵw?s".+`,k:[-e_͟Mp Ump㬓xeyVȏ>slhi}b; ZѻXtQo[ MwV1Vooo}l77777777ŐdA!!!av  7Բ i * "@PwZ3f0777:tݭ{ PA[ЕT>lvP mO vZPA(FhXB hmpZv١й*k1p-3V(AC`A#`@c)@_>pԇ&Z:paz0,A <,r2~[ 7"&$wJ-=+VgպcDՈU#FQ5j$i# Eȱֻu}QOkཽQFy_&Vf_hC_mҨ ϾQ/7Q/F JDnFHl$Qz[sP%F5Y$6Hb PGw7IԿrO>DO>DO=DN$;QQJTTDE%**QQJTTDxK>_tw9 endstream endobj startxref 226835 %%EOF metap/build/vignette.rds0000644000176200001440000000042414765270137015032 0ustar liggesusersRK0l@YW'2ăФ[MBI?kMvlxȗ oKBHB(MI1]cX$0N/ TVKvDleHN {fd`gJ38H֫;ˠ(@Ňw; Jϻ]hĊrȑ5ґSlD B1h ׽ς Yk^K.[UI_ m8jH+^?8D3MmӊXQ$KzD?`metap/build/stage23.rdb0000644000176200001440000024403414765270070014437 0ustar liggesusersi۶eO nF5j4p0n:7*+3dfz6E'K9Idx(5HpI"aѴWOBwWʪ]ՙ;7ϷP]{Ct+=Jw)J`Eq XS]r|JnP}{+[t쒭S=_qіZ^gZ}4duޠojnVo?lˋ}%Cug.ATV:,SZf;'zj\U]*FᅶY-ϿY}aae Wf̭_\/ljZ-lf!0\~ ME#yu&ƮQַ~—ݿn@xUT"x{GG2'T뮢j ɕ1OL7Leñ{$|8G-[XnEkU)[ڦfZ|D<{Ӱd`@F o2$߽.NrRE<~V5QO2~A|-B'ܶʵDeDu@mݱLKN}.7wwxښS3\g.h-ٚY=Y~+/XwSr}n9 LיkQ]}dO?6βMMmLuBT6;e_ySs fun{,\t 7^3 vyN~r\m3n6CO#0GjH_G~w=KsbѪ;%[D//e{?2KZm)msq̍f8L9 Q\l\dU3rMܛ~~]y|gY_E=^7n:7Ւm>R4,ŔXð:QDgr_$)l-l-y_ ;\+iRZ[{jp7yeZ-FovCa h䭗^ooLeMb{hdZw#˚ 4f]>aIJ1`1X:}+wݽ,D#foiD qo }Sw鿞~ql50r@C9OںKY[ߨL@Q>sʖUnU:sj8 wiPd bR<2(?4YVFj4V-Ut4|>?ŝ!$x5et +qA|q錄?1sNA̖*@kA|iytz[,4l 0A 05`!iw*Gnv#(O&£趀Q> 3 ⓺ Aݓ B/^ B61u k=Cӂ}'hJӉهOJ(>(AF$GRDʛ 3xen^IJV9,u#P>$GJAs^<&F|-=@0< xV#[!o*zBPs2q675Kal8Lg<@`<fPr*CĨDye~F$lh[!s9;5T#CYl5vy:e@g;X` PnyxK,EG|LDRx#B,'QKf">o.WQڙB,D!gh Nr `}cGwugR4%g}sV1k(_L)3jJc2 v5A|b6:؍rQQmP >[Vh;x7`7";4zQ?,TFVv >ș#G[aqfPn ˽xC&&LbçC&5#򦢺D[_yo6 hMԠ)Y\Έ?G_ƢH,gxł߉~ vc3(y!X[b nQ`C>|K ~Vxcwu*w'(?L:xgq;Xc9 Pr yq,C)DZ kC3is )o~|3E)B'`:&%J[N`LY:EP^#sF39zRon(`z>;SNb!:@jm7wa`7 OD.=#yNœ? G Q*;o$2]Dbˠ2.EzÙ9x p$d$fǤQxPۏ8Xd\aP|_Zo#o5O:u,5)J#Mj)k1#WQ@Ƃs34ӝ-D(`"4<^z"ث+BT&cY\-Ѵ뾦y DyK 0 .|C 3)5gl9%%@ɥ3XRΤ[j`I9#ܱ o.w[sKʙPjbI9pw3XH*2{3`P's)vҡ?Ճj;I vŜƵ¶NzFlNAJ4^ywpRUՁ]"nŶjP "΢<+1f>#2*W,usQ|qu=K(/_A 8ns<*g/puG(6iQp''D?=Y3zcWˀQK7>va!T "FԱ+&+(k8vE=>xJw*S]IVkcW% Q7Tt\fPt֒9sJ-9!.BCT(qג!p3%LNjI9n~{f[4BZ.KwbW5my]@@Yhփ3+zYS;S{gOiouuJN\ϗj6I'35EZ>SMMNw*m4}Yݽg}m9KL~\&GJj_?^j\Z+_ܛ ږ ?{9j' HP&RZE?Zwh B\D*H5w Y'4lr:/*dG퀽(֥!>Q~Ώ#$i4EH(qEHr!=BJ:S#d%팿k[&{ yU[w+z V,( 6Vsɺe2Q]Y3 -?޺{clJC S@8lvն5]rMрuۿ܂;&A[LЖ~|4eG3(cucg&  Ĥ|([uW]ՅCso4$ ( mُ#V.Aqv6-$ݩO/.(O41 6 #C(߬9Uf qG-+_B:ƍ ̚Qo0ro]?’F#)fSsVҘqVrتQ:7>P;e8*Ym(y%{Qh<1iGs/kjpeNv}9N]kˀa )Ks@x!>)B<~"e(q+r!}mYҙ^w'M--oGh`_gQ 5aU|?BWгw,e5 ;E@y"6 C]ʪR ApZg^;1f`Tmn[5o˿`*r4 n2Syœ>]q$a4zA8\C$Br 3;C܇TU[\vȦW+Q]PS =o q6&PβCqU_in!#xȱ@$beyvd#N~QuFEY~BWo|3 !2rT/3OLC~12XSn7axۜi je q1VT!qZ ҦM/ bUy{Y$( /fa~S;K\.O~SSMR5[3Kn6*1/5]4]E@C3A3T(]2P>&>uEP rys-8ru:Sܵ=Q@ygrf1?^|t4֩$eQ%:>CIw=\Cr [@Fiпx۱yx R9&ZkNf ] BLÕ-<oϺXKu7y?DƀtLUF4tԪTY[lMլ 21giO"64^LW_bnvϑ! sRcT \d[( ZVdq7Ba_u GyJ M͆a, ^BRlZ˧s(jR3+rsZs)Iڹ@$"sTFm=迀C9~N2e˭2ZnVk(o (&7%mj{9,\MzlІKpn}5IN3 8f6io*È( 5|C܃698~E{un5+/ VMY ZKprz<^tL Nt\0qǶPXN fP|gQ-38 O+y(UIrTf5[d& B0X FPo t| (sWF p!!= K-diµF,@k.@rNeJdY,-oc%h;[|P^_èqPKN7ךA{Cnq!w%`ڼ>r{ťi!5_!7 baKS5PN5 "ul^v4XOolXM7HY3 I CMTw X )JXFx).^ooj.0~-2"޶ʑl|^_X4IsԏPƚږUW2B7KUeP^K)pڣfl) [+㑛*qZTZҩ|\*jd 5j*du˄E}ԁhn*)r7+uȎ2Sוf5(f2;==weqg2cPÿ{:S1.w0aAk~APJ0 `h~**mjo-Njp b#KF[;Bq,? >L3qS٪oi~wT7]͆caeP$6cuUܶ >iPN3w_xz?}ڦݻD5S2[SPA|Ҧc(nZz[x'Ǡh^wB9LfqyyO g> q?%VnP;xF,u}(?` ZipqD3U2wn}{>NJMt-{ر,O޻-rt$--dØNV [0Xgw:O|26뺛 lt5G겙&\E\ym(Oil^~;8 _Su);[ȑ+S9b[)4d6LCO}Փ`6773C`5$WWjl4>DaIdỴMz݄ EEBݓDjeʟ ?6NJjn@@)ۦMlTq7@fsnM4$'ZxB4-åTQm;E:iO[@Lֱ-کf jvIw4Ze 姱5*?l$؏Hp (1COZH=XުU#t|uJGcjP`z fNJ 8~+meMG;AyO6yXOlw0ي;M)4TK?RJ m,ZCsh;EZyqbKü+4dusy;}N⺾QWS,)lMl}}-/cЭ|Z^*&Nm GK7^S{S67U6_c^ e]1xi7R_7Mٖ59m`z8%2\v_m-]ՋpcCC&VM Plɹ@=%ʖւ6T\Vc϶:6{W!o2emZ?+bL}m]Bb`02wk2p]ElAª؁?Gj-ܭinH9 ij4!?K p[R[K|TIk,Ռ&*CEޠlR'4F0WE lhNT7ȸJYPn:kvjfnUZ{+^ĄƢ:ܮ4E|̭(EۢmMQªfǐ:7zAŕ6Wth~r h;&$SѢ_]i,\5f>~}Eum-xfhX2D ^UhWZ^]msgě`[ )D\!?6XtL-1sK!?Slji[`G4UKfnO >Pi{m#͡s3:C7ulH?EعzJ%zɴl&X5_m`gwph+b/GaZjURsڰMRX/8 +ߍ-˫AzUͣPtaݬ~ +a./\2~qa r6Ҷnx?co#;|+B~m^i+PGd |c5C =6bОsF޿B8d.[Ɓ⚾k2=9% x"IhiN*LepPFڝu ߐ]$]RBYhu>Mra/ؑg$I/"Q@ wVz}}/yM*[u iӮo޲7 ؒ.05=cD'(?b4u( MN-w$ -9$,Ṷ:l5'^`_2z?P:!s{D|=A<4˺ȡ[9YHÞ[ lV<|᳧rB f8D9Z aedM,#S S CRR˖.'ReѩƔBVl6~!$;fBt.Ɣ{kG솷l@pT< u}˗\fr.#0:qo3}g}m9KK%Thh^84 #.9':4e#sQ6;ܿIxn%XzŽP cg(gq-iٓ#g꿒#+e\+W _CIMZݒȪ:1eU-C+MZ3b] ftxSCݡxK7> s~J=)4z0k(lYyfu?27rQim>.{=vHoշvS?T{MZ(3nr. 6pߓRT79bThgf]J9 ,`m:1 `,aA|b ^C fH~e*1;Q| 9UyN2ne-O-{mXE1swv3#n dza .c[LmCP>%%doCO?D@8ψDFț~?'8yiyjdg ҡL=et&E9+-#MC N<~3OM;8} sq (pW[ lwjlUV.ܣ\" $a= goWDC@> /QRb)W(%MmxPFoP& zu3{U7}X5a$R&י$L>.>xe] |!~Ax.4(qu)Cz"L R$MB[ WUǩ/un((/K˕6 Fvm> >{x&w5`eXkpƱ׽_ A< }MDv 4E/&߁uP^MD  ^F{6~e0(>A~_\e˟H64x?ސM f\x"q e0>Gދ x#;'uGއTNƑ{Aaygkmjӯ Ag eZк*!k͞2l1}%t3M:F|l'CkavPhSהM9mI3QÊg>δGl*P7xP/rM9.{Xx%{D5uO7r (jg/,o q2K6JQ4+`ts?Їu#Xbc.: #iH`lhcWH fG@]$ʓנ45~ypw$ADPf۔345݂rVo|+y>> j<'u>>},QޥU-skS 8;,rҚG}sJ} 5i>^ 8rSn'& 7~5XoV_B9>~YwIa~2U+ɒjⱉjj^E(zCO!)9,44Ԕ4% D&'{U~ 8Ƞ-|PJÈrME3mr1mrq 1w%#⢳ߠ B*zdC^t[1P >Jnq[?yo|$ZhRڲ_J4 ɝ9F^LX8 şyg ch%ƜQf揙4T 4 hn,;}ȏ9ɖ'. I=#9rDܣw,%=h`~K?0]g-^`cF/C]T6rk;u^t;m" ƠV 78󣝣OiёsC2uz3O-!$5U܍QI/KU^~~|PI' GܧѴ}ԏ1ء0=7Ŷt+j1(11۠ `At:ǰ ʴp&{ 2&P>{wc(mWu C1CJ {sP?Ơx''ade`,T@l^lU(KD >L2rϟ#|io #-hGA8(dtv+u_4j췅aXo`# \%Rӥ4(f;x:r#^CZluD⺮oS۟nVto|scx#B "zZZõF\ E+[%Eڭo2dPxLs=t9Ȯ8Ai!`F|7uMcmsz7[i ;ȑ9sC8 4ZW;א@c7̖^?zyw\ f ˜vƦjaC(QBQ5 ae44sR٪Zp5^bΡdwR 2M4}1r^Ji@/{l"xu4NF+kZsuZҙ~uZZ\&-oAs6PW(A4#6cYP͠x,ۤM bM!\!a nC}S*/k*tJFh{[Wר5C[o|hfsW LT:ḟN<|.R}kflJc~ [ZlV*`#Q~| (f >(a'TH ׶rr&fRe+(V e,(b]BE HC|XN_Im"3OI,V'S)bBIqlI,T6JeO)?JE$/UW/jt,^$6Pl0[3 P~kUk@ ܍,`_E  >(l|'0|),Yt);% p 1R:=|B )eG/k8sΔ Gu^F3D@x!$B< 4fQ 1C$gΔd!M q(FQ6p!En >1ig8v- Vp-{2m P >IIMTNvB >ob>/B9>&B1 ]u9j-J Fdbq|rSŁ C|FxX\ y4J\\{HœΔXE<{Y_,4og_,!,׈ߠD{</Uts5:dbD{+De#{h(ov&%A5ߤc*[v[?<{wI?L='<{|&Ԟӈ?=~Ϡg:dϢgC{?=?!{ "<{<* /ӱǿWP+ǿH]{UtW5#(T@HD=-[=>F.⿇򿗎=>~ (Xt!NFOQOP9y: (C/Q/%C(#(B(P!ԞұA=EgwDGtE((D{]}|0 {r58ˀ!2۵q/w !2`G/w {E<]B1xܗ;b'}P=,9_1ˀy_f'"Ee4qqޗ;b\Ե]B˝"=#.2`x×;b|P= !>c/vܩs_;)cq՗Nc1{r/}P='v} _L_!e㗈/w -w C{Tu_Lk2`G˝ _Zn_At}M5_=^#.NR?ˀi-2`G˝/ʲWBˀi/vܩOrr{|)bˀi s {r?]B˝"=WӰǟG ]9sGRcN@_.EV6ICdyߙ=܉'} t)uÈcJܓZaoIFG< y,~g'n]t.`qU9U:ΡAm/bE,k<;@w$UMrqqP6JA%NKPf%8-RqMMKEhf2y ]%> %=r\BTY=xjXY` QwNj[P+i7o|SUUU#>AI:V3(?f5jQf %/1/A]-w ħ-pw&S8hV 0pۇ8v^FPWH #N++윈.".&*W;PуkQwgX}c  :dQ~("}-NΈ9 V(| D]PtٝÝ81>FSds Í#fQ_{ q9^Fڧykt+K!TpiµF .L%T3%Td9\[6)%@Ddk 71f8v- mg:+ڃS1j{QL,^rf:ƙCa^tƱ-G3݊}8njns52 s]Hpu pTQEeG̹ vnu30'<`J])q+N]WP88t(y>1\ K"wBшꄺܝPi:rNhw*S;jm MVqd}u-< >h/&wyx q euÈƨ-طΆ. [u*M[N ^CYh4L]rx7>s)P >(S]NLO\b`JQe,F aE25e,bqGQm5yO*jK EhțF+jkS7IgJxԜ6Q uGP>"ܢd2~V"lU-zI5D,z&7?XxB|O!DǏťѐK˵X;:ff e⍁㋀Qڸ!C( "he^s癛=XBGn>@<@c7[s30 :^LifoeهAe㯂.X6t`1K(XUނ:T0-+;|͟`U'5?FCޘ4JZ#C]ҙ>f6cvܲI9K&s&9`ocqF[Οx@9eP̭;JC1w Ŭ w׏ۻ"$!qN3n 41OL>n)S=NL2.RWSxPEsl-#FGB3`)PN6SO=IH} >I'X,o-q p+@o{gPo2gE7 *U y^Q U=Kζפ3%|kZl{췻Kmk(K(/ojqU{[5fΒ]9-t;}={J{;WU*_i\&&S^MGݗ%?3+mYLfr=(LerÖ_?^jݩ7[AA\5ʧ?X@TQVTE?whÜᶗ]\YGq5nxkW5?èċPRA|ҏPJZXp/9b G!d"x @<дhhp64SCGϣ|Ձċ(s/D "hȋեQCztDWIimsKMkIeeqNtך0n}Ͷ ^ߢfQf;lnpHߧtqa.tǩeH@vN .FD5$;733WWEAeh*Kk ~;LwJ]AA+7rZd';|)luCQ>,=R1,mC?BCySfΤsTk2z} Pz >7{eLUYIe¶ZAVԨȶ/8OSn94O1èOf{+jfKEi{Wx#qWx+c C;*cQP_0OҔ4*aW2j"$_!ģ(݅Y`A<R,4v@̣.NOH@‹ E'Хѐ7.RD @kIgJt6ܒ4;7?UcC:m[x#/P\G6USiLdTwA:`x^D9 a $8Og$/!dbBݢX{ zF>ի'J ~(N^-Q_LquB:a%7Nylnق,h׀Qk(_}oFZmB׮)sH:z/t9IԜIk ;G? 0gDXo+X3'& \^%V=4T-Y a&spRarpOhx_EOae!B y(qWȵ3%|"Ym+eBQT`)7a3@170Uw~k |BKzMnqe=֐-YqkCOD{%U[ؽnټ|!.+1h;Z O4\}lV8&p 2܌e8Llbgc>%i'/NS<0kLG+@A|$W 'DWv^p^襊Ff!, EoԚ[](O_ 6 s @!{`̋F8ߐ,v^b{}Р$a1Kb@|\xa1i4 I1>,&҇ŒΔad2$1IOJ+'9s94B N/#F4$6ݸMZy(ߏM/FagCMRWE`kg3(gbyfQm *0VK(Ygl-_#o]$o*4`E7)k%}S5HPK$ ^FbZnTa ^A9D/2O4b/nfM>`̕KoP5Q@`G4H ߲a _l8ےycV#\.5^"ɈlOܱ6}G0u%kVJҸFDX«%y&CCܱ*u9@+oР$T("41^GlZihM[?gˤ&R=d,9#s s3o =Gjo7cmXsߞ"3589aHe,ӵ-#TҎ1LȖך]57i@z8v quU5[K# z駶hGY|g@wFeͷr߽f5(f43=}eVizooaMϖMڬuY܊Uo ٍl3[mQgڱ\[ՕfT_Ssj47ZvXk5γgT6wM?B;l;Uv04Q6o~L0==S3f:ٖn:ys.V+Q/XEۂ;spןF* ŷ[Ӳ0Ba/pL}V܁ E? ?7Orq & ͑j&Fя?; z L#܉jӋT^$[֩lCK\WpM-|]wں-6f0Xo֌MTajB9ozyٶ+o95佭A6,Wiݥ~ w_;xJw~+;isLO]jW_DBJYp3B$}(L4 >oH߁km%W{n,K'r?d'EYx{?P 0'Pq;smށ]X'k>jPWk p e %Y@~ˀVDG7LiI #Rn90)OIˈ]ŚCrإ4**+~=@ʙini~圗 vQm`-wя|?yɽa ż 9,| #XKgzt̕n3E*Ma!6' eZKas]moi٫41Ǥx"boLͬxRӮ! zdpBEAV:s' [o ]BױHhi^.#K( Mu9>th(MmrnPA|Rw1uKι{{#lPiT%gU<_n}ᖛתkw l ^BR^= x{5 >{5;WGQunT߸߁J۩j%}} m'}ӟ$EN0WDǟFCT4JZ#CT|ҙ>6SܲIŭ,Q:PqACPsI=8 0P`>F/@oIX_&Mݺ PVT8fIEV5~D0wbL;Wb@˼om tr.}č7ĴK^SNL`O$Z0jZKc?J+_Ã̈Pɭ٦VJy a' %!l__JcIϸHz @=޴ Dz=`[Z l-M`pPG$߂(!ZӈQ(pEI!. #D O"^B9a8P׃a8PN 1LzivQ!J3o^7zom[ѭVm8`:8l}p3 ѽ0b֝`w4b2|W[ Q4 MP~{eDvr Eq,\}Ym)׈4'm}W:$r۔/Q+"{cA zQ%o(J:A!2ό7xEnٮ3OfЂx`4[x6-5nNb'}zL2rH7G'i7u,vp -q汗7xh&'+A{(*ž~ mF!2>N{))HZU h[E>҈quZC|>ʚ.DZt!(!h^KKmkN2˰d"F9|jvEEĻ(T{ {"TRhVE:>>YCgTDWi@)5o;J,{'&}CmZpJɨ2w\~ } vdPuE4x`M585fuR2޻jD%oT*C3|CM[M}#k״zsmt@*н,kjҐ<"S`:p] lrVZ}X`UZ?c̛jw\;NII5 YWy^UȼH uyFh/.Pmyr$:O8mG$NUi}x_Nx5*[D1Ú6٢I!^:7Gg+N;PT̔f; o>4o+6RjgؠM0oT ϻdmn™KKá * t~a^p@gɪ̹/̓eS^=gosU g%QҪMOMHg>Ü b2$)cbH߉io@CnSnQ˵SnΔf+Ymr?sM\nn|Nc8 #XQK' Ơ#%ҟBM)@Kݥ2t TC<4/>oP3r3( wP[," uY{(_}C迏\PA%Vfƽ[2!.nnR#r_PDܭȾEė &'ugΡuAD cNo_vpsV-nEn9t^( 09N >;4:t}4nH1Ə~WVq694:, O@$yt|λ˛1x$b'rYHJ@4"jK*mC@}7)!+)ΨO },O3u-tƤuܟtӤN4~q yG9~5{6XE^927E&ȫ?n7 Y&{N/..Hfffr" Dj~FV{[͆dvxw>%©UJ?& OUEꖕA\.ԈeM lpieJzce'Gh@uC#>WVqDγ'O= Km͞vvFg 4!+l!YeoE ɫ;?Ai? >1bѦ9܇B!Ľ(GhB܇G,Ͷ w(u!4 56 ?o?w^#/v 8*(,WwiVxlTB۬V߬>~ͧ]^2{en| Y|ՉrKƍ]C(3#!5??^4KzY~YU?[}u |۰`/`U#yښk[i駥6|l֤o݃'䐟!* Ԏ0r Ya2&T뮢jjXٍݜ#ife `L UmtfASCy_ fAS xm4P >/< "\;[͑W9y9Wږ@^Wu#$# |T$R`x,PmF9n858qKˈ]ŚC㼈  xJ3 >p\:i1njo7EV(gKT]½5@|:'}z@*3F*eD AzR|C-vI~4ƍ z8>v 0OE2 ̄+ZlHҙc=yi1pB9C .sF&ܣУ:w/t "2͏$>:[mXE;ԓU[W *Az=2ʗjЭ#>{=z.+mqAmt׍voib8PiùQ.:.}?/x?@?&z^:^ao &b[4KF)\k\{0*䜗t6s&B7(|(zACPsI=؋ 0P`>-@/݇Ёe^3w,(;oPժfҏ 3s>b0*OC.>f mAyҷK>c'vjK_7#@m1Hkɛ~9X\W0uoڠ̳ըPm;/)mHYUC/%Q1Τg\e @}iXP? >X6Lv5`*ᾑ`{X" ȉFig$Π,ʳ;J“s(%_=y;8_dP|q(-EL'Xyb( %t[lf=om[hpm6*GgQW":,G=(Ch :T*DweCk%Ʊ,eҁdnse䮶c 0>-8`&_m6_ӗf$w^՗!GLnEըVԩ!3\P+R WSM(ү8wiKfPA|bo7]fkD݄&QSn<0On Ehlts_!Gxl{i[XXM)tS=dg_? Ջ6~"A"r0#u~4P0VIZU h[~҈qZC>ʚ.DZt!(!h^(IɲmͩZfN(W؁jRBvBz!.|C*T c.0&T}J!]}ʳȇ6ߩl:SkrwXOLhڴh,V3[jҴsgUoP(hA!\A{hy ^ӈS[a\'U/,!(TF=s47״?B vM˓rj9fl'ܴ^{o7݈#͆7,sOhňENE.}c4 CQa_p9o jaF RRЉDZNj@yD)DE@Ζ$Ym"Sxh֛#lSV-fYTԿX>ogͼЏfo킻)yse޿'%0wgy+7?4J\/]y,&jSɑ<Pa0":v>rUv3b5YmɳEB,;1DL/"ݱyt2s97$Y ELh0hx[aN3AC۶lyNs!A|so\:Y5a-aP΂*iR gjA1ij(Mϡ|.ݵ= C9CBt &7q[(J-Q^ݑطۈwP7[!ں2;9ĽoZ8(~5 >B }58%9bo8A@y"dԝ6KicˎctʤF@B+7 x;/? >;4:tλz4z-VN3/;578-kAFj,~-o%xr`ۿAm]EM#v`wbz 7ok 0Q7.z7n ^f/e_i[KL~\f*XJ4{toN)̠̽60T݀ nM7k͈IkDϮճIW24N>4˪R7z#mIZOȎr(L*Y^WvB-(\쑌%Grdnvazzn~hAVi%#O7~ ~㇫/"~~{HJpY ~9uU,w`D/UT w7'9 W/5b9 { 19x-%½ s,દp,IgsdAi{2F6 xe#E(l#&,TsOPA|$~hiDﻤ-2w3(ޠĢqs xVaW0r?y="fbSުU#4>b֏*QufPn,O*poPm |HF4(7]܅7t8&ZʢtVDr[ Y{4&.7|yj Gvj.mu j^hŠYǯV! Wf̭_\/xaS5 PM6 n(뱈2 .9#9B#̬ lY߶*8]_*KoM>oq`kXg.A + *Z,aU#yk[i駥e]6CfXiL K)Ua]JАW(q@܍PքjUT ] k1$m= #$#U[7ݼaziibaN [a@=sCSH29:L#`ο'tzFwo݊ri4],RֈrܛΔPjm\[inVc4,ʹ ̈5Mf5wO_o(ӔCHkH \ nzVN{Q؉t(s.qer.A?̾͑|>7ҸҴ#(`Q͡A[Dy'U=atU3 b ,fz"lڄ{s!S{n4oDa:lɲ֛'H{Ҹdl emxH[0!r}?[{8v xA|R/]rE C "o[cT#}Xf;x3eF >-(wC ioTC/%Q1Τg\e (@=N]`A^``!ݣ$چ5Ƞ6TF@l'-j{nCd PX"֓s(KDb O"^DbU A\@y!vJ@%I*1v  "<,B,gp$Qڦf捪ånŶjA{?lpez#C; #)Cź"j=}XUNƥ![v ]m];r,2'І-+D!N!e\nr>K4)jɻu;}i/^w-޿!v/ڽxG]t鱔Va'"V:41RV`R1&-5Z#&ÒèX;݀j0i:Uqb9|QNj,I&-$K44vy+~8ƥ7wclׯ hP1G @޿Gb G7+:l/ј,rSh!p!^!r-ոFijɼ;%X>eJVmIx-Kxb8o20ZJ}J}#e@xC|0ZhY4Q_q/F5k.rNeJx=6$aD$ MMDPՊҸERUfU<[4)k;%9t;i8tSw桙XwmKw9$k) ߵ҉2TkЖ?wG9ǥs\(g)'D'л;#Heϡ|NGV'o(ghA)~vL/nuXp1r>6]''+䇧i0ʇwQPGpQP؏x壱b"G$ܹ !΢,%&> ؍xUtćVe-߹Ԃ" 6xB;ro:2oێ82w:H5bO?R-FJ{|ZD\{|pOdEҡL a%ͨt#UF}ґ;<ިBLQ. DdNQVٷ/;UUW+ak"u*MP(>G>{ Gq;2 >;r7#s?A 0^tz(0F'PLTmB}L>0% ~JxP yǺKʵ(gTGjms˦o%,goA]Rdx ;2O &]\]U R?NRY0^V`:דIg%mPA|$~WmWF,i,v*RA)73i \ ? ûw+eUt4}I(JZLfr#&2 ?ffmzMȬsoyXh춗r..^ǘIAdx¿ 5Ekhiؐ׈X5#/bdh|h;Un Gh =dʑPdTTfYեڥ qL9\*ϖ%Grdnvazzn~hAVi%#O7~ ~㇫/"~~{HJpYVˑU>v`؍mQyKZs+ qe{˪f^ʝit-P^DP',joͪ%5&fPnT\>GQ}.OZ(Jzc]PޗU@e@6.cGn(|_+y i?k55_߹Zl=wGaZKîcfnV?f뇅o`•+s ^;QT͂_K7 n>ئ(.VF>c(ַivW뗊y?(Rw_9zG<ϟ>.maUW` CS_JK?--pxW>;jaQ1_z+_T LqАV$m@AY(gB*HD k1$mQdan޼]zc(`"X]@Iƙi ÊOݻKTwŽ;oZUDVɻ:G+8>jzγ'O= KsKiZVn #Iᒙ-o{>=x)PIWw"Jb> >Bg '+xF,Dž3'5L D$/x#58!^_t+kѐYpkC3%|MsZ۬i$f,k(_˰:͒ҌXgkfY{dŃG_㝻OavuohffZL]#ڽ${,ԶT\\-Je3S 75`V7iԭ|5_М.AkA\#8[mۘ@-ӈ?̑C|m)r,ٖ?KhR^t)z%zy)#QΖY"jK|@h+|gn?GZMWɆ(.h.sQM?OT:g(&)ZQmDwD(ڈ>`?a϶^=a֒w@JZC#G,Jn7"~@lX 5ɤ|4bYMaFz.E(gc;Ip)iwH#BV:nq q"x۱ݢ;[;wQikoyȬԉCInQ 6M5-_B"0tpgXVuUT F05=?)B<4QG]=J-RD"|Z=>xUdѡL d%t#7Fe"- ' zSz=0*@kxMi+ˎctA 64\QJ1Ӷ)>4;(whL))1FC޹(q5r4;)iZ4ܲivjzeI ;Ә{I=pRg'(~iLarT "*S(b[9j R(_O޷ 3K6 >R6FO!vh),v*R}qd.'@|b亮WN5}p$H leÀM(l;1pKۑۏ`)II|/H^dDƗ'aqURNqvQ#2)VLɇ&cYUFrVޠ/IV+;QEIE5k_h]gt+;;ʥ"{uXr$Gfg:X\9fd9T{CW+m=Œv4H[];xki}dQ֚p*޵Y֪p~ֽÁ~jpvY5ۤsgT kckG( {Wv9,#d1#Whsze8Y N +^sue5WSdZc!ǭ ?A0D=Sܮ掲o}#̑j#4# .שׁPCmB$}(L3 >oHl,ol!ӈ;h >PfI}7^Mjo4şWWHk,턆=g0'P_!lPA|Ҧqs @4t`vvA9Gjx ',HVq yYt_#(rFl⋀GQ>*Qm,1_Z@qioJ[Ncef0^EF/@|bf޲Y; h ?0&S`Ntcn9̠sƿ6NtuL%2] ըiO#UgVݬyTl9c Pn`O*pTPz}DJzcaZ0ہnc0V7$Mg("(|_#? i?km_ݹZl}GaZKkcfnV?f뇅o+W/.괰nU=z~w}p0L{B#mU/O{ZTA?+{[\$XzïKn1?݆Ӱu+ {$O]{m+,%m^T7\-߂œ R@n[qАV$i@AY(gB*ݘ YE@(HȰwn^.=h 1RKڂA]@d?GxKcXG^Ѭ{P Vgm{ZF #hY4i5k˹O =Rf/frhq^׃m+m{dŃG_bޝO74gZL]#ڽ${vnjjd*[u )kΛ[04xq+߫oo4gjoKaз3s{;Ζjy.U 4i:8_G~w=KsŢ}SKR Gi Q-DՖ2|?V0 x$f!-b\)s{OZO?MmAHѰ2SU@Vϋlw܅/žmyz˜%tk(Ekhuz2My]?>&-=BM2)MdX|c4Fm] 3X.QP ƋtC5`ea!/Vsİ608{={@LZ슪. %gwSjwjCi/+Tk )ILV^4}#|m q6҄tGH͡RDi! B_4&y2᜷nK,tmx2k(_- ~A|kq錄?1s7;׍{Opa*ar[\vvVFO.a؍FCYNH)R!LH\ϤAn?QviQ,n2Eϋ "ƏZcv+Z{!VD (<B ioTC/%Q1Τg\e (@}"#D.~A|R/{QmC dPn*Tk 6xB3*oK'"{iqeiԝCCyNb/bPxqe) ^Db5 _`k`ER5I  F$Q!J3ϩ^_Ӂּ9GklQ`4(,peϡybT][\]Ɂ}XUĥ![-Jc{ &30L+ϷB>l;8}ǏAz~|OHѩm|/;+R\һ2ة^Oߦ/gS@^ u }Q~,ǘ;~ Cj8مiwQ ptd[T~ݡ %W:c޾b9dն98Uxm KI۶Hsw-;ٶdz+zKK_fE {xJ{ۦއ9ʟ MtclZe[iܹZdr,UP/Wnd64]m]y 1®Mm) /( wggQSCggYhAxS"mf,a6O1ħDoA{ZFZD#X<܍4\q24]PĪ;{Bjۄ ɸwҘj_|4) 0OA꾱Di`%wh\G35j3t :!́Dꡎ#S &xAwA<˘" r_%WD%"̀Ptw*[diVNm'[onjuAj}lKC2 OjtO#vxf^zwd!%h4?Ts n~;4uF>x(mo99[#i4dHqAr-@>C޴$M"-oOCYotBM*zںw ݈c E㷀'M9%fly}1T{gyID?<,$ p2!+Y Ö4P>(ߐ@%d!V!6z6^P(4WۑLVEzo+(OA#W%M'Mqq,'&1XŇE_^^|7p OA΀r%] FC^wE%&G=wWΔZ;Ymjmyn~{ GTRlފex3H7J CQз)w NlMbWÛItQ(ozP-ʁuv\H"H YP` .3Mt\[y2MRQYT_a]7܁wx9:gZz]=)Q_yynPXCPċ}'΋4C"pj޾N&:O8mG$$m 6i"ؒU 6yhRbg:IEƟ;6i ;rd-&camY::P,kp/y mlDoA|sO ,6mS3+9P3G9F "P.>Xs@a"V0 + Q7snR%y8眇nBԟN{ތfqw/bnn%"d~Z)&2~uS(6aqmDFMx9Ѳo[qǽQǽޑuI2%C6ܒv8VO/( ( Q:#u=P~?_f(A{};p#(wf6>~x |!~Fx^ y(q5r!}b;L oڦM%oP? >bsߦ3_P(|_+ i?k55_ݹZl=dGaZKcfnV?f뇅o}•+s ^ZT͂WG P7 n!>FĔ:}?0LXB#mU/O_ ,__hq`Lg.xtVL ^֭0Ԫ_>37ޟ#BrɆ(.h.sQM??yv\ۥyEyضtbhXj,MX_e_a϶3=a֒wBZõF앢5'4rdVpnIڤVI&%HvHH>G:%C:1A` >;h>ts'frnd4:qr^v-'#h @f8"pJTܧ Lg(.ha\_cX}C PD܍Po6tr օa|0d~xϠ|FJؗn/|0 D܏~fhޙEja4 k>l}C7U hO G~^> ʟ\/o-7lV%DZ3ϣnj.bpꭳF-{Q x{Wo|SbيXF xʷ/[ .]eԨ%= ݌O9c(%5X`@hlfک #)CEިmjfh\CZ{1 gW&I T3Myv~N0(g,=8/Ny#&h1FkD=$)#&jm3b"-o*s kLA;T6{zSyKt[ ePxCU ģ([o~;fUP :`=6`4#}hT G܇-u=z110؆"Ҹ7rqՋ/:hSu$k [V yc3㤠JƤ9kLH  uTک)kjpofs HL5/%/:F";:b t_yZiCx]G bMs;!oPկQ/#a6٘O0"^} Sֻ|#%ڲyk,0,Ə0?̎Kŗ"@g1l*%{ `)mx=ge 3[vi؈ǵ-X5^p;qt@ƴEIl{r/:/; FCP9|Q@]/8-s i' )wGjhEa/G/NN߀݈Q>~c~W=sb":QmJrCi}E>U殧O;΢<~=A ӡZ]ݷM/@}7O+?|;EgfNp+'&\\L,ڛ,/fb'AQeۉ✳-Kȇ^ާ |!AҟGO+ۮ ٹӡgʶ ҚFCt4JZ#CCthҙ>6ӡܒVt9ˆ >R}iJt22 Ƌ [+XAĐCcC{'PH4 -sf0.b4`O_݈c%~q{UA fW1;?D,q(|),\nҸ"8f1洍SAF9~sGW<sL)e/׎Ws؏j0x.50mAW/-z0YA|2`[V*"ol|Z>hDpJ7ZY#ζU>u}i᳭.A&oR)c]B12 p {PʜPw5+icIF9FV[k8m3(g$c֘Lo'PA|:T\?aũml Z+-aF"eݩV4v%ކ៿*p{v2b>,!1>?b |!~Tx=V3H!o14JZۜ,3$)f1ey1 /y 2Te%pEie%%){~*w+[ Ҹrfl[kq=e9XYk!4bND|yɽQS3WǽJ^#Tƥ## \"+[ƔF8ҍxՑjCkA|Z*Źe x†KxB<))ۄp!![ yC(qu}Cwҙ>ĝ6CܲIv=L嬴\ܮz!=Jӹ%iE<޴):K_${kŲD=Jc=F4" <>xs;dYxi4 4J\ \{|rNeJx6 . X@YsC€3(ϤΠ~A|Rw‡uI~cJ}ًKVi^&.3J_1PzaaiǷj ʷ$67Z]F\FYl8=r)Or3_ z^ĕ` u6@ Th?戴4[#€3JZPP?`ZPζݙs]h"<ץ+vƀQ߹viP >4{_.9n|,&-}| }8o"XW1aY׍ 'u>>|iXd:*@P׃%__'&> "g6u8Vu,}P+@̡,"+iIݕOLޕ;'}O&'u6cItaItacc'~Nta;w4 0Iĝ5w4c2A oHaIA4Pg})~%or:Q-} kwBUMly9ԍ݊m6*i=(HޣODf o1U{;"mfI; 2XU9N=ڦڻ6xRO$(JI1(soŅ7,/0/mb#6KH!iµFlknrNeJfd,!-oBsݻ}Bz"slj6 PD7 '}ACV{|TU5 L/,s%bH4 0rї1k%:u$3x41oe[~p ؼ>{je=-mkT$jdeoZ;%Z8a*sp5obb?CYh)1WsQ>ԠЪS'a ?*BCBY2jy-h f$4$&%n3YM)i|8*ԍ A9GZVUW3HN[>EdmDrvyaXU܇߱wt"x_uc(o i8W2jeKqm(GiD*3(%,%77@&`Mq9 <x].lHp{xo=-1?-!Fh2T垛+\k܄\|hnw*g'(fBvsG,}( #MBoƹpH4xeѝN#(s7Fړ@4Ch;!Rֈ މ3%|j"Ym&%퀷x`\P"A'.'ZJOp "CYhУBT ..f/|QZ?<1OlPxM|%eYdM"' F|k=PA|bxJ5GCL7>`  B0Hss&?MQq}x S7`TA9Ic6V$[kn ';Lu nnNhnSjnAm6 /Ȫ٦Y^VBOVQ_MZ7ߎ^d ád=̱f1#f*%MƓvմdwh@1ੴWbL(O3"{XIOi-ϽȥtyhkX:-/3o E4!T-/sCXUs-:6٬j%[utn>n:_EMv.Y2VȒ5Kf,s 酙U] 8x$%`H߁K %F o7v/쒑/@A|$ORE rW{mqR{QD5b'PH'm_b(ދiI'r5i< >1e?!j'u?}ĵ1ea*pX%קIi n E@ʌtSA.Ο#'(V[ujV_oc|[9w'U|d+meEEE>&Ƴ c w &[qm6jY{c7f;+j. j^Naݬ~ +ް+W/.@{҅yq4U=σhS4(/GA9&Gg}۪/^ܟƓw~B/9믷IpCg.A K *Z%,aU#y}l[%f]76|lT7F@^uX5jKi:6xh+ FY(kB*ݘJiaI&s_w*}!Tȣ"lӃ@y"=|0}ۀC #6㥊>o!ٹ)1 U|, UC&]Ҳ?`OL TmtBZp?S0L7 gIbH50Y=-j.d/(Zi؅f\ByI ]5‚P' A}7-=QNL 08cUpzGaIO7> 8!^fv+GI!H3iµFi&]rNeJ|Zi&-o'4o~YQEp,ʴޘDuHK?ցq}vD6{zP9_Am,(ש R+߽{W^Ҧݧ0a74W3_g3-_gG^wu=eg%g簾LUjP*fYT[Y(ozf5F2L*9R_f/qӣ ;EΞ%g Mʹbk;%[D//e{?P2KZm)msq̍T#p#dC[4Y̹\S(Hl;x SRbaeBL)+@}F=1[K=8[Zi ?h7\/YyE݈ i~cMZzhdR>HƦihf]Jә-I[0,e cvrj`T|[*Y"՚|?\af/QUh7xi]AWڎqe*"g#m 5A5}#|o"DY^fW*3GU5ݍGKg+'KEU$&"; c}2yM#ˆpA~Y$݋FCyLJ_){ &]gҰ_$ m#Ξz8v `ԋ$P)"E&7rAA?bg@ٚ[M ?^h5ڶ×5ZB!]ԍj$=ƙ􌋺,_u=E€ zS= ` @o)ֽm}RzW}\B㤪Cy7TmD^Ѷ0C{BhaŒY?Ie3)8.FJ$:)-FʳHiµF ʵȤ3%|62Ymf#VKD H >Qߣtd? >>l9K.z+@kAMb}{hdPoɷ(ٯ2*FCyNbъ8ϣ/jr˚2=n%eWyG Ѷs8t)m FG9j cR\[ u] ͠N޿ŁT&1cj0cb6c (uu4C3z˷_lM2_ ZNUї#[eאsfPXdk-pӐp4+NtO9 aLɦVqKo6*>j6 ,ۍr]Il0KK@J U,RTڗvTûZq7Cz{YR7m[p/ì;ۺn+:͒-uvdghv˝:zޟ,svMDeBWH0c%у}]W@"L/XsЋ)iEmJGLȃCԑkRGFb*ixv֑/oWksc4௞4> |u1u_v:-.IjG*T>ڣ0DL Ւ\߁zCi\C=PԄ ;l):bb)5ա^S۲Vv9EvGޭs֗=ͦ[Rsln/)0{Ʈ)JP7 p4šHm bhQvLB3 #pIEYhueQ-[3 nuQeBe%nh_[+pi3<ѭOH>s?+#|NyjZS/6/þ*,f?־2^&:&gaH$ m>pHPo/ Wl#yt&+4 j Z]cr3qȉY|(hox[a({a׽0v˩hci V?;V*Yj٬ I\sy:&j剱Itnp7 'Oި*͜CZ& t)@0%i SLFNdD\X)6)OBH⡃g-Cz %يWjJn/Obxԓ |iz 4cbk;5xz'RC1 :sQDI .!-,tW1wvU.oC1XV#Y,!@~#)( }f}1#8TsAG,͋[϶\DZB%C]6t8%^ 1lGqj19s+xH,&׏4cr@|7p.Vcl @Hط۶Y*궥zg(S1kPfj 9 7d-C1%ny4|}aGmקhAƎ !@~BXoOH DdX&<ğ4&A 2'W'.xvgmO5&7oؙ^;!ҟqJaibJa/4]6tiٷMumVj׶&)PFwm:B3;o0STOs :,,I ?PLlx!Errg1\NSR䢶(E?vtQ)]QT&:ލGCY2W\g{ا_7l[uz,y?U>=C0nuh7[~awbv 4+.5#q镮(Fl{,y\ь͆]Z{[ϑ~.aVаkFEF8L~-&M`]J6:qt?>d}CMS$,).pqek3fy#ϲd}Rj6u<3 :|D7UUޮSޤmw$=7;;{Z 3 [ s{t ۳kj~/U5]˒U\UmGWGoކBk,uB(ȟM?d$`ZQVsޅ@c(ճyZG~Ak䑺qB1CҠ<tU3S0|B:wqYNy0}*|2Rt$pVDVR߶՟-L"aV|^DDH؁|%/IrXbme䅮f C1Iɒ`!N*j=T TυzvnʋrS9* 7{{/4" ?|X o<ƺ21"bwD/ ːi5!J~ai> 7,S:-.dɖeֈ͝5 ȹ]Qo/u} B^ cKQ]\/]z=7hBdךwImcn 5Eƹu+KL|JV37]:Tn/n:1?Dd@'rqE=E}9?B@ ?Q ީ9{*PcK/W~/9S /[Ժ+ĝw$b66[̒]|i6SdqģsX EOv2ݡ,CPCw P '1/O[yAm@x@ mMC,Ӯ9cxל}zYTV &Ml(FE*佺kZj4]%3?_~f̝jA.ۓ".N"¸|&ܨ^F򢽘^uzH+W*<,܃Tpz ^Rc:Z#HO#߃y?PLb|O%f;F۔;we·) {oo;L?{Wo鴴0)wPoTg[׾rhl򹳭R mez1Aew!B@$A &P+A]>,IZ! ~"*dqe[3ӘlK=zQ%@/"1yK $I=f8yZsU4P sW9j%$ebra~[8Kum$Tu+$Pq@#_ͽx2PA:C1 *x9QAAzs…|hHH'o$ZaK_J04BH,5$\}05VPC+Khyf>3*Q1ݣ͐|~bgx:ȇ^rћ=;:p}T.i~u|W"k/t$jg̾:NݾS(+FvEյ+oNשY`ڋG+Cr[ ]oO%?߃߱lGahe!_̒-7\r&ٗHhVfJ%Yg-:3Ch(Q&TkS|K+q^O3bM.uH.KS3ٶRm?OUt-ZYK{DhAJT|RV/)6DгWC=oF2 ϡ{e0k!Oۦwǻ䥟:8@JS6c# 2\(_)&Z{|Cja$C; vNDZ`$v^x1wSsLN틲,Эmm. 1gS}}quPLnAHB-~+_VK vB* Sh>\dgBqĴ𮧰KjЏ|=/3ɗ#_a(&As**TC1퟿pDؼdˌf}siu?RQ@Ǒ2>8Q)} f[apF$]VACGgaYbJJ`5J~5PUR•H#X^Ej1.jvh "?+bq3H%!CoH琟ߑ~G܎/0Sd3_Hcv6tyr{\mpY_ڋu *1Ś4"&((֣~z͠GS $)JMUt4ѳax 8Ўۂ2H L^@w[ `eKUiR%L?iڧS9=)i)u#We2Μ7`S鴻|!?R Wst1C+y[xe2Ǿ2ǾyU @O*?W f,|sҟ20!p0C|EB~`!?XVV${>pp޽H,K=h{*;eP<0~n0vam6*+)tKQE^CO#<];%%mnOhw4a;s"W 3^JώWj-,٧S~(p7ԼSI4h⼇86(h4j8fh0dߠZ6k u[qBpnYp9+CKWթTtzn*K~yu=Q!?*4e7PHsO6x"` c#?4|N,y{vœ8;WE*m'qF,Zf@/!8OGv?gL 6;k 5A]CVܳXҐsu)l=*@_zxvJuaaRD3 S5څV XjMtia VUgy.A~FrJ̹Sk7ެ| Ц\M#h`r)5)7Έ>{! F`v0M=! &W3&WG5c!G+XJbɫUSq"֝+Uf$urrCW,:]R;Jr5/I\zۑOjTayUI"w3lIIՍ>n@=̵L7!?'o0iEGyqk)W{8^olpk7sWkh9PKGW[~JGڼ}"vlڍrDi0[Uh? U,JZi0 - <H[ 5Oփ˒iڦ^.+kۊhdKU-}L<з}$C&~g23C̓dhA#4 :,e)hGA UҊ>pB̉RA(\{U,}xvuNA[`VyӥtҀBJիU^wi]&/jZWVt,5ܻe^E>RqHshA%y1.-@( G^l$wm  g7 7lV2~+9C^D(tm;dWsD58;k'i)G!(yq7ۗ/vSL`\c)MGa5+CHׂJ< 3`ȻD>u\}xp4{U(xvїgmsBAEY0K/IwNqHAaPLWnn:lߨ*i sS[pL0`V >ίnH'WfߺkG{vkޚ{; >Bgl; tk $)KjB- ƝVER'™My>ŔtQ!>K.:KsX@G2D pݴ?Ȕεb,<~Cn9|ɘHNBk]7Rhw׽p=c`ʦkΞﳷ,F={E]uC*{!JDrTmUgfcnrCYxԗ%JC}˳LtR<̒b.7{pyϟy ͫN14{x)i̖hݖ@%jFٟu QRCurxUE#uWmSPh& x" '7YUӹ vS9A`ɽe*f)v)_Õk ED ѵ/%bC^Fr_a(&I?YU4bh14'lwb%~ 2VQ%Mwy_y5tFu7?yeGyٽ*CI7{ (NR(BԣZAqsX|*tT>l Ӵ!/d!𽺷kZAc5Pd ~CQ>픈Acs>;?Zk!WZXNk{xZv;Ga^DvYV[V/vjkwwniq<8_p]gVyF@l?'JB%~BC@ɳHt}M>r~at3b?0Ӊ^yۋ@:SҞɓn[j ZS4?GԂzLCtO}y&CVf$A &PkJP+߇^"I+3c-BNq֖j8ӏ $~ _H^; "C1Iι7Wôjt'V^AJWIN-pniO'c ȏ'$e须:n$ y+5: I|_怪72նG%у ~C O^0w9tGCp$pO D~?LDxstwc蒺46K,5d\}HwoWj̒}zK&Ԥ0 *̾{\|΂mVO_}lQK~gU6Mu<%͏j[$}\U4,3SUǩw rٮc )Z8?+T{re_n{;<*fjy]h 6nܼI+RmeK;DN?L>"g T>_ c\W~f {i&gKKL{vU]GRѡn*,T -  ll3~h䛻,7#=tlZ`dk!gOǻ䥟:8@JS6c# #( d(&Zv,&,UcUϳN4hPko)*EA<w?_gAm!-8q  @Jp8y6u3 َ݄>YF,\So5+ Mq4l BMRՑV4F(>_bA$g"LϰoM ֶ mK++Fٿ@?J:NH[0#J 3"y貚r3q/i2SUrhUv exI ֞#mx dld(mx v,V> dHjx_cKEF,[RSOGn(lܞy,:Ru[Z2%䗒jxgjffV} `@s`i-LGކv]-k[{=ͤs)fR9HgS=9}L0w]E64bLg=Y{:ԦN.9|wLDŁ]c%)ꦏsL~Ή,_=\;t ŔxJ:l @?gN3&d:Ovm7jޭi*vhlȮyeOvVXR h +"9ጀVf_ڌ4H\3r!}F B WjnJۀ0_3S=92S}Xπ9AC1IH !궽-t[@!E~Vb ef/Jtw1IsH@\?yw$ ~w$xI>6ٌo¾u=XMnESc2U#H˫I 7XEQ4OEUSd/ X|.ݏ BbhGJR|ni8y h`3VǸpwG皣Җ?h+Z{Bvit߲rH ?֯L._dHOw3BsP8CHw-}%=eL!()J?qBkhOiQkDJ40/7pT Wli_,VfpBaB}lD1WvmT.3tQiJ3Ɨ=3`=c, W$W󆷊PuR8jyf&vXlY0OGɗ#1#|H>R>aޫB I=G1KEGFmSNm:ڼ\DwT1*2L^8]!A~Kpx>*<#́r;pi\}ÌWŁ3Kiw?xp?BMJ;0,29+CKWթTnzn*KJV/8el fWsk/ UWAW. 0fH^:D󤸲ꪺM]KmY[ f+ T"oxq^My.Sq}jMn&~J5[v$\mטyy3027EJz6 MLU[fޮF( >A@W_ &ރ˵MUԝ3sN?ьx_C@o#;2(Sה7ͅeǶ{E^䌥7'QkF͘"pW|mpoǪ7!z;;pa#%' U,_d[Q 8~~`c5s?+#|-S+*PyN,fQN` 0+e©Y4? C"Yhn^6>o.nM Vin+4evgk3WCax47L0 'URO*ԕkzPb*Boݧ{qHshA%y1"-@( G^, Ez nYEUb^ɹ4 QӉ,Qَ՝R-㡀i@fzGy/^@;)&~X.6A\ Ŀ- !pt,quI(r DFnp̫K8ψ$ 1 W%1qJ#^]Ve@۪Y0 !SA\?Yg#)~[mm,{N ?ћ=L^]+,yٹP6t$NLٷ mTLTog*=84{ߋ߶o=]E~5yk Ŕm/=/j'pȏFꨰoMmalZjMS4Ǒ. /CFH @bE qHבWA\? 7 !C1Iӛط,uxF_[bwwrYIy>T.1/GA:<[ b8u]x?t8Qxn|񌤋++ ;1l:۫qlmж#uu2-+H0O 4ԌdM{GjgPY'UŨl{8*VJ=é9פBgmPs Vu=K^䏦g[lzOϑ~`ZrdZ-ǏwͨupH_ärԽ[FCUG3} [^i<ƺ2Dĺ &U2__̒:egK Ye5m:F;pdDW+jrc|^A^ka-an18%/ߴ*?Lj(V/"k͛[˵17k_[MTҝϯvo_ %,i"b oq ۀSL:>ElO[>,z-+X"E?o E~62uEivmB<`wSf%.}؁2^|;?#>+-I'5ԙ=SV-LGa^DGfY oZکտ;O MsK幭jQ/ mfyS$:4X 8᧺B٠O E~P_>;kܲxÔ hG_oV?ë7OPv|qtZ'ɊhbS:E>'ՙliϝ?1Z Ӥ H&$CjՀV$1J'P(A~E_*yIJ+ ~KD-pG}@~">G|0$ݜQMs5rǩv@EbXV1TsȟK@5P@R ?Ў l4~Ps޳BQ3@ Dу:~k 4`$)-Ab(&A-u.?p\TUeҰT݌լY0a }kȯE.qs|U՚N I(qZti߽o 9_k9맏/>y~|ᣗ0fox =*WywzJˇ })y$~R=!ی<8;,5$Ts@Cʦae+kfƻ䥟:8@JS6cH;wAvģrEA`I1 ֲ;O1E6*Ww"ϟgg>_8::p1c\4tRm!B>Z 'C 'Jlo#H}Mou}09SZB:WpƑ^D^hx{GRmg$$"hA2 tS8֔zm>h@#/4k>~ Ŧ#٧݋%mڌz |9]%Lۨ^@z{$˦a0dk%Лߔ8 ԰X4/l;HjhO1 :p!vF%X*! ٥>ŋ%/r-?SLNj5׉ӨD~;.2~ N!RHR?HDmqx wg)*9p<*y `@:q^vNVqh/ />^I6웻tiI#uum~Z6i0& RԐ)J8: CP1+m̒}zbS:8yg׏ ߏqH į3S->[bl-]*}U+WE 1^B^|)6p_Fz{d͗C^/ W/W %͏Wj6_YOe,uZ=6uCo$ Ŕx#` 0Tě ҫ}W }eivC m.o8t % & 2{PL{8G^64"N#F>\AN.eEn.^GzyeU>"Kk ŔKlإr]J^g-Z_9U"&tw+j8UllW p <.7cPL1s.Ɩn-7jmHE:vԥuw )'!X8,HMdT؉*j6z"!]B^`:/y̡Zje#Et?{ ["l<..weHJc^)^,א@^PKHo"3ݮ E7R`(v)?PLrOÚpiŁ>bSp?pG٠~ DBĸCbiI^FN!-"/dmhR:091;9>AdmL+CKWթTypzn*Kp~yuܱ_ܫ.fTc UX]Wˠ8!]F{طZ6ז61k;T(z.%j}T\ D, yWq[k ǴH2#ysQڪ`Qٴʶ:;CI^D|"J ׂ7Uj~_ Gu!sø5çr;h%S58iqhʮ:5bfYΛID 1{N> "$$/(aw[_|Dx/`" RԐ/r!}K܅%^]3Kl=˒w<{zKhKYԫG_K6A^a@U-ڳ(; V7Ll-WWoPgG*!Ʀ[vfpEz+_WWEGw`s qo.`.[YOϢ&ufXdE/QQO9U7tzfuoΒ!l&ym<\GZ<.YR%4왹=jل' ׅ؛EPo'PR=o;Y(1 o }˶˅Ήw2)`9LE]*NI_b!?'އ#/2݂b:0T-)-MсTA) 0`+pdޖ*;H !Ŭ_}YkY }/ײ-WһqJp;^]̲PS'p#C^*|$b46(@6T~qh݋@"%ȓ76 = a})q͡bulHGRQZtbʾmm1,l+Rk 6&4{'`! t;mį1S⶝G{kBqhy)9;`T3J3^E0 Iч\`rI5䒫C %x.C.yf> `yBwy3h|M=GJM=PL7a@kꏉipJv\ihβ,C~.~.G ~r5-zx6V>kh>$h':W0!!D~RZ?f:x+& 5*dٔ>QT-PE|Nn$%s 4ը,=ty~෠"ZjR-hxMj}?@Adlg]SB r"Ci:lͤP?PL7X@k@lra@}( H'r|qH 1/1K}Ӏ. ; h>TkNGAMO0SR..Fnz"?*}>9`&^B^m|e/GVQ\AJ'nZܥ`XW~\CC>':,iX GElY P<'lQuQ0=DT2-KE#MM^77Y^ӹ؀N!?%NU?0S⦑B>eH "]D>z 0~X4IMpM+h'@'_aԭ-{nղP7MkwhM$6&4o7j)&Wbƶq{GR=E?Az|H"}(4 ni3ƿd:ռ FZY%x=W>FW v 3SR"*-5 nYC*<7mhQ+ޫA'ZQ˶n5n 5&-vKkXtl=Jk{3taB6ZH,5d`,u[۪a]6vW zT ;OqVܾ>P!:VM3us{Pi(tY<^ދWA}sL^ILY2{6}gR gnXoڎ;=|=KWMU1ɛ,~j׏R;5kY 銵rU%6Qܻa`I~*VM) ڌ):yʛ#6nKVǭ- I5)}%9h Uq׭U~.v;Ĭ;Z;BQSծRˆFm7qr+~k0TΡRI}CQ'Uǩw Mklڅl1?0?rȜHғZF^h媢䑺r[ tͶpfPG ۈb6Md§& C,Xɨpp})BԄÉ""A|Vׁ^C^c%]3{?w>]F*x8Nz/@:Ģـ4B{"Ho /t {Wc= !N&. 78:@Gh@ Dw(Z]x^z@|C}wt8!LycE#˛M8YzVKQGK|ϧ xrL+vJ፶ c^&PgnNG[·zm^ ͲުzS7w^[s[ jQh_g#YRH5:s8d5vtyf뺯?y6|]m;O@7?տߕG O?n?.:Q.2ljTgپJsV-MWg9ZPiQfdDŽ<:&$Cb&$&P(A-~D_*uIJ'}͊غX#t D^>~Nx0nx 1wYʤbPÉ^x2(X@א_K4A}bd3McGB-=gk8z #7{v~[uT]E׌_hkg̾7M+FvEյ+oNhST|x0_Pł~ȕ!ӷ{CE:$VDEnw3M/^Ь̔Jn@{v*S/=S>伏b,T>_ c\W~f 03l:@pCr]ɶ|bo'`H ׌}JT| 휬ԀzA.A67.|K /-Ej8o^4 Սzm8~Pg*UTO͸a 9ikY_)kH')b&^,t*yYyO)M&{]B,̤vΧ"XX!3n!xCoT]jK `ٹb_N C1 SQC1E,PTx^5ɹr5SLbM[ͱ¡Ts3tD*#%ȓkЎUwMv(V͙DИ svP!ynU+Wy (GEVg?֧NM I&"GS:K |0j}׾MD`ȻH$\}0{P+MD̒}gQKe&Wac7/{S,ߎoG?]B~)r)qM.3S}f2ƾqox-m) j6 my<)O#4ytb>p[Yކ8h@3g"]x[lo .H]b/F瘼ʵ|Ms{&ZE=">:S JCwZ܊m-ʪ‰b:\E>ˋcDGH!# WG@>w.@Rt%t"p׵6߈.{a{iç5׷͹[ 4GE䋑a|G@LD9BAcȏI3Ш X"X-VVc6kz`_nPV^xH琟 3MPE[.S:oв*z$%cO%Һp6?t٥K}2HN;ٸЁ o]Y C˛ ,1@ = 路| ϑBPbSv* d:Mfk = 3 l͌'F7$+_A*'{1ixZxq4A qC8(B +8HYOo4A)ŲiAO,?VFK.`^h1$2ΗgH!NF ?V ?PLIø%SqCm2:MX"n#X4x2mp17kZ*VnQuwU$]wNT22B|@o #2R֟y%#|,8C6msZbVVRE<[po(zY8̩>mvNbhu L1䅪pȈ7<co4nqb+dnbS" otϾoq po$lc:jsDi}mH _0`oB1;}|N6)&Ҫ4n~!J&d9杓a(&I[Eҏ:xzaC1LIğe(&Izzwc{ h͆"껪fqKTč ƕ@"C1 *.:lDh}zҷN4~pG$"i8N HzE8+"`[)XjȊ\}H_PWDeEDYO巭,E_{&mȯq`3D|OH l#o2i{Jˊh,ԾhuaFɎu^ @c(&޹όdpUpgh Ȩ׫NXO"?!\Xa>;ĩS %t[03\] !=OHwa`ʜՊhCY Ы_Vh?^ۉb0>w1Ѳ#&U ~pT8é!hKEz,IN;-`(3R[n[6-ᮁiZFRȏK(Qo3ҭ0y;r`_$=I? @>by;XkèuS-خ AZD^f1h@ 3wNMpakO"եD&]5/| $EVܻ IXb}4H,5dL>oP+Vyf>%ó4m6+GQWM[sջZl;;. ஈPǤ )CV*w6hsWݡ:[uy(OqCm8_ЊH#Hs'tTgWU \,1tqa MCD8vDدZ2>p%c\CZd٧^df$% 4l[U CsDAE>utMC!u*ф_~RQ# 6{mYzONԊKF9 YrЗdWܹh0jlsC?0L8VC͓PlmVZZm@Z3wܷuV fɖ[t}[ Ta,H 0y"㒫mZXIwt'bFUi>t<(X@ڍhGA/Ҋ>PPGCw`P(\4b*`R :'Lh) (Ϩ_izч0F=}`` xokO,rm S-yݝ \]Jf߆'O h6VO8ifZ{=},f#2^&:CLM~ |u &[H$^]E@0ܪ+h!v>WhS3ΰ!gI2^ QЀ0,Hvҟ&PLy=S)Ћ_Zx FG>D /!- _HfA,C1EqH=Sr)YP'`:<7N7I8A1*&tk6Q T-"+`?dr8 ?6գ݌9乏 qc ѧ`Q^rī\}HweUY=%̽B5$!@\?_N0S(XKB]Z~;$Yb뻹z +qoNzT.i~u|W"k/bg̾:NݾS(+FvEյ+oN 5ũY`ڋG+Cr[ ]oO%?߃߱lGa3=U1WC%͍7\r&ٗHhVfJ%ag-:3Ch(Q&TkS|K+q^O3nstR+45m+,YmC y8 *RIډ(ڐ>g?A϶`A67AJR} kCʦaeG3_inmˈ]OjYl C)1ّTղE $XNEi;kN2S\k"/]b7Y%,|7w V!/6 dfI.-oE@3g$řxGHd]OWuh4p!g,t~} }}qG{WQDHȒ|>o;i팥Zj˷WcrZ[1\Cᰜө%qXS]P!Mr.rNj9b6t؝7KO6`9C;B  X$G"K?ᎹpIЗu\6AaJΜv8J<66L8qD!RHR?HB]Dh ψՏ=xdoJZJv>8\12e}"-+hWq q.+ "/+Jhq/+J,5dT>\V =*exvYVgaJ]St]( z)뢞[ /|)r(\C i=<}H߀w{)eS,;߉EnL`mG(|*@@*sJ&q ooh@o"3y#3 ŔG=kF7H6^= ޾ͪfEj_C׎ 3R4c%)ꦏsL~Ή䇿žJ( ') ,9ACͺ#<6*W# +{ߖXB"7K/IP4'.#|+ !kVs ] o7k=hC^@}P'V/0iEUK3qϓUa(*Q)V["V/}^LV/.&m>/FUn~A>mrW1Acy`H85pSU-Xۍj86\éZfc*xiy|} s4g(&I?Uj*@?_|iD]ӾHup`C;b ʩ;‰*jj ? m+}Mَ{7a =ɐ(X]neZ_ܞa>#KJV/vnjkl5$fngnvXeŕ" 6²05EҶ5C=R̺ MJUuMQ?D/I<@EXiUwC56uȡ&(` Nlj"'tNHPȌ 7<ޏb^0}_ yA /W7<](J/,٧0R3-vYizlrtۀ+W[V*d0 m ( kH'S_PLDxt. FkڥArrqk3^JkWj.,٧}78!/v} n0ZBcNG@[YstK*T[UyOebG77)ZNhSPx4 Rĝ@:D! ױ2n!qsg2@SES9sO{?7Q8~~ݶqSHGR q(;t:9-UqT:6 C`N&wnRlQ wyC!u*̏c]A_ݖ"I˛47/9Kw6I-sQUFFWm\VZv%Ew>H*mdh:‘;fC؍rJi0[UBRDBiWI7 ڎj~>[tc5%uӶM}v)@ښv{lN[&wmd{ \5EcPR0cMWveqd2#ZsЋ!6gAs;k,W# |%x.`Ω9q؆}~sAmt)ݦ᯾4>|1zuw.nNj-nϦ9E#'0y:hdUL*|RbwPdCe*2Qm['T`jRuLp+2yT"@sH"/tB_cY~"ۿUb"v]-k)+Jv*F<3Ћ_oTk& u b[jl;Op(FT/ )t>ap?}| FXJ{ '@AB_UT`s*lnXOZ)"~L'F[KEϷVfQs{1U|c"6`Sr7-@q5-r5r|~XuR8ky>:\.ԑQƇU&csu,9".3>3Ohz@G- sHɗk k"9` t) W#Wn3^Jp{.D0/|ѯ§)S#i4R\> p2އ4co:̱Uhيix? qyrS-W9&9j y <<_! _x_Nmj4jr47t C9i,}bJz69w@b :uG`r& CP}tW>55]53(V! ϋ"fy 07_ /N!& C"YhеTiBFE!k7M.b8V^A Sx_9x۝aC89^ QЀ0,y%맆7YKr-=voSa]նԲYFŋ~p,bt^Sp$\IN"^Ҙs`s?^q~y 2|. =%Eb(DٓK"T^hn0AzyyB Zm {4~ǐ^@Bdrk@fy=d>u=䅎4[H*BGD,dkPL=p_L|C /7jL}cH(,5I Hu_ pi޹5/ti #M}cH幯,uH/!)2 5!S%Xj" ,bJ֢U ya_w b9^`9_QG* UHzr_d_}r_ y K ܗqJ~RL3Kiڛ2Qs?b(:A!~o$W)6 %k).REuBBH!?֛F?064ҋ-DGow4H\\}zJp.^);ʈ?ѤS"P| >鱲q]HH; hR{׶*٭j}= _P+ g %譬4ZYiZY](lR̒}:T=p6߈ HGUeG%j]E/WM?:Z "Ey[Q qsHWk2ӏb)m >C1%m@#_.m#,4pȎZvhv_]=O#*bhIV-Ibo |>jv!CK&]* C1I%`׹?B)>bt4Ǣ¡ ;)wɅTt})?D; ȏJbu]`mXt8Qxn@񌤋++ C{~6DڻЬmjMlaY%Ca)v!Jؾ|ycA&p$Kmچ?I;ɒCePd1ʦinU*WgxM*t"Me\q1`ݰmUѳ䥺KhZ{VN/֯W8,>цc5VáQ 8гf0ilX bpjGqh7Ν_m)P)/awZ׾CMS$,Y\\PmOB5_(u{M5f764mš=Q1׵~0v@]ުpiZE. {媩c+zt8C6:!RQ!SG=\|\O߼ ]BqFto<8C1I*}GT{5RXx} ސ 1Syy \H[Hx`$uf~rUJt!Q@YOF6k xʞ`)ĦmJUG>@Adӡ<SHGt@QGoOϹzT8&4:BCJ?ews{^=O5UeV*N')o_sȟ8hSN ?r:DIP5AƸHyN˧§wB4}VN8/Q1/Sei3@_/r!Kx!B"K Eka^-k PLrd*iH{B#c* )2VQ%Mw#fa5\V:krc|^"\|82d*nYX9-e m|A@qQp;V{y3E|@u 5˜ :7kcT[ mJ}XʏQm]=.gssYLX%nw~2xݭn5+k_^h|hPMPhb~e"ٟ?>qg(7bVYS MكLy#|O]ϫP4}Jw"z=]h>{~:_ϟ0@%+h WJss9J9A@TR^o'|TJ+e~V*O g(&^'3f;%bFۚNOgGgs5:sSzxZvgzv ͲުzS7w^'Us[ .R Ȅ#Yꈧ ~pUI72mG+P;fm#;WNTowajEߴ5p-z/9V(+Zi}v5LCeN)#EO?C<7 metap/build/partial.rdb0000644000176200001440000023614514765270070014627 0ustar liggesusers{pۺ A<8c=< HnpΞ}x3 LotMZ7U,Y{mIVR,WTlY+?lqtmU%#ױʒ{kի{s}i}{}3JҩTRw}.)VűL;K3Zr5*o}unUUFjqѶ*h^ovF٬hF;T{VSmGo?lۋe]mOGߔ??*I;Ȗ6:?]^V-T+WU{eE/TkSGťW^6zyvXS^)FW\a Җcyi{9sWm)1z {i0_Lͺg&{_}h-~3£o^ >4>-tV`,T8*)! 2R ƭy&yv=Wɪi TU8f]+YnTQ+~B0ςы%x [ɗ&$A|$4qRMZ6AJsGsʧxCk? >m{aFY jj"*yXfQ%'&Cy.jowUWZV֭,n=oUr4䯩jTTwO^>|ҫ//{Fn]XSXfھL ͏:j${X+~71g2Uǩ׋r(`WT][ zFxLQg6_WN / tZ9RWʯD27\%^Ь\,Jfyw.[Z!Ze>cm(C{(LPS+n͢3_$n3d6 R[%6Rbs{Ob4KOu(5FgM)[f#%T*XXթ}PңNu${]XiqiHwF{vͺF .rx~,+;ScU[890RE,Uq YrEkGP: n,z9Myk}k5͡z'9Onhʑ[KOWWZn*?Hʗ"~AٖM1Vd_+@w6oue f%ٺK l>^4۽p ",~O w-]Bhfjp/M~w>TܾTD}X>Ӎُ_Jɤx+ Q+RfI-]ް\Xل1#( uBTR6+A8Hn(G#Qh4h,ts9w-^bgPLpX敷MTrPabojcieE7xYsN<g;9] v!a%@ 0Cr#|>O}~%ƚS%9mO@}&#A vџ(ןvEu Șq{A"(B` RvTPʊoܹ^'v'|;NĬbNtGN4؜cC9МD͙ϋBpy;x9zQ`]~ R>'`4`QNKtjlo;OZ'q-Œ?U vC "Cy6{P>,TCK` =>(/fIhׅk(_ F9:`]41%JFu Ku入5m!wφ^TPtǡΠPv;0H$?`F>`D `ХH$`Fbɟ#y(vR;o$,2]Dbˠ2h3DU'hƱ8ƥMʁdQkhDFߗ0ۄGdnBAr{,rk)dG58YVURQi s/z}C9':sNtGN;y] U [:靃Jt:{R{k=ov8UlUCۇ86[\CFM#Df "Σ<;CGRJoixn^Q95AWXi/+؄lB܋^ᢉtB+ec(s%I3ďoDž]F#iS 9vE>=v%ػU(ǮějcW% QͰY3(gSKEkqʹ3"ԒRh;J%ZR>NwגM-),oŨPͥ*ok%bdr)#Qe^nFYh֋aۅU;߿VgշLaDŽ mǠO~/r^iw﹡od_|f|*k:>>ɑRW~7WZu`җ'2T5qrXe"%)y%\90T#5oaޕle{y,Ytl^VUɤ,>Z| x#+BL嶈rݶ8*e\dT.2{,e?&Y "BYhjkI2ZrqȜ9MY!oE]UCLpꙗ̡u_[!fPH.1 qE ykˤQ+r!}mY܅\wǛj[Yߎ/&o52*,&ׄU#( mk^C܃42C@c0ʇ#wKEqj3!v }`!v 5ejhƪiG[WBzY6/v; @,,=j󐜿˼rfwkd4@8@$B2 3}$׏Kj٤uU jʲy!Π<T-Pp7n 彚{(J Z'ujW 6 w8r!#M@y'@UӴUb74w wBRIWT1i,{;'蛋^UvFEm*g3(kkV]1qяnV].A@;PuS;jmo'iDFNڡ!HcFɳ/(y,4O/l9uZ4 ]Zp2a#[@f$d>o@r-#Hnw"+1mӐ]Fq*Kݴ5jpk&C4%@ 1V6{M(_V=R"@YNh$A|쟣5<^쟣5<1ސc?~eݵ쟣5(lف*֫d6C-_fMg=NBw*?+Ro&އDq2^9ƖqxXi^@[~_ylZsb,=͑'Z -?Αl|%NON]_X<sԏP*XVB7KeޥP:nεKhpڣo)Ө 7lZTQsV9„`H5Avp|*VUa>jOUjVxgz GKQj깶ôbĴ1#צks;{he/*BSB((N3 >oD6 x" Ji۽}S\Uh$Q78b JF+$(Nd!# #I5nm!mjZp,6~6 W{H* P*pn]cia (Kzy[O.EĶw=ϾV,]s s`%w{[anټfKf@f\e gihX>j6: 14xYvE9Lfryem*}%@l?H(ux0AJL6di$׏x,s{$A|$~7T88#* 4}{?NJD,}pX_-tt(-5d4ňά+Vќ xl;DfgP>U)Ex-33o To%Ҷk+֥O '5;>Pɟ wiؽƿıbkӹ՘hRmׯ__BR͌OeU-Y+~g[d| ڿLy@Y{Nˏ);t6K~=׋_ Q\)R|b2,fK˅˅]U,T)zآwړyɼ6]\rj/]~*f쵩kӫgg g)mn86^ٺgXõW.mK^XʎO!'@߶<(/oy|޾3K mՎקO;;.=d0HzwiqiחA;8uz]XSv} VH:wkwaTѦMYrjA>[sHP[ujNj ~udhC7+&hQ6_B~x1 is $͆ťG/^>zLNY4q0Y-X尀26xÑ?9!)IJSmibc|'|?U4U\kR/ss@QEzom/۔9ߝˌOgr! P~c/wVV/{^6\_nxOs1.v[$waFaϻ&7}=.+JDc}>(sߍ&m[I2;Dbdn|JUh1v,E49? ߾/,u<B1hCeŮ[vJp5U!$1.-Vn+[aoFѠ+!D0Ib؏Yԝ0JsXrۦ |cPthi8c>œ#:Dyj3_ɑ .Lqp @oH*MBfU;|«A,AYUgP`MyJkmP?Go+m.I1H;oɰGXa@OMi%C/pgVwȼyJh»(ߍ7gWc&im_Ayk'Ï7bkZ0wӁ6 i}s)ݜ2PߧeМ > ,i(? ,Ɯ,^0!"P (7ߒJL2@[S]7 nP&ϐfp.|xᛥW_._ PvaMui:3q4?:YGZYY;vk?1Y슪kVPQ5ޝje_~ .n:)eOC0Gۯj}K~w\@+kN7HDg{{eboeB a>S(o,z?sEL39 HԖrMk)NZ{i_EZϧ7kʟʻu]ְAY f 0`A[so3t 9ڼɁ Co={Ի[[&Ŷ5Ԡfe Tnoks{*J^VVfCchр=$ޯgk .y{BKC߹K߹{7ޅ9 p޳B>޴?+/骬zb;_i]5zn oLwTRkM<j[uoe]'Ts θ %:QVu9+v+XJl6FKT{,4<4QshӜnXh!u&{U?bAh0,eJSUj^oF65 K'(vNL/=qS[Sղ':NV5׺gEyVfۭ\l~K GQ^]@S'Y@yAVstGќ2G`X?`;ΧupsRO%73gRTRmTerur`kxwB(qwZ zJIVN?^RСَͥ}+_`v?N#>4n}( N`3`:vbIZ+DA8i$^%Z~Zd7E}+ۋ飸F2 ie}h} FC_wM.Z4mv;8 dEK8 :=i0O`}9_O z]q_N\B]3 >I;(!.v̆۷納|0L3tpM6 1 egc( /V-.؍;l@ES] (P |kÎ  y 2ρM<$|0y'iBQr\/഍!,TqeqcP<6NFpBTSm,ūH~/HRn."6nD&H<10]](i@GEG9݅[_^0SjtlձNʌWg3H2mF1C&6|]Yuo|#ҡWtRMy#%:E2ݲ@fuP: 9Il"JC%txɟ% Y{,smz19x (0E/vI1Y 'mF:je*W%k(_ޙCPWi^aK1VL߽>( T?id> DV2~iopԽ[o]z<ǰ6dnm|Ip8XaaR/0K~r5)-OhR&ۼUS x~h"tlϷݻ'(y[]a=m(D 8Q!l73+G|D'ⵇL^*zHaf]̩6:+ͩ͢@x1#r.zc{H0*0ZO;U@cD,>?w g)\/X0lP'ۏqwU!aģ(I_Cj h5a7B몱FT7&5kU P>'lw!ruT R:Ug?67%? Ŧa*qj5bB[z©n^Y9 B3!uE`;14$pt[O3(ޖmIM t 0&`1&$7@@r@w }Sj)5\&抭Zw)~oi &{ ]v_t>/U@cRe8p 2w0ʇ aDQþ5@FM2+{68[ZjYf.㈏P~؅8  >]U,LEGѯ,|41Ib.%b@$clN[Fb.?a.t3خP;N`;N(?up0*Uh9UD3q ] 2ɻ$A|j݋$j+ь&:hlQ?e!ss6%_&lW g;;[jE,zc^>=|Z 2P9*<81%?Cgo|? gϋ>C$"iS !3DqJ Qv!g- (.䪋( mkn@rP|s >igН(ia Y#/{1'iM@} GBD8ǴndHؖ]W|9|( 1!!c(1#T lΓZW#:tUhb“ IhkKm %-o̒Vt&! ޺]I7 4rA"c .nFcB7 aC( mhNak);+#\E#[/6MEqR4G{ ,DvG t.}Qv~[QN uuPC̣K/<QeYgQU WW3g@W,vjJ>Dqw ]]hq"xBq 3)3₈>D ep~}6DGyx g &}CK (P<.}.GwI<_@/G" 忔>%}K"O_Ak(d@(._EP$㞈>:z2K&D}<"[([o!(]ǿߊGP?D?>#X>ŏ?E?MFGĿ>ψ<}<__$ %}} J>ڻw&}׈%}?!P>(2}?[.;;yx(??&/?EvI??AO$C$~#d$+Lv{.R݈ (M"={rO{!!1O> 5W!x('=Gh7>!d4O"xѓ{. Az2`W1xɓ㩈>=0 }|8ɀ].wN!VD7=0 }\Aɀ]m; (Kυ=a2X@|ɀ].w“{r "XB\o'D?FLܩ+O"=#̓׈<+9=B˝HDUD͓  }rݓ{;7"OqG ɀ]:OZBӞ >"'vEܩx2,}|-T_Og >~z2`W˝z'-w W"}ǟG=+N=ɓ{;[}ˈ+OLBz2`D}lH}n߉w $@'jDv]>CO*؜܋IG:.!>*HCIr\T#kf24k^( entLE9{i msZL E.\,/憣" >]h0o(s#N%vSяVRK(OZeIݳL(l&I"CY/iepAb9jXZF|dğÐ\?-wWħ  Wf) #J%v^$7x8X0P;O>hSSiu]FCy.u!:׻PC7o, ϯ毉hdшϻP~$M#&ET%B+XUK?Br_UaA|v'=Crq' &4 #ds0B̢,r9S4Ӽ፤O3 MHOFCީ(r*\}05S.SMé̲%AzX2s(42 ~(Gp72  ĘJyF9-M g:+ڋI'8әcC 3Sh{>ʙg>e#2mp "`W@rCRQi6qA9W,9\gP^BwӾs@cݛsL=O3PsӲc].cWPxq:kb۱ gRُ͉X <!*FX'J m;aޭB ƛjNh 6!~&u >]WІ*obP|!FF`ڂ}BrE]T/ƯRbtyB |>u&o|)H~A|SWя&S6Wэ|L|0z}tKJlVDTx˭0vl5ď ]j5K!oF%V\}HP[ڡ,,[a,sG}H`4-t^L:M4M@} ⓸&bD?LcRYnhaM-\ǒU vT\Ui "CXpHn8Dž#z[/0o]5֜*#ՍTUG++FO!FGwch "ģťѐF-.WqJp[| }[>@<@c[s 0 :^Lhf⶧eR"AylVarGq7`y2ʗ㏰\?"3t0O:Нdu;@>&LwЁLiiY4*ZYS ױ3iv,Hq` >]p,f)pUuϑc-3-vt?j3Ļ4.1;iS cvqJ]vg- ͟d?gݜ?3حNiҴqz1.ΟC} ʙ\_L%:t|(5j=,{Qa|XU/D`MpHnB7G',Oo3n<5%>p|~H`xTQX.9øiT6xWt$(IEq\U,Vu9dA= N ^F9cHnq.CW3r,Lс&LvJ7,\!aKs I1*UlBjbZjߝy qe1\>zx{$ >]GMn:#I('t}xek{98m)ƪVg"VB7DwPQ( RЍoH&no2OW\1d\cɺct T^Rэ ctuF>vӥ@7"e8poP 4D] Ǥiq+\hY#ɓ7PN`G_!H1fnħ+>I">oʘۥ&8@PEKAX ('v1LA7fzn4_/G|vBQjoe:JgG/St .AW3tg8SaPWOЉǧtwyN*quDRf\.{q^gRn8jTUE׌5OPFrH>GS<+(LL ӕ T"(6 IQ =Q.Nн> cYI$fI%0PZ5?֒!W=Wgo\F.bA:'&䫩oBME>6_V5-xƾEC<e:hJ/|A؀ /"N<Hz+bOo@LfȶWi4m{F)8ՐmrT\r](^MöWyf~ǿj2k$Σ,pҲn}gvCwyeM_ihzwjV;),UJuܰڙ 'ىwׯkZΫ2m?7kuÞόOer=$H<~% so8[辣TG m+[ ʊ |e|;Y!٩ˡuTcXaXRo h1ɷPi*jjͽ"`-THn1z uw@!HN#EYhZ40>8#8845qK(_3(s/F[2gEGoK!.W[]>.*)T;%ciνIe凑eqJ4QuX5-a_LwhYB78@SB:zc74&'}8#ΡwBS(i |Sgh Oum@bۀo++K^-տ fHNwʴ>-E5^S'_"pm>Tab]̝Uh/Whs( u[ }sd8oZ;?(5$@AAy&wꮟ,WWTkMl_frqY$ }C/%8$? YI> *+%D35?B#/*Rlp,%0^# = 4u˦n0=x'aK[LԀH qm |y<.(-Fg2hYuH,觰Z { &_B^chyPz >ɇ 檒Jd2mZAVWSo92OIYśQkܴפPWK(-qGV@{"U@r;2J?c+cs|m]-sUE(:O,vv\kgYӷHLo0uD|vB4H*ݴTE퀔lb/ |.מZ:QFèY`kPj oS5{|8? >IӰ|2ަ μ9bǯKucX x#Do(yXAO!}XL yb(Շa %xX,T; 3Kafz3Dp[`s1rN~BGV 9GYhierdEU bx,* >@Adzw6rXc?k:eJM k^ \̠3NDTjkX)Rޠdio\Gho=ꖒ$oe)i8oLRQZMI]Wʪ]$ ^EDg1L'Yd}E"wci1Z }17ڏr>T~'BE_ї[G?BWJcz/-: UW{ASm7k%>^'X}zѬxfhZY1*uژ᭔q iaU~R$ƙGY4:59PFߓHV؅QEhǨqlZiEaxhkThO2Ml>?=3zRöa 2s|kZ8Yy#CvX.Cdx%?}ΪAoD߁HV5ز֫CA€RA|=tBWOG|">XWpwOpze.J2d< (P~ h;P: te%0ݥ U8PM-+KNX(|_!?թMI?s◶jE (.pF 4ŗW\rj/]~.:{mٙ[kQlN$oY蔎4\'izٿ3M\QG7$g[/_>cnW)HOO3R=//?T`{? jO[ m PYt+ Du-ń겞TKp2nĽ( N`J)Aq?%n-gIJ{eF/ڸS=c(K@=$#=GR$A|$gniS>T!%>TTK"I@Gl;!jf*1 L*J#/Vq,o|SуR?j p5bA $_E<[uX]薀gP>HX xCog K!X iS 9C>woŐg{c1VxgIP.D&u eO|22CI^#Vvl7aXoRkMȮt :Z߿{o^Ȳx;_ް k[3m_g&nG^wU=kHVnbbdSQu`NѨ׊p;3E՞-:|_m:};scoP} бf*fӐ?̑!7\%^Ь\,x~N;Dg{{eleB6)~j9޺Y~j ʙfr2p-t)s1R9ʽikD{1r׌#%T*X>i`gEطfO&պi-u6S&HCnUS x~h9Um7J0Zg|$v[\1! YDlfu #"O|'b?wosP([8x#bæ.{RPzڃx~{|Ԕ^t ᢻ;\]fLS ةM{cfOϟ>,(Xv%UV@Ǣً#>K%}[>ȾT˔z9|Amt,u-'u[cx_jCyLJxD)RHR?H:"^eIkx $=j.%_ d0Kәf-YwW**pIJJZn?8Ф(qG$h$o3O=g}н`6ڬK ɾx(XŻ\LyuҔ{|%~CK >[5;UGQMެ*m x@&#~ŠN~~"u %6ѐhCTCmՇEqJxShCY$(v/K)8ߢmMH xS `|MADG'i`ef4kXd\UbW͆^!U^W ?h 陻7 Fw-6mlNNw=P'&}xS5vrKpN PD>y'^; -^.}y#M%ajQzXSc0|8xw&l_J:C"w~I;'q=Nz$`[Z Flw NAw+-RniOGL^NU+8n|9}d7jiSf?~+}J %EW 5mIo7 o`vLM)7 fKE`L JTp!eX]*DvXAߏȒ81.ggEG_#F`U1\ʢnH#]lc*.DvB3Qۣ^˦ev4*d"_CY|>J5KآU=},U}}rP)4Ё URHqW4]U,Ug|nSu1M[K~ڡ6L7*j]~m td0i ÕEx`M{AJT &2޽F!o*C |M[QS[5X @ˑiڊ˅e o뺺\9Q-}OYo+A.2ppLlS$ CQ᰿;iحն~0CxXpW[ RrЍg[ Hq@j$H7-֛#lTUJYVjҀ2TXnis]b /||`uj;c̝jw\;IYuYI׌eUqsdA$BLOEXK?TmK/N& #¦iUZ?ެfXq !3&aտ<]$3 unQ 3~ ͱut2q9. ^ QРx0KGQg[̕f;?k1QUmeV[6ÃYdi3KsW-/8,m'6 dYU s+Z eRS6Wia6h[p4IADaz (%i !&#C"2 vʍV?0tr#W_>rwxS՗[-ٝtx#6[ ׉.peŔ;$f@T:Y(5/ah"%k ]@+qw PD<ʟE~wP2r(O ۈ(/&cs+Eb >ﲃ ~!n y9UrovٖgQK0m4q~!kDJ{Ro93vV+ p݇G9/Cwz (o@EIܘshX9]Y5MS[l,k (w{RtOJn&ĐshPjD3$ny4|}HmG|$cu++oB7 x/$A|7l!VZpp4vN0'6aupBߏx;7ӲH-}CwGRwgXpK#DEtӑjwT:)q#>(핆WTp_ [W􇲯ՍT&׼$w|:3O^Q˯Uk;NL2 ol*yY ǻnN$;57wy{drpR$!ڊwJ˽Yꡋb2tQ WH+gd4ԌCFcѓHV؅QEHU1*+[khU{àeRShr$Gf.G:Yp⯧[抲隣k58݊ZfͻVM3` au-w@-ހ.<#cjm,J Z3Wv:VL:sdd>?smzgU 4 IE LuDQ-vLz^ =]2(6JN[dPxHuiS\UTSߨ`y,4H*S5€ĮF1&rh&+*8iA9’:EMIg36{u.FM7F<.vȶ9|$B]dC̡1BYh)'p1rFQmUJEg (_N&gQ;ɗ΂0.٪ uWHm UTWc$f0F壜WpL&iD li&]f4ɝ9#/S(Gf/K|+G'8y&^&{ ^@Bd5ɖiD\7Y SE /Uֳ#d޽p\9|Si` wAun`r |AyPPi G68XZxcZ;Ghp _K/8S [3ςqn&]wј|'"e*oHۆcZa&j#(鲂O1OhKIQmC`>Il܃kc4ے}v*%P-PF>G @{!ڻڿLy@nfw_o~f$&ϗ}Sv|qla=i`=Rk-2@mW>Sko'PɎ0v Y݈( L`J)A4BDV$52T4)U U8XjqIj[ApW9S('>4h9́ 2kH$A|֛S^ע_fI[OX Yud.|xᛥW_._ Ɲ7šz6ufi~u|W[%ٳƏ4[Y-?:Nݾ^,+FںU0ThkTPޙ)lQːjCۙ={vZz6C{a4WዖOpiN Ȗ|xEBrTrOi-2yJ6}!a |P(xf[/8vl@¥Klҥ\K(x>l109ĀfƖc#%T*X>SNEo7jR\[&zaҌ4$»qvWmNu$$|t-%c%4v"#Yf!zf=&1֚JG>< nێlބY#sނy'Orni? x̓hziYǞˈY#9`}Hfw*jǯ)n gOj)N-ҩwށ>( uOS(]- j3Wg06G O|JZA*5lBj7`2:ͱtsk#.ogG8(KX]}#6:gjQoB;(ѭ%tJ"ot*LÀȎHIG! ⓸KB;&|-@ \4k[{:h9^<4h[(J޸o3O==qA@ "~$w۩Tt߲j¿iPKv1XW,MYѹl` WQd(_Mުq迉$n{ђjջ^AJզ]oVߴ{K[! 6nI؏9ʟ +:CğIXOK %- qTh}W y'Kjr̻9Y?B >Y?T;/,[ X2ߠMMH[M)A|o Cw)0GYhRYmȻfTh+ƭ{[޵[Uuՠ0ᝃP`Qy6mlozTWN&| S1z_;#@m1Hx -N7zwPzXScv _Km: %ʪ)ꤏCL~,ÎzB'qe[9l[Z FlwV 7•OGNN4'QX!{!S(OI^? AFy:Ϡ܅eĐeŗW${IoP 68Ю@B;U"ntV%x [fc*xq eyjшQ4>㌨_:Tj* m!.8c:/eҁmG" =uU$/#;N/ GߍOq DnF]ZݨzOAW^g믴C_XNK$OE~̖^U&'ψCh6&E} 9"X~e`+ = =F2>2^n[%F7wwtnN5d"\;~2_[T# hX솷ݩ@K x0a[,=O4N斏rV '38 ]KC=‚Q~%.Wlqa01Qt]dU"Yg婭. Ⓞڮ Σ<7C'"*ySrJL\~Yf6j&8m&A(4IS(cc;E8|EAVQV ЦzIWC2q0G$(\fĸ,MlҧS*KY-j?iĸzrjm [E܅7]y&~{«{j))uӨک~|mP_iUsQB3ąj^J| j ݄O)Oyٮ`*3T:&-wGqHc?P&WeQQ+  4Ǥ}6(G Ips5;2+*n?Sq/L6K{Q,w-5mFMm#Ԁc5Yz/Gmk+L*zBךrwzoT ~ S̍f| d{/ [<[( P CQ᰿;9I~0CxXpW[ RrЍg[ Hq@j$H7-֛#lTUJYVjҀ2TXnis]b /ࢶ||`p#N5{]p7;w{:̽i{$Fikƫ{%]P0RP% L ΀a `a3Ҹ͐xH.ZDؙ!r;kvr;n3aCι!j(Y: Luwܼ-;l@S2?w3O3qJ' Ơ3%l@YP%m/P G|U-$wAċ(_l#BOP!pxɘ,$ey"E:N6qq<*Dlќ*Q T%϶\dnG-!}%q@AHg+C( _!{!^(Nač6hkc m5Q+ ;V>o 4ʧ7^H $ny4|ƻZpp4vN/ ?-׍-#Z`w<46r\9zc۾! #)JL6\@R繀c:[CM5mDƣ9ݻT_ [W􇲯ՍT&׼Io|:3u^Q˯Ukto:N)LO̽20T^>9!w '`~IN;niJtu]CgqbҳR$ƙGY4:59PX+U+va"GvARUʊi&umUUbo4ښL*tG<ɑ|~zf푥mNi%#7[zɣ!^ Ѝ'7I.wTK5k@#X7 r. FkW{j媢F6zz=JJéVH=M= # 1%xC[J r[䣜cU(mN:X"'#iY4_(p2?/@Yf@tE[,=gE[^<_~Ms`{HւWM= X^z[jfHCu `^k$TZG<qBEꮒkJPOc9[$i@{GJFf8!2S-LcS shҰ374$\TRpBqC=P.HԙgFۃXD IthoݭZ|now.zR-9$2|+Z9.{cvaMuTc=i:3q4?:YGw[~&Su}X,WvEյu`NѨhΩ3ST٢͗!Նӷ37 {;Y4st _|K~w\@+neK;Dg{{eboeB6)~j9޺Y~ `sl@¥Klҥ\K(U4zSÜTɠHI7 Oj3BC*D:ǰafzIqnydG k`M\H3ҐΗ'oG~TGBG,_2=[KCo#Yjs$)UT53e؏YG&źY0@) >aთmc]9`}A,|WQ>&\^atTBL o<ځ>C( Ȗ{Rמ-) v<6/E:j;95lB $TDf}VJg$X*;|jmL}e%p֙ںpIm^G72H&H[0#JG{q6 $n|.6C "FnB|YsYiy'6zW}SzXϮˣ}"*teUпLu!&?DMaGIqz5i3Oto*V rc3iO [v݆2#N<-ѵBv@rgP] =i ij7 ;L"my-:w?hFRq+B-D 7Hc aޭB MC=-,oO$)4[4*<, '$G|64WCf^~ 5p1{XLف0CxX/z1t#K+h_HqjdqKp T;VNR.f90s?՟nOh@}|OcOCneg /Ԥ{|f\"$0>%v+;Pa0"8&t 4n!Q3dUjvX*O- ʞa]cL[٥PX) ҉20N.Odf$fA<Ω-G9[%H9*: ;RT"Yqhe{0r6 DH5hh% .!P.Dqr9vy-2M~8B4J!ivOhEҥB aśjQxV 2~ >ճhteU "sX_e:`fYSB*ꚥzhVP1kT N,dQ||,ZO 6dH3Iܐ3hX ڮZ3v,@l0ʇ* +ӎB}L>Va'~VxV4.FU(W۶ Ì[*7Byf7S/|!ò,4<-CYI<#X*GaWB~n\j9e_Lyt~wvd9Ih,oih쮛r1N]'Ahwk9VWi-!mJؤB^8 Yf0G5|Ej.LȎ2(@QY1R[UrSUmQ&gG#92=5OLv`=԰mU2s|kZw=y2zGRKRiGnDoKF4/aSߨԠ4xeD( jZ! FY|tBם 8J_2_G bDZU)Wi'V̓&s\ oC.^{0 Nk.\2#U*\5Y#Y#^o;#E$x廑3rE8~qyKBH Y,ldT44-gw ΢@l92FnrJkE]Őn-5ɏ2$ wDҋCy,.yʤd4nϓV|v=W3(/,>${cֵ2eBd鑁O _w DOeDR fIV~ޛMViO ̬lLm0rN;E u@fT(iAخ6:}qgѿp$ÈgP>HzM3.<G>ll;L9e&bwca<(\>aT JL;PڇxeÐߒ02dHP70iOK FM'5r6#>i\;'5ec^t 6F m ca̩k(_K!9} ~" nYv.yI=9!֙,\HD{Pc(IK(E7@߂T<CML8Ҝt xA9st.9noh 2(%%;^x:B9!sGByJgl[."N<-z>)$xqkH2ʗI YI&ٯ$Y/@lqab=w6]meU2kUƣS#m{шQrh 0 i)4k}>dIT:py2|O] $ cw8 r\j[K.n|=,*w͕$$;Y%yRZQwdrMM:ü=[ M)HC1*ƀy$Bڪ-N # [,Hd{D/".y$} , Rj~4R\~nDVMCoYn{(0}枖uA-T9Z5Zއ&@ŖE}= >ʙ1][ŢB\]x]߹ysߴ\wƬ{u u 3y,%g5\Z-er*kS&yD&%8W2Zш7 Ybi%wPY\A\@y!)( EndHx0H"8]Ap,M^zʳ-:QK{<< 5? d~ZvWl:uH$E:-D;oQ#K yȞa!}ZC~F)?3h1ҺAWl,k  @l$y:H喵$iXv Hj#"v׍` 2ϊ:L`*FQ rm0 3nJp07TY|g1 (N L0wzSI;$e;Iy_`r "PD;طr0㟥y&V7Qmgy瓷mHHSl=إg|LGrt2)o.G|"$WNW}p q (Ұ݋{Pt6cm7݄H>ns''=?Dھ<ݫZuڰ(tkHk6R/"9`<4<2Ȣi֩=̑jeF'_Z 9 ,bTVLtV\%TU[wIHLO3]o,5l[uLky!ߚ9~>xol&~{lnwXxaz]mY *u\QV4nv{AfT:m8n4pOg'icaT"aonm(%\wXM_aX1#Q`\ܧxxu,%7\]ijb=Y8d;?S 7nCUG3v~SGAh8G M쬪ɣ!^m a~!~wcI7\猪jSַ 9(G=8&wWH JvB=籀,LCX5I,OVpӁ!u;'tX"ٔknˢG!//@dCVgO|2yoO1.٪ f`}~ 4WQ.>XUG+c 5Y\Hl`>;m;g3g#k:W d0u5GdL&fiv5ny 847,oZ]l] rv6YHŔW1!Q_oL+?WDM;b  mIAn}`x>~t߯X̩MI?s◶jE? =ZeE/TkSG%wkSצW/XS[}Hnf . a: ލPe(3EꏽT_|v>,#o.k3ˏ);Ÿt60~lja=k5-2@ʇ6p ebI9 `1\BnJ&0]%EהHbHIGGFt "zE]<^zQdIzzsT*m/b Vpz (HK}?u* rQу>TdjK=)AS #T5s˹?9=Ly^Ģ%d>~hqI,iZ߿{o^}|3/o؅5Ձeę37HN*ɞ5~m +~71g2Uǩ׋r(`WT][ z6^;3E՞-:|_m:};sco؎Z+@"eOCvE'nw'ȅ dK>"YX*oeK;Dg{{eboeB6)~j9޺Y~6%m|: HԖrMk)382w7,)Ra Av][>"N~r5)-OhCtҌ4 ۑ_9Ց-?痷ٌmy0m)UT4i0̄Za5*9`@9fl;Nx#f9kd>n,{@b nǖS̳gS@iA+0Ձ ؒ0NwoE) f_Nmu8r&LҰi&bۄOR=!uH<)+:[ݝ{wMh[ĽYZZ[2՝cgOT:#OR?M,f^*e~J+t3 )jWoFk8@R|-N~Ƀܶ{IL8t xA\4E7q~5'@m1z;-O%9k͔ 7xC;4[vtQ|y4Q%ʪ)ꤏCL~,Îd4? >;^tҽXc[Z ʍ?b#Si-tmWh8P0 宐Ei%B Π,4W@rQ|M2O5'#( $tT5i\+^X 028ĠN, ޙaI*5Uҵu8ُc:/]JSC mp,'*j]f=,dҋ^j;=pNm}7>+:,C d BA4aۆ wTƝ+SbaQC,Kȗ߯РoƓ'"{ yb#]Xl)y{;3ߓ[yu~}21v>6uW8-scasC|B}]T9҈)pNxpxLL?"UݱЦBvh*cVM4c51i`ozW'vl*q|a0޽X!o=Rɚ(+a:ıj,#uӶ} (2rIoT ~ S%'f|`{RhVT&`-1E%*J!vI?-TSv͌*Ӏ0CxXȭhGAhS0ƫܤ}Y@P `27iZTr5 I|%8ǛjX/r=>zsOKTՠK K 郜Scwܧ-v>o-C M4T]wst[@;ށ0}+sr7qK)@=LF9zT:fB16f+V5v ܋!)@fAADֿn+hRQka;Gasd7fBRҭ rNYup[.~㖘wi=R{Lm~~^iνk~czAVP  Z/"lK %ԼuLxp 0YBKxZp 6iB%!śl%Ati"`m!`غ[2qiƫfj< ofD:^<0ݥ 78).]: O3qёp#q֦ns?`&]A2 I\Hbbd5׼v &/mإwB*$7x0ռ%~䕜nB9?FKp,M6ÈYdn'~FYMBaUX'Z O?%U]P7/8x*4V;;:1{C<';ƽ{[s\}l;ZtP;a[YQroEYl 9E1UI<УcuZ ʍ{!ӾYMqPlbx@g?} g!=K!ob[%/W'.ord*ic]IEHɧ(h\1Z Z[/#>e_Eq,ہ#\\H׽y$w?xy]O}uԵ˳3E7kQt먂_ɍBr,pxX_<ׇYR:`Lq_'?>Ru~A/S??]m⯜x|7eǷΦ6x%]LI62Ԟcyɶγ7)E~J-rhjB5.o">4݈Q*Tw]SZi,t*pwCR3$t@ H/jp4ҋZ؞5ɏ2$ l%! P !KmiER,ܨ`̡vAmɏ1&J:պ63iח*P,7ŧO|7wƖ=%$hSJ:`(._K88dHv: t{{R-^')@#=~vp֊,+g"XߊmNm۴Q5 j:yl ?uZ55c. AUlk? l;'@VSBU=`=hNRMWVtջOˇ-s]WKڊjG{,YjUeٲjFYox' |ЗW觎iͮVngl ́b;Yv(*uqrMT_kkͰMF`:o juCuX!˾3zrc G35KW]hv]W6 ꇬˑR|y0|`s**bmx?jFE+uxe\`ǿGf `{a}D=LoRzgul_7(\T!=xꂢ(eڤsX3StvemS-b5x/n{gz`y9O76viKLbRkڌu^KqMUؿhжm1fLux3HޣwvTNlT:[0X<6NٔwT6[$l|hB]{J񄼝A]Q+3߲9t?κI ;]ݨ []O&YoSB&- Z zZ4)j;Ѓ*(wFr2vQvPieeVe1C*;s4-%hB!Uo5I_x\_75 }R6 ԸMV9Găx'Gމ#_$/1Ox:q`Lk7z |֠G m~yl6Bi/-{`ܷ a?GzJYi[ ^ZVǚi;tإ1̙'\\̼Wcd6OVmiٳ[vlX(7,vfb}-ꛂjg'nXoьֳsjm.xQ: EAǥP}KRd(` Yeiu, '"lpmoնZ5Ȫeּ*-iXjfǞ1 g9qN6\-r[(<)Guf9{AB_OKx/dnHxuU'}c_kfՠCʑkӑ}`9;OeCֹL]KQ;wwnn }ɁOfP^ y >I8%ࣜ}m=U4W1xɗ$A|@D2MJaD,I{Ɖ@9%Xuh싻Y:f#_SsO$r5Z F^!ErxhH&^}MM&zMM^vmo=7Nu۝rAnWRa$fJ1Y;1sD.zE|ȥO]<]WgG؛Er%mvBwU{_2λRv|4>n|꽿B} f#G8/xcjR۝Ea' !~Bx9f1t0]#$Kzi3g!?XA&M0Z/vwdXmއYlj=Y0@) >aaCt<<̝0y++dd[~24ݖ4D SQD,4!wOějyfْ NDp,Yi_lojXTI4 K xhg)rf#( 5~'ʊ r{S+0z؍V$ӈQ˿~'ϊ o4J\^> aޭB !3s+o=dPI+7yɇwH >wxF;.]"Qw ew)K7û4J\]> aޭB !3s ,;$׋Vxg/ "Cy_ʃ}+{-+ȹ*(YVUr(_߲5@F d-0ZX-{B (ʣZũ'OoY-u?beϚQ.&o͐$$n5A1[چmQ5g2+gʲ#hŀ(OoGЊgPnJ覧 ⓸EW=keyh,}f͆%˜ Q)(0$ʓɛ3$? >14cI~cAmܥwB@ Qu=DI!+(_.-#K4Öy;(ߑh!'ArWP۔~'JE|cW9 Iaދ1zk "A[{8 RmO2GLu-BS v+nߜ8'ЄOb[8QM1 B >>f x k@gl;.1>f|2vD3>I>NT{O"Dy2~{>6 8rQ iIܞO ՞6( DiN;8HaBAYl<(p&T wxY$x;4"' , >Daw;@("~WW xڳjclx> "oΜhpujjE%#~gi4_B-gM MyL,|fKg39A,;9& 8 $?`N0ݜ;Mb'[;lPN`IA4H >Y߳mJފ!tG4,$b)5Q--SZ>8,x [[Yb(Nޢ!; #)C%ZsO2hD|. HtΑUjRk: hƺkw AU^B{+.f C3ͺ-mYB yHjf vDwP7Kěj̒sݽE,[( E<YzU+l"A8yCaFc &lHL ~ї!s,G_ƈjD0אO i ;cI7 < cy}tTLq\z[8RIjڪArٴ*u&9a s9of.`?GYh%3sa4iRVkNb^3u&5erZw7:dTmg*HmMs cWqqߓp(e-MCI9r_N 2CsP Btfp;s^&>i Q>>.=v۱Pjshp(%x[cAr}c(Ghs7*xX5 P:x1<5D2+Ռ S( + w0s)+t]aMm*n~hèY&{fࢼg&Y: M?C 'YڅpRh=!5˛Y)%ц[7034z9WewVH*'mƓ]DSoD"3`$wX$JDd$]D r"5%`)q3ܸUnݟ4AS3E=#p1iQf$vl*GBwA{Q˛ x#i|'Oxi i4딡RS-܄4^MUvs;[%R70%,]vPrhg #A/ D}[=Xɡ@x3וʻ4u1MB(++H eKi}HT1va7s]+35; t+Cr};̜IK_YY+b}eH.ž2$?à2 4YmKfoxvL"DyM qCm%8 >qM|E5D "D }qe o$=I1ω>I!(2?!WOpP&MԄA(_V| w?Er&F>< 4" ⓄF">BQ$A|"xFZF_Hsܣy!޽QV`?z_f!u=)s[&/O[Qpx[t/&A9A 8F V8ín[5[yq'[q-$7p wBL(Brwn! :ۇ](/f0n],o!7 B/ނ{1q:n˃1O1<`VY@k#@ N [Hn(#x <2P"v1>~>xg.ʋ^B'HП閹$${1s(GtܦɟgIUrB]~إ5|A|tQ0`⷏Jۺm6tǞ*9QWT+ׯku+kuc>3>7jf|:3^Q˯Uko5Q!y8cU(2cIW /O|:KmnXoIvzrr?`C>09##(uG[W ^~wVݦ-.몵A,ŁQku]%j׽ќ*UplhtW=z}yEkcaFvJ =jUYLs͡xaX1Jb̑+U$Р`3pfIjZl;A1d㩴צ#'1P>d{ys}6ߞXFsZ$? C_'%K+t0Z!K N5d鴼`- Bcn+&:P͆oֱUf[<]7J#j&,uaw G+ xՒ2 G9ryn&YEM267I.wj$̳T؃KF4Hr=OrUQurO}npR{|HbRNմBAVv͠yT{w8IRX%|CIj]zn1VQ 5eѴɏ1Xw=f;%b[ZF>G Ŝ~=7?]^V- Gq^GkŗS\rj/]~KM_6umzLѭ9']멂_)B,sB5\ (sl|}Kyj] z4BnzQQ>nzQGP>n #I7U-m! 1 VO|2 V&]$![~T$~TA&HHRoJɊw!ULmQu$}ka py*t4Gj,7zIO3T6:}r%"BY̰6i!3(o$}& q"BL4FCޑf(r\}l7/f*yxSp#¾e,=դZdǶۏ9ot0[AP'“?5pC0]gZ,°`srjp0yousi!!?o%aj/`i fHP#gP Uj4z;إ^zt}QMy#>K }}Oɵ  DXd:@ղcZ0pr7"OڇJCyLJ?iD)RHR?H:,9^ekx $̒]mPD2\ria4,C8۴ eutVUKpeUпLu!&?DMa!^&ޔM~3O;!簃;ADƁ-}||W_W#MZ 3D{K33cQo2,SLN䠋RybV_ڼ4J[Շy %x:T;[˭o` ݇>\/|o+! xۇ>=oh 2(wA̕`wuj"6xe1uf4t~*8D 9(8 ;W%B @lqab=F5 ƘX Ȫe6֪GPߠN,ToD3hH~A|$~TU@{p_]8c:/]JFf؅DD,qۛ#kp`TaDEAsJ#wѮ`_t?~D#w&y2M`H_i(,槉`QQo WEψ-0;U.T 9{(su)fTX4?sR%x, d;HK8ZaiD -4k6Qbw 2'c}3&9Fq;M^4M.,Y,]44{Bwq]i4k)eGv Ar5]rK<oBepz@0o [NUѯ^lA'jϢ,gw VA|~-hpӐpm)4S)t|V `J6}Nc=%i\J{O+0 o7Uw&$N*zb7^Kkںjxי+"tc5Yz/Gmk+P5s}[5EG9 #@V4yokVXZl9oL?*d9`%у}UWD" Om[sЍ!iEmHG C;#נ\l7U,:aXGn{(0}t?UnRU4>>U1Vm}\hv V)>AWQ:>Gp2aR 璪mwn8<Щ ! d$׏x0z΋1 =pl˓y©i4? "Ih7tmq㍶ˑë =AǢ#ԪϠIQNKi%RÓ0%@N1 9%)sbvTD2>bt; 68ޒ DdX&B<ğ4&Q 5dO>Oŝ)eOY=&"ioؙ^;!ҟqJa3 bHa/_~] pK#<,:λ>[ڶzd=ӈQ~}ЦPىf:47npOʭC̡i8It@' &zx9$(g_ w!>1V6wqәOyI1D̕OkKY h#(H5]c帝tx#]/d9WVg=?"y_}d65EŇC\aS\CpyCcAf,yViQ+v~6KA5RUʦiNتb3hOCeRx49%ť\n~amN6h%]Gz߳uvT~Of ڍnd6u:N fߥfZŝY<<.ֵŨus%O*ٰ_ zo 9E@Q|؊lCh5a#N&ƿUSY% ]W8T:J>>d}CMS$,).pqeK3fpYi)5|&Kk>FU+kT6i[ *Vœb(xZqkCzȊdteɣVZ#qų!?Kݭ(34ʧ{c(wTK5ʪwa!;/Đz0M>u՗C/iST5(#Nٝ)ˁr|VGEܴ5bDZ7<s$xyu2>"rwD/0%S=jBVɭ,JNq.?7W\̒-ˬo;51CwSsŻ0ޞ!7 BH8bs_Zs8zn)`BdךwImcnk "\mޖL|JV ]:Tnn:1?Bf(ODfٍج^ZߚǬլ9n/s3l ?Q ީ9{*Os'V_,<^Ds^$7u1W; o뒈ɸJ\1KZB8 lfKɴ'n㈇SDw Ev2ӡ,CZ.CyXĴ?Y}~O|zʎo1NK ~zS:c{./vWVNвmW~lԂf[^L'Lh❾C9h*Ч:8PzD{JPs=GVD?`! {R֌m4fl;RO?PO?"WDA sni(5GQQ>ZBϑT[()@g I-[} ]+o['hPBRq hœA|ѯ1AP; 09 gNU #N<Hڵ '"ě㗾ki4VF)8*rlԐZ%L vo]\3K.֞WQ^ʱ 9nǏ/>}7h+X.س۪';O%͏j[$sD lvvLVn)#]QumS05:u?+.T{reH_nɻ;{;< M35YҼE_|K~wLO}&eTr{v*/=W>伏&beB:~l9޿W~N9De".u\b.Md2>K!1V> siRGͫ[퍛ٺ9!ĚjwM$Pc(II(Qo-0i8#.!~Fq9,/X -h[$%\5*Weφt˅aRq9+D7XD(zGD88| D׏B]@ bH"*p/݈PHkXn& :iB{N2ۼGFP#XPA#r/ZHc$T7z6 0g:>S v̕fCF؏OovlpPyXPTpǩFe)叙m}V~zOٟڧS9=)i)u#Wf2μ׵S:K~"gIF_ͼgeQ2| WWWkޮCm~ءJJ|FO Dۦl烌(wiy "XJ?~p!iRi䋭Ih#EyYAC؛X,h)GVO.M6|>u7wQU}E:t4EPvb /1/oK=>`i.rq>0cUڥΖgIi{) X[I4h<6(%h4j8f?0f_pzS-5c8w{sp,n +k2={ur8mn̒2-_^GwPUݞW7cE'hr  00R\=ZwyY (`9)qwjWT&i,ZfD/!9)"a ?;|3M  "ă6kOs>g1 Ɠ_}!=؊{gl}YNC⍶KWVZZVHcf~FЊKʹIك46xݪ\,g-ǬΜ?y&Ûڔ8 ބ)i_|g޳"^Hآ](LvSEshHՌAXH!QFRfC@n$*N󅹒B#P7+dWMiަe€s4hGjy^M6=( ^]v^3wܷu]Vtd%[jd见P^M?Tzс*՚5EP >1zЄp8 0DKY #S:Cb6gAs w AFZbʖ>yv˭6쳭7Z/5o=]ʴiK]I|UcU^wi]&/jZ0Yjw˰ٽrHWifєTgNm4%ܪeo pPn޺%8j7'yy35<Di=YX$d3AK̢?JV_0y^O0{oGBW4=B~Nz̋tl%Cjp}˓y© A$-vۇ:[)lev9.Omb8!rrvrnzaC_x5юGAK''XO**Thx< s&@A ;AGX=xhGF'AD0ĩ,=n 1r.f"G9<"bC$S3(, 4Tӭdfs.CYrx(tm;dWsD58;k'i#r|CYKIE;?-6:`0XaQXM@J ?_O=8q3@/>/ dQ SǁGÌW<Ј7.3̲-œSQmoKwNQa~A Wknnӈo[ U%mca.b_!N<jT* Ca 3!q Σc\SM?L7]{7۳;h_DU{i{( <3*=8g/ &oQw X|TND3f}ĐtQ!>Q'Aw~ CyG Gбšo\72s- O6H=>)II`_DT4v^M1MeS5gϯ,FkZk PQ-UBF6yƫs͆"{媩{JE(/K:6M=肥x1% K\n9x6eM14ʧ{S1!i̖hݖXJR?.Fސ 7R+WU']=XJyCEH3!M($#('oy1sέG9N0޲I6*vR+mGm(s6x K Y¾xɗ $dVU0Ӑ_ף h5.BwTگ1[F+d6 34bDZךaIzcnw s|>"MVd*ϭxi2$tI  F2G6aK=8Ԅս] GM'{0r{N.>:᳣ޏ5Z t^LU.`(i]xaV oZ?nyVxN^Z..o-.-ܪPSVy?bS39QR`/arDk"gU߿&;O@nb_+_ow:g(;:-/Mmk_I9AKʖ;ԓ5ZPOiH@ U_xޭ[9h*ЬD@Y(cc=^RtM j0s$i@C vET llm֌LS;P*F/|!y@ I;6iOLCGQ+QV|%y AW ICf8yj4ʧP1Tcɫ? Ij]UI7F ^dZuE+$Qo~dmJd:?H^2AP;u :ÈP>'9o(O7 Co.Xy ]RFCic /W7ǝ)㍵yf>֥}jXQ~f=/~΂mV֏_}|o:W0gU6Mv<\(RQ?ʐVCۓwww=Qky=LV̲Ր/fI&|.mY2=MRmeK;DN?\>$g d>_x^f;L9 s49m,]mD_BJ#:XMj5}!hKaRA}_֫&im'(TC^x~h[;}iMo/#2XifX숇rEW bEp28DK>YL=KvUmdŋ,(P؍Mpi(y PyK,wzҨ,"!D7Oi- *u_(h ac"`SKn]"AYh/dqE쯤EldJg>dB{~,4X6l^Vf SuV,4B*>/rOFSmˍn/@' y[kQYsڶmie(7c Qc(I(Qo-0i8#.BBtL8#t џeCErHEvȥYRgqcQ @YOɆ!i1$nãhQ0K#,2ʼvǖX,]Q,MԹkT-ooգhɀQU; bHܪ=1Zqo|+-s`i׭d\um*4n0bbP">GH}Fk@0ĉkh[×F)8֐5|wk5|yf>ty!mܽh%1g@1$+aS|ts]^HYX#[ Û׌ 8ޅ;R4AWYoP&N?6ɫ5L*GFWl5gC⥏XH҈c:K^noq:euuvaP"*+QVKIT7}csNd 9, ,D= 8TesW^1zs9ϾnԼ6UP/] 8=e4f}qK4sIpF@ ^Hh3/mF@%>#wkՒaDDߟ P*r_Zi1HH "^EYLݜu (PXBAt3EЋ yH ~H E1$^|噯U$|^Xٌo¾u5=XMn^E*Ǫe6(+IWXEQ4 ˓ *0S7_@ X|TDCN1T0W[Nqw?0|s}e)%J?w%Sog9$HW&plf܄Βoe ͕B "ÛIJ|{ !4lc^s4~JK< kh`Zeo,X<o]&"EbiBD4( uz$H%ҌqظkrG5*1_|"ģK6c 4J\͒\}8c-L ㍵KE-,"6>[8㽩#ߋ֑ s#1įSGJVG#P#:2{)ud|PG1KEGFmSNm:ڼ\DwT1*2@j/*] xCFysC|Dx \ |F+0cUWڥg~}5 ´L樯 }/^ݳW'٦ ,)+ZyGa\_ *So:o&C=O++UU{п/B.,(?cr}T-vP w i<*p<>3\~ʦ wXBL-;~QmVRkμ @ҀWҺH{fS%5qY4š셺 O2 +ڄ{rcS5u܄S2]ͩf!OM GS\j4i6e^^x3޼DU|gjE{b6c 0ڌ̟4bWr6zr4B4|y/HTz Eb¡VTUke1ra 22eRJRaG_| dM0o|,v^lAh5L[ H$g0g}VoKh;zG=B_/~"0]rMՀXw9VC͓nڶ1?I YjquuҸ\dKݥ2*)oޣzbAN=WkyLk|5ȸi`JpnWa)nD{;S«b=c+~ZU*\ʼn-ñP^NQ![ =40m7 *,Z -鹽r} k0&?!gYTI,Dw ,ѝ^!u;ԆkO7UCʚP;XDYXyBEBu[RC0n}=(o~֮)RC4TÁ>`ˇe*41tsH9",Ǝjٚip_yd߻v!Q(ڂEkuA!r]􉔩3?·2bBJ;tTa"vJٿll_\ N͡IIB[MؿZKWm_7t!in:7hˈaC/^ QPox[aNc=YЪ\Ӄ\D]Sx>5J} b4t$Ets@i1r6zB̡K/!QG.`k@:33x],w1/\~Ctb9Yæ#0 eAī(GGSW< wc^]³ YWѐ9Ft\}9&L `k%yfm,ǩ]?s{Đx 0.@+͠~`ͶͲ| @lq޴ayڵeI3w1ą=Dk٥ѐoD%]>;S[xcҲ3˶ޜe:t ;D׏kE! VYxsw.-8zy'sw*}3`|[hπ(&o}1$n۷ўoj'p4#:*[So~X|.uӨ91EżS@.CJ,h!B7D׏z I?^bzE /#hĝe5`A輻J[4C\(F`zpej5p:t~DG捭9s),rd$#Gֶ mK++;RWw!+!JҜLT1 LNi=a۪ Zg+uѴwc/nsak9f[-Ǐwͨup|O_ärԽ[zCUG3YڷtԱi1%eHW4Cm㍵,h5 OXA3 uxD85]הM޼t<+Z鰵j@԰5ʒS';dsvPRiXж)Vmo<$,8r?,i>Rk8Cc:Fu$hp6t'wuHF+d;Z'l;3z9%ܽnVCo;-sSt͡ :\N1}־@zmY͆p mw'ukk0,;T[/2u$:-:Y^,ZgoC~d[PާQ>ݛJhA oDQ-# Wv@A K\UTvUުϡ,t@*T Gy Eކ4Z!㋀P$1ڐ-+/܃{E + b%[ULC X߃T=z@} Fɇ~-TS1D̖ъ({8PZk\H놣mpf^4 ^gps]G~̅*ކC,"U2_\Xʒ:ssd2kt2wtɈxWs?y^AYhb~i!K^me*?'q-7 "lu7w +-];x둩tֳ%Mw!?Wl-.p~$o|3 ;ea O3L ̹rZ/8\'nϑ*si)woj7Ӗ,=w>%jYҞMݷi"I+.EʼEKwiy*PR.]R?+bt/S=A}  UwzԫJ Bzս] {j:R D l4ʾSs޳BQ3e"QKA5 5IJK& 3nX۽Vj%.,=xsq"hvUflu5 8X伏&beB:~l9޿W~.w(gȹL@ĥKlԥəl[g)$t U18`I7 S9 m-P/EMJQUI\&¦iHm'(TC^x~yжzApREBzDGfG<(Z_M X#]I#1D<5{,\w"/^dg>_$;:CyN8c07tҩ6g2Z E ey$'Ja_G͒3Mvqe^I-N- 41ċ( M1s'Hm g;g-\FEyV7N=1 kJ6!f( Mt~5:=u R6cpI^\oeIq6mT|/2iBHlMR`Y0y 8{æފtA% ,>bƣҁw츷L0W}(gKX4+ž:kwPs\׻N9F%%u9Nĝ).;⍵˽̒}z:8yT (?Ň0_cC->[bl-]R"/,>͔|/#@/^; i|i4(qr!͏;Sxc3K6eP:ɷ#1$2_4r'ά[ƁA~YWl[$]-gs&+A-]EmoKLoHm#.|mѯ0!g.8ʮ4bD U ;8r#U G.xIT)u{( -U)]?*ʫW)}1$^{6*pb FEkZDx$n[[j@"..CK bH܌#1'pkt&uxKk>R6 :NtG+z1,HMd[U< z"DCP)t^`C[Ԁ2cGt?{ ["l<..weHJac^)^.o,o~(z K(OGVՀ5ua@@dr1F LGy>F _`ԟ*5qbIأ}q} d6&n6hg[*t4-/kFN!Q26gi:ۋ491;9>AfLkC˼WɩdyNnj~2K~yuݵ_KQng*vqٯЩM`v]-<2|ol/mlb&Q<} <+`&+LzVD4_A: nq5Ӷ#X $2 %,<+H Я/Jiimun!rir"J江 ׂ5Uj~_姢Ge!sӸ%G9{-w?$Ziqhʮ:5bfYΛ d 1{Nu nJH[_Q!w[_0C|Xx/h"Rp![_C֗3%xKv",٧s9,Kޭ_ѻW`m_5w mxku*ї}Zr ߴw Y{#cV+^`SśkhNBtehf?x41]4'dJI&|h,C<+B7ZqgJpo]-yf>M{}0Kg諷gheG*!ĦƦZvf7>x+C 2į^}K!Fwܙ\}k[YObM ̊(G_Ok]ͩ@Ȗ6/kVY,Vab=Ͼ͛hQ9 iFqoKn*e:٤ 6 k"8MfN.4}CIU[BwDThPJiWBvD@t'ϢB3-ͲzN0nk],:s\!I(=4!@g3iıTӿoψ3FC^L%\}Hŝ)=xc3glgtTbex59WUiYQzTakvAZ7ڜ?e[ BD;)ٛ|Xbi? ,=f޽2T"AoYYk(,_CCjiU҈é~-:9e߶yMNf5څ vc~ 8Xȡ=}mCĐmўڶG;;S\e%,٧!8ܼ:O.,tWP^I0!񦾀% 0HK҈C)~;˲8|]@+\@"r5-zx.V>ksh>b?vJ 'P֏9^ %PFEyVb YMoF6塬h6UtoݹӄI"4?tM5*j%kAEO.N,тTD׷"ZMQT)S(?kJhA_Nfh3֟P(S8ϺLĐx9_zf[1O'^R'P̗5. I?^bm]D㽃;h>E*5'1WFhx`exP=#(HtO!qK( C/^Frd%N0D2w;u .ͤݺkb\?Ta烀J1H68BR[fCyED5fpTQ-,EFH~796yd#xM2rDyRZ51 Braˀ%~[ߑ DF\B9q0~X4IMpM+h'(G_Ca=jYS5;H 0w. PgLI+B1Dq}[ra#)ў #A9#Iij(G?è[m t2j^#-/Kh ? >E1W>9/e{K Έ[G] }[GFꚮCԊjIɖco-="9*wI} ,:\x5=0Z!- 5d`,u[۪a]6vW Dv..Z[sTCoOT[5C f觏{y/^/2ulz%1u d­\n֭U]?o7r:%j;cȋ,y^!ϒb,~j7^w8:K#m 8k[hc^KmB;w|i/|WURVStƛ#6n拷s/X[x,ykR|%/9i ֪֪sxy j;bF;BQSծRˆFm7q V-~K0TΡRI}CQ'Uǩw Mklڅ\1?0r*'WxWqų!:3B((M3 I7P猪j s^H=@bh-/rUQuXUYFyXb4ԑ~G1&f᣸DsGK=w"4AM;#b')ou0+{8ǽH!,\I(OJ̊ ONPq⿎xeKػIpw5vwQ^ONO\<2‡rʏ1i(?`&|ˆ< #3p|Tz9V(/@"ULO#G88D;HP& k =td*"TO}ц/z;]Fϧh>b-Q2yYnZPCϚ_p1" &,#3 r~f93o7Y%s%N,ԛl. "jDh@je"vHJx<^zZ=@} F5UX*Q7p^5%WG+|G bNIX11fE!kxGꟽώ4Ml;O@nj_tw7V45`S :{./vW`NjW~9fZץ9Z b iE( L`KO} }YF a1H@ '/~c u(e%,$%mUI "oPw,$*=cn@WD AE^p)a7o?l68$%Bq,._w-f/|gD7})A/h,Rp!^ꃙ'0L xo]$3K%Xz 079ɎǓwIn\3~-+>3.rlWT]۱zʇ ^*8\җj:}{.g;j-d,_ byiȑI|.mY2=MRmeK;DN?\>$g d>_x^fXنҙY UJl0,kfN*fmG*}|#GjަJ`q3a=Pi:pY-;6P+~/ JzL:!1>CQ !1D~è=舰yuo\:i1Ddߚh^^6mCʊQF7aoQc(Iߞ(Qo-0i;gIk,oъÑX1/'@-(tw 83aP5ѵYb*y:Z[Z7(C/ĐujG>J3(9f` *ضH "^EYKEaKhw^!Q.J,Y! y%0>$R?"=,1(}_j~: F@y@X bm4o*;S7kME̒}JME+/?rj*musgY>CYd6'&u\}pܣl;^(JhE:&mOT]1#ID>O]uvl2 ix1kاNf/&R6K/$ʓy.?3RVl*gWU \,:}WP-{} v&\'pt y_@P5J[`ZD]DjPfok癁fmKUAZU 0c| YfQF/zMC!u*ф-feE{q1ڠjSbcUW FU s/?ygŁqP 6`7ͻڱj2`k•#,fo:-:Rw}*)o+mKLZޟpvMqUp8.9V vUq`2v#SЋ6gAsi܃Air5r`*[e8(r l>zsisԟsa Ȣ_Qԧ1֧}W pxoKr`Qש} \f]\7wF$ZUXtm&Z{=}(g#<':LM~t|7- oo]E[X aEWB7eS3aCΒd 3ţ0,Hc=Yr->$1A8uБs2AEUO4C9%M!Q'B (Y~A i|L=5Nt<7Nn+J8!cP*Ƴtk6Q T-"b{uQ>kSn@' ~ZfP>28čy 3EGFCnFiBzr!}7cܙEiv> g9DA ym;w5҈éIC׌z=/]ܷӈPmgОWQ^M޶! b%fTowG X|T~0:plA ҏOv sG3lrʼWV'٦٩Y>Z~Z+wۣukT= sD/ƾ9S%/9o;NthhlM YN2ŕY5C`~IeR]VyUy;א9JlLT1 LNiE%r+HJ@Z*Y6gQܢP_7Ǡx%G\P5ꮺI99e( jZ!AGyF+bNr{I ŜBM5{Vnxaf&~A b<o1}~6{zכoS^3lӨѯ~іJ}H;޾$Ylۻ>._ 1;2r tEQʞXEL$] I-'k֨*8HJGE7VS&TӢ6QQTфœR"|ѷZ:Ό}!9 <<zLZ9xd)ǽ0//GOX9~{9 Qr=4'PP>j8`@R9cǂ$Ո7 IƿdoUDfK9aƒu܁ Q4RCyNу9i <vk̜ Z$g d>_x^f;0sK1بK3ٶRm?OU6!(kƁm`I7 ONT m-X/EMJQUI\ºYaim'(TC^x~h[X;}iMo/#2XifXHhsK1ǧ"ɂ=X'+9ߚԳ"śpV\~n)Kts;_}b ޣA ΢Fb-a wNf`]Agbwa9 ;u,*,`J`],؉H[0!r 3"i"B@tLNt q68$^$ٻc,4ъd}-[ *-tXv6Ρ^A /j#h |!~Uxhi4-hic YCkeJtvYg!J]St]K&7{SSEkʯQ^\j%q95H]SӇ:qgJxM_Ԕr̲s?|7DA Ʊ47r ҈8~|Go|#~#GFy:y#gĐG=k҈эRMWޞo_ȫxZz)L=е#є5)x5)VA;3LɗA{rvt|' u7fv\R%=+Vjj6/ah~rrqe,pfay9jfZVP\Y*NZiM ,KC^#\4-m[3]#uˬФT5P[4LҞ(σƢMٰ -C-40IG 5 w\4Mʦk/slQ85DG榣x7pR4#3ϣ̽;yJxe|i4mxF)8֐e|)L ^Ə7.̒}:'5bEV]oM*%ze56Uw ٦:LpRDd6j/RqĉgL 8!jF#j]KUǁU{*SxcR3Kiw,k(}d.æІЖe: mp,mVU^Sh- wMʖ7ofY/At'Pmu|@ZHܜ!)n`(g.wg#G_^m_p98jD!#(DyحmZbS 0Dv9"JF V4 U0?'O4w 궄H]$͠De$t'Ͷ EQQݢ&g5j-(Zw wUA΀wP>H*ubh:‘;fC؍rri0WUB(~"QXmG5`?-a:ıւ˒iڦ;{qquu[ёmlN4з&wmd{ Zknn",`hA4 :!,eO G4#C`iYm,2D) X)A\4bʖapv˭mg[o_jZ zi4 ~U!RX^wi];b3/}_cYQ|'u3}6)MspJ9ī,(|RbwPdCe*2Qm[Nծ2-©4$}E8C,tB_cY{(G?]A bH"v]-k)+Jv*F<3E/ 7qt?N7̺G]5'8}#x}*xRy w(N8 7>OOExGHX\,e=PƓk WI@/ȊJr*x0k l<7.ye}^4BDgO.F[MEϷVfQ*{>Q[i4^i9p>?{-uv&t &hvT:2*Dslb9KtD+0BCԑEp~prcIf9yG<"A|m&BOn<$Rm.$+3@Sa/_>y7Sel*ڒM GӜ4$Mc؂N]7\ CTUu|DMM33DG6<1= ;U;›"f/U^gƴ+by©3>$aP$ mC@*[Ȩ(d-5hM@NpfE){aC89^ QPox[a3Ûfcnm;o䷩0jU}Xj٬TyV?8ZkuӦ=(M*uɆ9Z]WIs_݄m!CU GU& F9-UO KM@OÜ 8$HBz8+"bޕѦw_4J!5t\}Hލ;Sxc2+ZljI8YW'Yo"!xcxz'R+:s$'/,4,CQp!%1DqGp2Yţ(?Ngϣ,^qBtC}Co1 (_lCQnM*S $,;P:o!U0X }(W_1b 8ALR-wU_1CR}qV_Gފd V_{W}V}3 V_bDx Q^՗N"%/EqV!f;dWsD5KSm^fBϢ,v-o-ZŸPxJ3KhgGPVX2$>(B<4&Q 5dr_>Oǝ)er_YO3>2MCl͎PP^ G\Gy=2DA -^iD\ 넄F !<ڛF?,364TK K"ģ7hȻH%F_>lCkeJpo]}yf>YjsdM,69O13h?/SQJ!ot$wE)OGGqgJxE_Tr̒}:mi" [D(wQ.d#C U1DOG@R^zyqC#nLZޘf}yf4xeyGB"SC3įK!o$$W/WGBqgJpo]x#mO!LG=L=o0!" Ňh}(IoN-"PJ#<$\\wP"Ф-vwmU[2{ Q+ WP^ZY |!~GxVV y4J\\}HoeΔV6X̒}v^tQ^LHGUeG%j]E/WMZ `墼-t(pYFr&!yU c̔H6ﶭm;z< pK#<`BM3 ekw/_9u:S|4=e^G{^OwHڶױhx_J;~a-Wӵ>:Ьx\2\O0AM/cD I'c`Es,*cA1D̕O΍K."lߠ]<"e6tc~DG捭Ns),r1*GfmSsobku*gbґ˗I `<4&i WOZ٦mHF,9TEèl{>[Ur{a﬌פB',`ro:٠5zRwM} ~RF>=Ki)-OX:t GphFEw!j;=lk9L+<7AGlZ'(ƹSkm5\*%\aֵoq吩c+c KVrۋ_Z޶PKȋZ(&BnI뷿>(u{M5f762mš=Q1/ץ0v@]龵*piZE. {媩c+zt8]:ڗ!RQ!SG=ҭ\|/m 7]ByFtoj11Hʾ}GT?J{!ߟ)PcCyiQ|.ha-RB$ T!vݭ\DUb~,wޮg?X.iuGoć(?L_6hɀ3sp98pEA9z{zνۀ:1 %Q( R#K1(Gߕ]B bHƷ>Fk:K\UT0kvxKy_!bVG]Oܴj_5bDZW[e/I:~ zp>k %SOV7k/6dbu\~87%;ӱqQp;V{~3E~򺅏yp||\kcT[ mr}XNHZ8rRɔ3s,qa6K,voxɒŝ5 899{Vz^CZdFSelZE++&)1; @ڀ߈IXm&L#YHfG r]ϫP -}Jw"z}֭.;4w]>{z:_Jϟ1 h%+h ;i c0ZsrTh?`W(^5UQQD?  ^'LvJ ፶5 ώz?:Ws5ҙң;mղ 8CǴ{_xaV oZ?nyVxT\\Z\Z(wV$?@0z?5s,CAz蛊c6`l@3vUG'GN4,;WNTߣn985lLTvVTmQ7'˃0ʊVwhPG.g metap/man/0000755000176200001440000000000014606763051012143 5ustar liggesusersmetap/man/invchisq.Rd0000644000176200001440000000407014606753760014265 0ustar liggesusers\name{invchisq} \alias{invchisq} \alias{Lancaster's method} \alias{print.invchisq} \title{Combine p values using the inverse chi squared method} \description{Combine \mjseqn{p}-values by the inverse chi-squared method, also known as Lancaster's method\loadmathjax } \usage{ invchisq(p, k, data = NULL, subset = NULL, na.action = na.fail, log.p = FALSE) \method{print}{invchisq}(x, ...) } %- maybe also 'usage' for other objects documented here. \arguments{ \item{p}{\sigvec} \item{k}{A vector of degrees of freedom to use, see details} \item{data}{Optional data frame containing variables} \item{subset}{Optional vector of logicals to specify a subset of the \mjseqn{p}-values} \item{na.action}{A function indicating what should happen when data contains NAs} \item{log.p}{\logp} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{invchisq}}} \item{...}{Other arguments to be passed through} } \details{ Defined as \mjdeqn{\sum_{i=1}^n \chi^2_{k_i}(p_i) > \chi^2_{\sum{k_i}}(\alpha)}{\sum \chi^2_k(p) > \chi^2_\sum{k}(\alpha)} If \code{k} is a single value it is used for all the \code{p} of which there are \code{n}. If any value of \mjseqn{k_i\le0} then the corresponding \mjseqn{p_i} is not included. \ltle{two} \plotmethod \nocancel } \value{ An object of class \sQuote{\code{invchisq}} and \sQuote{\code{metap}}, a list with entries \item{chisq}{Value of chi-squared statistic} \item{df}{Associated degrees of freedom} \item{p}{Associated p-value} \item{validp}{The input vector with the illegal values removed} } \references{ \insertRef{becker94}{metap} \insertRef{lancaster49}{metap} } \author{ Michael Dewey } \seealso{ See also \code{\link{sumlog}} and \code{\link{plotp}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) beckerp <- dat.metap$beckerp invchisq(beckerp, 2) # same as sumlog invchisq(c(0.999, 0.999, 0.001, 0.001), 4) all.equal(exp(invchisq(beckerp, 2, log.p = TRUE)$p), invchisq(beckerp, 2)$p) } % Add one or more standard keywords, see file 'KEYWORDS' in the % R documentation directory. \keyword{ htest } metap/man/plotp.Rd0000644000176200001440000000272114643714251013571 0ustar liggesusers\name{plotp} \alias{plotp} \title{Q-Q plot of p-values} \description{ Produces a Q--Q plot of the p-values supplied\loadmathjax } \usage{ plotp(pvals, plotversion = "qqconf", ...) } \arguments{ \item{pvals}{A vector of \mjseqn{p}--values} \item{plotversion}{Whether to use the qqconf version or the original} \item{\dots}{Other parameters to pass through to \code{qqplot} and \code{qqline} } } \details{After eliminating out of range \mjseqn{p}--values and missing values produces a Q--Q plot. If the package \code{qqconf} is unavailable or \code{plotversion} is set other than "qqconf" then the plot uses the function from base graphics. The line shown is through the quantiles (by default the 0.25 and 0.75). If the package \code{qqconf} is available then the plot uses that package's function and as well as the Q--Q plot produces a confidence region. Parameters can be passed to \code{qq_conf_plot} to exert further control over the plot. If \code{plotversion} is set to "qqconf" but package \code{qqconf} is not available then a warning is given and no plot is produced. } \value{ Invisibly returns a list consisting of \item{validp}{The valid \mjseqn{p}--values} } \author{Michael Dewey} \seealso{ \code{\link{qqplot}} and \code{\link{qqline}} for the original plot and \code{\link[qqconf]{qq_conf_plot}} for the new version. } \examples{ data(dat.metap) cholest <- dat.metap$cholest$p plotp(cholest) } \keyword{hplot} metap/man/sump.Rd0000644000176200001440000000343314117607162013416 0ustar liggesusers\name{sump} \alias{sump} \alias{Edgington's method} \alias{print.sump} \title{Combine p-values using the sum of p (Edgington's) method} \description{Combine \mjseqn{p}-values using the sum p method\loadmathjax} \usage{ sump(p) \method{print}{sump}(x, ...) } %- maybe also 'usage' for other objects documented here. \arguments{ \item{p}{\sigvec} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{sump}}} \item{...}{Other arguments to be passed through} } \details{ Defined as \mjdeqn{\frac{(\sum_{i=1}^k p_i)^k}{k!} - {k \choose 1}\frac{(\sum_{i=1}^k p_i - 1)^k}{k!} + {k \choose 2}\frac{(\sum_{i=1}^k p_i - 2)^k}{k!} ...}{% ((sum p) ^ k) / k! - (k-1)C(1) ((sum p - 1) ^ k) / k! + (k-2)C(2) ((sum p - 2) ^ k) / k! ...} where there are \mjseqn{k} studies and the series continues until the numerator becomes negative \insertCite{edgington72a}{metap}. Some authors use a simpler version \mjdeqn{\frac{(\sum_{i=1}^k p_i)^k}{k!}}{((sum p) ^ k) / k!} but this can be very conservative when \mjeqn{\sum_{i=1}^k p_i > 1}{sum p > 1}. There seems no particular need to use this method but it is returned as the value of \code{conservativep} for use in checking published values. \lele{two} A warning is given when the internal calculations are likely to have been subject to numerical error and an alternative method should be used to check the result. \plotmethod } \value{An object of class \sQuote{\code{sump}} and \sQuote{\code{metap}}, a list with entries \item{p}{The transformed sum of the \mjseqn{p}-values} \item{conservativep}{See details} \item{validp}{The input vector with illegal values removed} } \references{ \insertAllCited{} } \author{Michael Dewey} \seealso{ See also \code{\link{plotp}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) edgington <- dat.metap$edgington sump(edgington) # p = 0.097 } \keyword{ htest } metap/man/metap-internal.Rd0000644000176200001440000000045214606763016015354 0ustar liggesusers\name{metap-internal} \alias{metap-internal} \alias{docontours} \title{Internal functions} \description{Functions for internal use} \usage{ docontours(conttype, xvals, contvals, xtrans, ytrans, xlims, ylims, ltys, contlabs) } \details{Not to be called by the user} \keyword{internal} metap/man/metap-package.Rd0000644000176200001440000000174414563126537015143 0ustar liggesusers\name{metap-package} \alias{metap-package} \alias{metap} \docType{package} \title{\packageTitle{metap}} \description{\packageDescription{metap}} \details{ \packageIndices{metap} Provides a number of ways in which significance levels may be combined in a meta-analysis and includes most ot the methods in \insertCite{becker94;textual}{metap}. It includes a number of datasets taken from the literature. It also provides a display and an informal graphical test due to Schweder and Spjotvoll \insertCite{schweder82}{metap} and the lowest slope line of Benjamini and Hochberg \insertCite{benjamini00}{metap}. The albatros plot of Harrison et al \insertCite{harrison17}{metap} is also provided. } %\author{\packageAuthor{metap}} %\packageMaintainer{metap} \references{ \insertAllCited{} } \keyword{ package } \seealso{ The issue of meta-analysis of signficance levels is not completely unconnected with the topic of adjustment for multiple comparisons as in for example \code{\link{p.adjust}} } metap/man/truncated.Rd0000644000176200001440000000542714643714525014436 0ustar liggesusers\name{truncated} \alias{truncated} \alias{print.truncated} \alias{summary.truncated} \alias{plot.truncated} \title{Truncated product methods} \description{Implements two procedures for truncated versions of Fisher's method\loadmathjax} \usage{ truncated(p, ptrunc = NULL, rtrunc = NULL, ...) \method{print}{truncated}(x, ...) \method{summary}{truncated}(object, ...) \method{plot}{truncated}(x, pparams = list(pchs = c(16, 1), pcols = c("black", "black")), ...) } \arguments{ \item{p}{\sigvec} \item{ptrunc}{Value of \mjseqn{p} to truncate at. See Details} \item{rtrunc}{Which rank \mjseqn{p} to truncate at. See Details} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{truncated}}} \item{object}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{truncated}}} \item{\dots}{Other arguments to be passed through} \item{pparams}{A list containing a vector \code{pchs} of plotting symbols and a vector \code{pcols} of colours} } \details{Uses routines from TFisher to implement truncated Fisher \insertCite{zaykin07,zhang18}{metap} and from mutoss to implement rank-truncated Fisher \insertCite{dudbridge03}{metap} The print method prints the statistic and its associated \mjseqn{p}-value. The summary method also prints how many of the input values were actually used. The plot method provides an index plot of the \mjseqn{p}-values. By default used \mjseqn{p}-values are plotted with a black filled circle and those not used with a black unfilled circle. The colours and plotting symbols can be changed in \code{pparams}. The first element of each vector is for the used \mjseqn{p}-values and the second for the unused ones. } \value{An object of class \sQuote{\code{truncated}} a list with entries \item{p}{The resultant overall \mjseqn{p}-value} \item{stat}{The test statistic} \item{validp}{The input vector with illegal values removed} \item{ptrunc}{The \mjseqn{p}-value used for truncation} \item{trunc}{The rank value used for truncation} \item{n}{A vector containing \code{incl}, the number of valid values included, \code{excl}, the number of valid values not used} \item{method}{The method used} } \note{ Only one of \code{ptrunc} or \code{rtrunc} is returned as appropriate. If the function encounters an error it returns NA for the value of \code{p} and gives a warning message. The effect of specifying both \code{ptrunc} and \code{rtrunc} is undefined. } \references{ \insertAllCited{} } \author{ Michael Dewey } \seealso{ \code{\link[mutoss]{ranktruncated}}, \code{\link[TFisher]{stat.tpm}}, and \code{\link[TFisher]{p.tpm}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) validity <- dat.metap$validity truncated(validity, ptrunc = 0.5) truncated(validity, rtrunc = 5) } \keyword{htest} metap/man/votep.Rd0000644000176200001440000000271114117606776013577 0ustar liggesusers\name{votep} \alias{votep} \alias{print.votep} \title{Combine p-values by the vote counting method} \description{ Combine \mjseqn{p}-values by the vote counting method\loadmathjax } \usage{ votep(p, alpha = 0.5) \method{print}{votep}(x, ...) } %- maybe also 'usage' for other objects documented here. \arguments{ \item{p}{\sigvec} \item{alpha}{A value defining the significance value limits, see Details} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{votep}}} \item{...}{Other arguments to be passed through} } \details{By default splits the \mjseqn{p}-values at 0.5 with those below counting as positive and those above counting as negative. However setting alpha allows specifying a neutral zone. In that case values between alpha and 1 - alpha will be assumed to be neutral and only those outside the zone counted as positive or negative. If the value of alpha is greater than unity it is assumed to be a percentage. \ltlt{two} \plotmethod } \value{An object of class \sQuote{\code{votep}} and \sQuote{\code{votep}}, a list with entries \item{p}{\mjseqn{p} value} \item{pos}{Number of positives} \item{neg}{Number of negatives} \item{alpha}{The cut--off significance value lying in the range 0 to 1} \item{validp}{The input vector with illegal values removed} } \references{ \insertRef{becker94}{metap} } \author{Michael Dewey} \seealso{ See also \code{\link{plotp}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) beckerp <- dat.metap$beckerp votep(beckerp) } \keyword{ htest } metap/man/sumlog.Rd0000644000176200001440000000437614623337530013750 0ustar liggesusers\name{sumlog} \alias{sumlog} \alias{Fisher's method} \alias{chi-square (2) method} \alias{print.sumlog} \title{Combine p-values by the sum of logs (Fisher's) method } \description{Combine \mjseqn{p}-values by the sum of logs method, also known as Fisher's method, and sometimes as the chi-square (2) method\loadmathjax} \usage{ sumlog(p, log.p = FALSE, log.input = FALSE) \method{print}{sumlog}(x, ...) } \arguments{ \item{p}{\sigvec} \item{log.p}{\logp} \item{log.input}{\loginput} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{sumlog}}} \item{...}{Other arguments to be passed through} } \details{ The method relies on the fact that \mjdeqn{\sum_{i=1}^k - 2 \log p_i}{sum (-2 log p)} is a chi-squared with \mjeqn{2 k}{2 * k} df where \mjseqn{k} is the number of studies \insertCite{fisher25}{metap}. \insertNoCite{becker94}{metap} \insertNoCite{rosenthal78}{metap} \insertNoCite{sutton00}{metap} \ltle{two} The \code{log.input} parameter may be beneficial when the input values are already logged and would be small if exponentiated since it avoids a conversion. \plotmethod \nocancel } \value{ An object of class \sQuote{\code{sumlog}} and \sQuote{\code{metap}}, a list with entries \item{chisq}{Value of chi-squared statistic} \item{df}{Associated degrees of freedom} \item{p}{Associated \mjseqn{p}-value} \item{validp}{The input vector with the illegal values removed} %% ... } \references{ \insertAllCited{} } \author{Michael Dewey} \seealso{ See also \code{\link{plotp}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) teachexpect <- dat.metap$teachexpect sumlog(teachexpect) # chisq = 69.473, df = 38, p = 0.0014, from Becker beckerp <- dat.metap$beckerp sumlog(beckerp) # chisq = 18.533, df = 10, sig rosenthal <- dat.metap$rosenthal sumlog(rosenthal$p) # chisq = 22.97, df = 10, p = 0.006 one sided cholest <- dat.metap$cholest$p sumlog(cholest) # chisq = 58.62, df = 68, p = 0.78 validity <- dat.metap$validity$p sumlog(validity) # chisq = 159.82, df = 40, p = 2.91 * 10^{-16} sumlog(c(0.0001, 0.0001, 0.9999, 0.9999)) # is significant all.equal(exp(sumlog(validity, log.p = TRUE)$p), sumlog(validity)$p) all.equal(sumlog(log(validity), log.input = TRUE)$p, sumlog(validity)$p) } % Add one or more standard keywords, see file 'KEYWORDS' in the % R documentation directory. \keyword{ htest } metap/man/sumz.Rd0000644000176200001440000000516314623337574013443 0ustar liggesusers\name{sumz} \alias{sumz} \alias{Stouffer's method} \alias{Sum of normals method} \alias{print.sumz} \title{Combine p-values using the sum of z (Stouffer's) method} \description{Combine \mjseqn{p}-values using the sum of z method\loadmathjax} \usage{ sumz(p, weights = NULL, data = NULL, subset = NULL, na.action = na.fail, log.p = FALSE, log.input = FALSE) \method{print}{sumz}(x, ...) } \arguments{ \item{p}{\sigvec} \item{weights}{A vector of weights} \item{data}{Optional data frame containing variables} \item{subset}{Optional vector of logicals to specify a subset of the \mjseqn{p}-values} \item{na.action}{A function indicating what should happen when data contains NAs} \item{log.p}{\logp} \item{log.input}{\loginput} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{sumz}}} \item{...}{Other arguments to be passed through} } \details{ Defined as \mjdeqn{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^k w_i z(p_i)}{\sqrt {\sum_{i=1}^k w_i ^ 2}}}{sum (w * z(p)) / sqrt(sum (w * w))} is a \mjseqn{z} where \mjseqn{k} is the number of studies and \mjseqn{w} are the weights \insertCite{stouffer49}{metap}. By default the weights are equal. In the absence of effect sizes (in which case a method for combining effect sizes would be more appropriate anyway) best results are believed to be obtained with weights proportional to the square root of the sample sizes \insertCite{zaykin11}{metap} \insertNoCite{becker94}{metap} \insertNoCite{rosenthal78}{metap} \ltlt{two} If the omitted \mjseqn{p} values had supplied weights a further warning is issued. The \code{log.input} parameter may be beneficial when the input values are already logged and would be small if exponentiated since it avoids a conversion. \plotmethod } \value{An object of class \sQuote{\code{sumz}} and \sQuote{\code{metap}}, a list with entries \item{z}{Transformed sum of \mjseqn{z} values} \item{p}{Associated \mjseqn{p}-value} \item{validp}{The input vector with illegal values removed} \item{weights}{The weight vector corresponding to \code{validp}} } \references{ \insertAllCited{} } \author{Michael Dewey} \seealso{ See also \code{\link{plotp}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) teachexpect <- dat.metap$teachexpect sumz(teachexpect) # z = 2.435, p = 0.0074, from Becker beckerp <- dat.metap$beckerp sumz(beckerp) # z = 1.53, NS, from Beckerp rosenthal <- dat.metap$rosenthal sumz(rosenthal$p) # 2.39, p = 0.009 sumz(p, df, rosenthal) # 3.01, p = 0.0013 validity <- dat.metap$validity$p sumz(validity) # z = 8.191, p = 1.25 * 10^{-16} all.equal(exp(sumz(validity, log.p = TRUE)$p), sumz(validity)$p) all.equal(sumz(log(validity), log.input = TRUE)$p, sumz(validity)$p) } \keyword{ htest } metap/man/dat.metap.Rd0000644000176200001440000001260214606223503014301 0ustar liggesusers\name{dat.metap} \alias{dat.metap} \alias{beckerp} \alias{cholest} \alias{edgington} \alias{naep} \alias{mourning} \alias{rosenthal} \alias{teachexpect} \alias{validity} \docType{data} \title{Example data} \description{ The package contains the following datasets: \code{beckerp}, \code{cholest}, \code{edgington}, \code{mourning}, \code{naep}, \code{rosenthal}, \code{teachexpect}, \code{validity}, and \code{zhang}. \loadmathjax} \usage{data(dat.metap) } \format{A list with the following elements: \describe{ \item{\code{beckerp}}{ A vector of length 5 hypothetical \mjseqn{p} values } \item{\code{cholest}}{ A data frame with 34 observations on the following 5 variables. \describe{ \item{\code{ntreat}}{A numeric vector of numbers in the treated group} \item{\code{ncontrol}}{A numeric vector of number in the control group} \item{\code{dtreat}}{A numeric vector of number of deaths in the treated group} \item{\code{dcontrol}}{A numeric vector of number of deaths in the control group} \item{\code{p}}{a numeric vector of one sided \mjseqn{p} values} } } \item{\code{edgington}}{ A vector of length 7 hypothetical \mjseqn{p} values } \item{\code{naep}}{A data frame with 34 observations on the following 2 variables. \describe{ \item{\code{state}}{a factor with levels \code{AL}, \code{AR}, \code{AZ}, \code{CA}, \code{CO}, \code{CT}, \code{DE}, \code{FL}, \code{GA}, \code{HI}, \code{IA}, \code{ID}, \code{IN}, \code{KY}, \code{LA}, \code{MD}, \code{MI}, \code{MN}, \code{NC}, \code{ND}, \code{NE}, \code{NH}, \code{NJ}, \code{NM}, \code{NY}, \code{OH}, \code{OK}, \code{PA}, \code{RI}, \code{TX}, \code{VA}, \code{WI}, \code{WV}, \code{WY},} \item{\code{p}}{a numeric vector} }} \item{\code{mourning}}{ A data frame with 9 observations on the following 3 variables. \describe{ \item{\code{stance}}{a factor with levels \code{No stand}, \code{Opponent}, \code{Supporter}} \item{\code{grade}}{a factor with levels \code{G11-12}, \code{G7-8}, \code{G9-10}} \item{\code{p}}{a numeric vector of \mjseqn{p} values} }} \item{\code{rosenthal}}{ A data frame with 5 observations on the following 3 variables. \describe{ \item{\code{t}}{A numeric vector of values of \mjseqn{t}} \item{\code{df}}{a numeric vector of degrees of freedom} \item{\code{p}}{a numeric vector of one sided \mjseqn{p} values} } } \item{\code{teachexpect}}{A vector of length 19 hypothetical \mjseqn{p} values } \item{\code{validity}}{ A data frame with 20 observations on the following 3 variables \describe{ \item{\code{n}}{A numeric vector of sample sizes} \item{\code{r}}{a numeric vector of correlation coefficients} \item{\code{p}}{a numeric vector of one sided \mjseqn{p} values} } } \item{\code{zhang}}{ A data frame with 22 observations on the following 11 variables \describe{ \item{\code{study}}{character, the study names} \item{\code{smd}}{numeric, the standardised mean difference} \item{\code{lo}}{numeric, the lower confidence limit} \item{\code{hi}}{numeric, the upper confidence limit} \item{\code{ntreat}}{numeric, the treated sample size} \item{\code{ncont}}{numeric, the control sample size} \item{\code{n}}{numeric, the total sample size} \item{\code{phase}}{factor, what phase the patients were in: acute, healing, healed} \item{\code{sd}}{numeric, the calculated standard deviation} \item{\code{z}}{numeric, the calculated z} \item{\code{p}}{numeric, the probability associated with z} } } } } \details{ \describe{ \item{\code{beckerp}}{Hypothetical \mjseqn{p} values from \insertCite{becker94;textual}{metap}} \item{\code{cholest}}{\if{html}{\eqn{}}\mjseqn{p} values from trials of interventions for cholesterol lowering from \insertCite{sutton00;textual}{metap}} \item{\code{edgington}}{Hypothetical \mjseqn{p} values from \insertCite{edgington72a;textual}{metap}} \item{\code{mourning}}{Results from a study of mourning practices of Israeli youth following the assassination of Itzakh Rabin from \insertCite{benjamini00;textual}{metap}} \item{\code{naep}}{Results of mathematical achievment scores from the National Assessment of Educational Progress from \insertCite{benjamini00;textual}{metap}} \item{\code{rosenthal}}{Hypothetical example from \insertCite{rosenthal78;textual}{metap}} \item{\code{teachexpect}}{\if{html}{\eqn{}}\mjseqn{p}-values from studies of the effect of manipulating teacher expectancy on student IQ from \insertCite{becker94;textual}{metap}} \item{\code{validity}}{Data from studies of validity of student ratings of their instructors from \insertCite{becker94;textual}{metap} including correlations and sample sizes as well as \mjseqn{p}-values} \item{\code{zhang}}{Data from trials of exercise training for patients with cardiovascular disease from \insertCite{zhang16;textual}{metap} } } } \author{Michael Dewey} \note{The \mjseqn{p}-values in \code{cholest} have been re-calculated from other data given in the book and so are of higher accuracy than the ones given in the book which are only to two decimal places.} \references{ \insertAllCited{} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) } \keyword{datasets} metap/man/albatros.Rd0000644000176200001440000001100714606763077014250 0ustar liggesusers\name{albatros} \alias{albatros} %- Also NEED an '\alias' for EACH other topic documented here. \title{Albatros plot} \description{Produces the albatros plot of Harrison et al\loadmathjax} \usage{ albatros(p, n, axes = list(xlimit = NULL, ylimit = NULL, lefttext = NULL, righttext = NULL), contours = list(type = NULL, contvals = NULL, ltys = NULL, contlabs = NULL), plotpars = list(yscale = NULL, pchs = NULL, cols = NULL), ...) } \arguments{ \item{p}{A vector of \mjseqn{p} values} \item{n}{A vector of sample sizes} \item{axes}{A list containing \itemize{ \item \code{xlimit} a single value, the limit for the x-axis which is used symmetrically \item \code{ylimit} a vector of length 2, limits for the y-axis \item \code{lefttext} character, to label below plot \item \code{righttext} character, to label below plot } } \item{contours}{A list containing \itemize{ \item \code{type} what effect size to use, a character one of "corr", "or", "smd" \item \code{contvals} a vector, what values to draw the contours at \item \code{ltys} a vector, what line types to use \item \code{contlabs} logical, draw the labels of the countours? } } \item{plotpars}{A list containing \itemize{ \item \code{yscale} Scaling for y-axis, See details \item \code{pchs} Symbols to be used \item \code{cols} Colours for points } } \item{\dots}{Arguments to be passed through to \code{plot}} } \details{Plots \mjseqn{n} against \mjseqn{p} and draws contours of constant effect size. \insertNoCite{harrison17}{metap} The \mjseqn{p} value scale on the x-axis is a logarithmic one but folded at the null value so that the extreme values represent small probabilities in each direction. The scale for the y-axis is user selectable. The original scale in the Stata version is \mjeqn{(\log_{10}n)^2}{log(n, base = 10) ^ 2} which is obtained by setting \code{yscale} to "classic" but it is also possible to use \mjeqn{\sqrt{n}}{sqrt(n)} which is the default or \mjseqn{n} by setting \code{yscale} to "n". If the dataset contains extreme values the plot may be uninformative and the \code{xlimit} and \code{ylimit} parameters my be helpful to clip the plot. If they are not specified the function tries to choose suitable values. For the contours if the \code{type} parameter in \code{contours} is NULL (the default) no contours will be plotted. The options available are \dQuote{smd} (Standardised mean difference) \dQuote{corr} (Correlation) \dQuote{or} (Odds ratio). The contours are labelled unless contlabs is set to \code{FALSE}. The function tries to position these so they are not obscured by the contour lines but if that is unsatisfactory then it is best to suppress them and position them manually or use a legend to identify line types. The \code{pch} parameter may either be a single value or a vector of the same length as \code{p}. It may contain anything which is legal as input to the parameter of the same name in the graphics library and will be used for the plotted points. The \code{cols} parameter works similarly. The values of \code{lefttext} and \code{righttext} are used to produce labels under the \mjseqn{x}-axis and are placed level with the label. By default they are not produced. The return values from the function may be useful if further annotations are required as they give the axis limits in plotting units. } \value{Returns a list containing \item{xlims}{The limits for the x-axis in plotting units} \item{ylims}{The limits for the y-axis in plotting units} } \references{ \insertAllCited{} } \author{Michael Dewey} \note{The docontours function is for internal use only} %% ~Make other sections like Warning with \section{Warning }{....} ~ \seealso{For plotting parameters see \code{\link{par}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) validity <- dat.metap$validity fit.v <- albatros(validity$p, validity$n, contours = list(type = "corr", contvals = c(0.25, 0.5, 0.8), ltys = 1:3), axes = list(ylimit = c(1,200), lefttext = "Negative correlation", righttext = "Positive correlation"), main = "Validity") # fit.z <- albatros(dat.metap$zhang$p, dat.metap$zhang$n, contours = list(type = "smd", contvals = c(0.25, 0.5, 1), ltys = 1:3), plotpars = list(pchs = letters[unclass(dat.metap$zhang$phase)]), axes = list(lefttext = "Favours control", righttext = "Favours exercise"), main = "Zhang" ) } \keyword{hplot} metap/man/wilkinsonp.Rd0000644000176200001440000000616714136254503014634 0ustar liggesusers\name{wilkinsonp} \alias{wilkinsonp} \alias{maximump} \alias{minimump} \alias{Tippett's method} \alias{print.wilkinsonp} \alias{print.maximump} \alias{print.minimump} \title{Combine p-values using Wilkinson's method} \description{Combine \mjseqn{p}-values using Wilkinson's method\loadmathjax} \usage{ wilkinsonp(p, r = 1, alpha = 0.05, log.p = FALSE) maximump(p, alpha = 0.05, log.p = FALSE) minimump(p, alpha = 0.05, log.p = FALSE) \method{print}{wilkinsonp}(x, ...) \method{print}{maximump}(x, ...) \method{print}{minimump}(x, ...) } \arguments{ \item{p}{\sigvec} \item{r}{Use the \mjseqn{r}th smallest \mjseqn{p} value} \item{alpha}{The significance level} \item{log.p}{\logp} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{wilkinsonp}} or of class \sQuote{\code{maximump}} or of class \sQuote{\code{minimump}}} \item{...}{Other arguments to be passed through} } \details{ Wilkinson \insertCite{wilkinson51}{metap} originally proposed his method in the context of simultaneous statistical inference: the probability of obtaining \mjseqn{r} or more significant statistics by chance in a group of \mjseqn{k}. The values are obtained from the Beta distribution, see \code{\link{pbeta}}. If \code{alpha} is greater than unity it is assumed to be a percentage. Either values greater than 0.5 (assumed to be confidence coefficient) or less than 0.5 are accepted. \lele{two} \code{maximump} and \code{minimump} each provide a wrapper for \code{wilkinsonp} for the special case when \mjeqn{r = \mathrm{length}(p)}{r = length(p)} or \mjseqn{r=1} respectively and each has its own print method. The method of minimum \mjseqn{p} is also known as Tippett's method \insertCite{tippett31}{metap}. \insertNoCite{becker94}{metap}\insertNoCite{birnbaum54}{metap} \plotmethod \nocancel } \value{An object of class \sQuote{\code{wilkinsonp}} and \sQuote{\code{metap}} or of class \sQuote{\code{maximump}} and \sQuote{\code{metap}} or of class \sQuote{\code{minimump}} and \sQuote{\code{metap}}, a list with entries \item{p}{The \mjseqn{p}-value resulting from the meta--analysis} \item{pr}{The \mjseqn{r}th smallest \mjseqn{p} value used} \item{r}{The value of \mjseqn{r}} \item{critp}{The critical value at which the \mjseqn{r}th value would have been significant for the chosen \code{alpha}} \item{validp}{The input vector with illegal values removed} %% ... } \references{ \insertAllCited{} } \note{The value of \code{critp} is always on the raw scale even if \code{log.p} has been set to TRUE} \author{Michael Dewey} \seealso{ See also \code{\link{plotp}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) beckerp <- dat.metap$beckerp minimump(beckerp) # signif = FALSE, critp = 0.0102, minp = 0.016 teachexpect <- dat.metap$teachexpect minimump(teachexpect) # crit 0.0207, note Becker says minp = 0.0011 wilkinsonp(c(0.223, 0.223), r = 2) # Birnbaum, just signif validity <- dat.metap$validity$p minimump(validity) # minp = 0.00001, critp = 1.99 * 10^{-4} minimump(c(0.0001, 0.0001, 0.9999, 0.9999)) # is significant all.equal(exp(minimump(validity, log.p = TRUE)$p), minimump(validity)$p) all.equal(exp(maximump(validity, log.p = TRUE)$p), maximump(validity)$p) } \keyword{ htest } metap/man/macros/0000755000176200001440000000000013472726173013433 5ustar liggesusersmetap/man/macros/macros.Rd0000644000176200001440000000253014131333014015163 0ustar liggesusers\newcommand{\nocancel}{Inspection of the distribution of \mjseqn{p}-values is highly recommended as extreme values in opposite directions do not cancel out. See last example. This may not be what you want.} \newcommand{\plotmethod}{The plot method for class \sQuote{\code{metap}} calls \code{\link{plotp}} on the valid \eqn{p}-values.} \newcommand{\sigvec}{A vector of significance values} \newcommand{\ltle}{The values of \mjseqn{p_i} should be such that \mjseqn{0 < p_i\le 1} and a warning is given if that is not true. A warning is given if, possibly as a result of removing illegal values, fewer than #1 values remain and the return values are set to NA.} \newcommand{\ltlt}{The values of \mjseqn{p_i} should be such that \mjseqn{0 < p_i < 1} and a warning is given if that is not true. A warning is given if, possibly as a result of removing illegal values, fewer than #1 values remain and the return values are set to NA.} \newcommand{\lele}{The values of \mjseqn{p_i} should be such that \mjseqn{0\le p_i\le 1} and a warning is given if that is not true. A warning is given if, possibly as a result of removing illegal values, fewer than #1 values remain and the return values are set to NA.} \newcommand{\logp}{Logical, if TRUE result is returned as log(p)} \newcommand{\loginput}{Logical, if TRUE the input \mjseqn{p} values are assumed to be logged} metap/man/meanp.Rd0000644000176200001440000000225414117604730013530 0ustar liggesusers\name{meanp} \alias{meanp} \alias{print.meanp} %- Also NEED an '\alias' for EACH other topic documented here. \title{Combine p values by the mean p method} \description{Combine \mjseqn{p} values by the mean p method\loadmathjax} \usage{ meanp(p) \method{print}{meanp}(x, ...) } %- maybe also 'usage' for other objects documented here. \arguments{ \item{p}{\sigvec} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{meanp}}} \item{...}{Other arguments to be passed through} } \details{ Defined as \mjdeqn{z = (0.5 - \bar{p}) \sqrt{12k}}{z = (0.5 - mean(p)) * sqrt(12k)} which is a standard normal and due to \insertCite{edgington72b;textual}{metap} \insertNoCite{becker94}{metap}\insertNoCite{rosenthal78}{metap} \lele{four} \plotmethod } \value{ An object of class \sQuote{\code{meanp}} and \sQuote{\code{metap}}, a list with entries \item{z}{Value of \mjseqn{z}} \item{p}{Associated \mjseqn{p}-value} \item{validp}{The input vector with illegal values removed} } \references{ \insertAllCited{} } \author{Michael Dewey} \seealso{ See also \code{\link{plotp}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) rosenthal <- dat.metap$rosenthal meanp(rosenthal$p) # 2.17, p = 0.015 one tailed } \keyword{ htest } metap/man/meanz.Rd0000644000176200001440000000355014606754722013554 0ustar liggesusers\name{meanz} \alias{meanz} \alias{print.meanz} \title{Combine p values using the mean z method} \description{Combines p values using the mean of z method\loadmathjax} \usage{ meanz(p, log.p = FALSE) \method{print}{meanz}(x, ...) } %- maybe also 'usage' for other objects documented here. \arguments{ \item{p}{\sigvec} \item{log.p}{\logp} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{meanz}}} \item{...}{Other arguments to be passed through} } \details{ Let \mjdeqn{\bar{z} = \sum_{i=1}^k \frac{z(p_i)}{k}}{bar{z} = sum(z(p) / k)} and \mjdeqn{s_{\bar{z}} = \frac{s_z}{\sqrt{k}}}{s_{bar{z}} = s_z / sqrt k } Defined as \mjdeqn{% \frac{\bar{z}}{s_{\bar{z}}} > t_{k-1}(\alpha) }{((bar{z} / s_bar{z}) > t_{k-1}(alpha)} \lele{two} As can be seen if all the \mjseqn{p_i} are equal or close to equal this gives a \mjeqn{t=\pm\infty}{t=+-infty} leading to a returned value of 0 or 1. A set of \mjseqn{p} values with small variance will necessarily give a large value for \mjdeqn{\frac{\bar{z}}{s_{\bar{z}}}}{((bar{z} / s_bar{z})} and hence a small \mjseqn{p} value which may be smaller than that for another set all of whose primary values are less than any in the first set. See examples for a demonstration. \plotmethod } \value{An object of class \sQuote{\code{meanz}} and \sQuote{\code{metap}}, a list with entries \item{z}{The value of the mean \mjseqn{z} statistic} \item{p}{The associated \mjseqn{p} value} \item{validp}{The input vector with illegal values removed} } \references{ \insertRef{becker94}{metap} } \author{Michael Dewey} \seealso{ See also \code{\link{plotp}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) beckerp <- dat.metap$beckerp meanz(beckerp) meanz(c(0.1, 0.2)) # greater than next example meanz(c(0.3, 0.31)) # less than above all.equal(exp(meanz(beckerp, log.p = TRUE)$p), meanz(beckerp)$p) } \keyword{ htest } metap/man/logitp.Rd0000644000176200001440000000271214606754066013740 0ustar liggesusers\name{logitp} \alias{logitp} \alias{print.logitp} \title{Combine p values using the logit method} \description{ Combine \mjseqn{p} values using logit method\loadmathjax } \usage{ logitp(p, log.p = FALSE) \method{print}{logitp}(x, ...) } \arguments{ \item{p}{\sigvec} \item{log.p}{\logp} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{logitp}}} \item{...}{Other arguments to be passed through} } \details{ Defined as \mjdeqn{t = - \frac{\sum_{i=1}^k \log\frac{p_i}{1 - p_i}}{C}}{% t = - sum log(p / (1 - p)) / C} where \mjdeqn{C = \sqrt\frac{k \pi^2 (5 k + 2)}{3(5 k + 4)}}{C = sqrt((k pi^2 (5 k + 2)) / (3(5 k + 4)))} and \mjseqn{k} is the number of studies. \ltlt{two} \plotmethod } \value{ An object of class \sQuote{\code{logitp}} and \sQuote{\code{metap}}, a list with entries \item{t}{Value of Student's \mjseqn{t}} \item{df}{Associated degrees of freedom} \item{p}{Associated \mjseqn{p}-value} \item{validp}{The input vector with illegal values removed} } \references{ \insertRef{becker94}{metap} } \author{Michael Dewey} \seealso{ See also \code{\link{plotp}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) teachexpect <- dat.metap$teachexpect logitp(teachexpect) # t = 2.763, df = 99, p = 0.0034, from Becker beckerp <- dat.metap$beckerp logitp(beckerp) # t = 1.62, df = 29, NS, from Becker validity <- dat.metap$validity$p logitp(validity) # t = 9.521, df = 104, p = 3.89 * 10^{-16} all.equal(exp(logitp(validity, log.p = TRUE)$p), logitp(validity)$p) } \keyword{ htest } metap/man/allmetap.Rd0000644000176200001440000000277214760342172014237 0ustar liggesusers\name{allmetap} \alias{allmetap} \alias{print.allmetap} \title{Carry out all or some of the methods in the package} \description{Enables all or a selected number of the package methods to be executed on the same dataset\loadmathjax} \usage{ allmetap(p, method = "all", log.p = FALSE) \method{print}{allmetap}(x, digits = 5, ...) } \arguments{ \item{p}{A vector of \mjseqn{p}-values} \item{method}{A vector of character containing names of methods or \sQuote{\code{all}}} \item{log.p}{Logical, are the \mjseqn{p}-values passed as logs?} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{allmetap}}} \item{digits}{How many digits to print?} \item{...}{Other arguments to be passed through} } \details{The function uses each of the methods specified on the data-set in \code{p}. If method contains \sQuote{\code{all}} then this over--rides any specific method(s) named. } \value{Returns an object of class \sQuote{\code{allmetap}} and \sQuote{\code{data.frame}} containing columns \item{p}{The value of p returned} \item{valid}{The number of valid p values used for that method} \item{eponym}{The eponym, if any, for the method} The row names are the names of the methods used. If any of the methods cannot be applied to that data--set NA are returned for \code{p} and \code{valid}. } \author{Michael Dewey} \examples{ data(dat.metap) beckerp <- dat.metap$beckerp allmetap(beckerp) allmetap(beckerp, method = c("sumz", "sumlog"), log.p = TRUE) } \keyword{htest} metap/man/two2one.Rd0000644000176200001440000000255414117607465014040 0ustar liggesusers\name{two2one} \alias{two2one} %- Also NEED an '\alias' for EACH other topic documented here. \title{Convert two-sided p-values to one-sided} \description{Convert two-sided p-values to one-sided\loadmathjax} \usage{ two2one(p, two = NULL, invert = NULL) } %- maybe also 'usage' for other objects documented here. \arguments{ \item{p}{A vector of p-values} \item{two}{A logical vector defining which \mjseqn{p}-values are two-sided and to be converted} \item{invert}{A logical vector defining which \mjseqn{p}-values are to be inverted} } \details{The \mjseqn{p}-values supplied to the other functions should be one-sided and all in the same direction. This convenience function will convert two-sided to one-sided and invert as necessary. By default it is assumed that all \mjseqn{p}-values are two-sided and the function converts them all to one-sided. Use \code{invert} to specify if some of the tests resulted in outcomes in the other direction. So for example a value of 0.05 will be converted to 0.025 unless \code{invert} is TRUE in which case it is converted to 0.975.} \value{A vector of one-sided \mjseqn{p}-values all in the correct direction } \author{Michael Dewey} \examples{ data(dat.metap) rosenthal <- dat.metap$rosenthal twop <- with(rosenthal, (pt(t, df))) two2one(twop, two = rep(FALSE, 5), invert = rep(TRUE, 5)) # restore to one-sided } \keyword{ manip } metap/man/invt.Rd0000644000176200001440000000321114606753776013424 0ustar liggesusers\name{invt} \alias{invt} \alias{print.invt} \title{Combine p values using the inverse t method} \description{Combine p values using the inverse t method\loadmathjax} \usage{ invt(p, k, data = NULL, subset = NULL, na.action = na.fail, log.p = FALSE) \method{print}{invt}(x, ...) } \arguments{ \item{p}{\sigvec} \item{k}{A vector of degrees of freedom to use, see details} \item{data}{Optional data frame containing variables} \item{subset}{Optional vector of logicals to specify a subset of the \mjseqn{p}-values} \item{na.action}{A function indicating what should happen when data contains NAs} \item{log.p}{\logp} \item{x}{An object of class \sQuote{\code{invt}}} \item{...}{Other arguments to be passed through} } \details{ Defined as \mjdeqn{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n t_{k_i}(p_i)}% {\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^n \frac{k_i}{k_i - 2}}}% > z(\alpha)% }{\sum t (p) /% \sqrt{\sum k / (k - 2)}% > z(\alpha)} If \code{k} is a single value it is used for all the \code{p} of which there are \code{n}. If any value of \mjseqn{k_i\le2} then the corresponding \mjseqn{p_i} is not included. \ltle{two} \plotmethod } \value{ An object of class \sQuote{\code{invt}} and \sQuote{\code{metap}}, a list with entries \item{z}{Value of z} \item{p}{Associated p-value} \item{validp}{The input vector with the illegal values removed} } \references{ \insertRef{becker94}{metap} } \author{Michael Dewey} \seealso{ See also \code{\link{plotp}} } \examples{ data(dat.metap) beckerp <- dat.metap$beckerp invt(beckerp, 50) all.equal(exp(invt(beckerp, 50, log.p = TRUE)$p), invt(beckerp, 50)$p) } \keyword{ htest } metap/man/schweder.Rd0000644000176200001440000000706414117606232014237 0ustar liggesusers\name{schweder} \alias{schweder} \title{Schweder and Spjotvoll plot} \description{Produces the plot suggested by Schweder and Spjotvoll to display a collection of \mjseqn{p}-values and also optionally draws the lowest slope line suggested by Benjamini and Hochberg\loadmathjax } \usage{ schweder(p, xlab = "Rank of p", ylab = "p", drawline = NULL, bh.lwd = 1, bh.lty = "solid", bh.col = "black", ls.control = list(frac = NULL), ls.lwd = 1, ls.lty = "dotted", ls.col = "black", ab.control = list(a = NULL, b = NULL), ab.lwd = 1, ab.lty = "dashed", ab.col = "black", ...) } %- maybe also 'usage' for other objects documented here. \arguments{ \item{p}{A vector of \mjseqn{p}-values} \item{xlab}{Label for plot \mjseqn{x}-axis} \item{ylab}{Label for plot \mjseqn{y}-axis} \item{drawline}{Which line, if any, to draw. See Details} \item{bh.lwd}{Width of the lowest slope line} \item{bh.lty}{Line type of the lowest slope line} \item{bh.col}{Colour of the lowest slope line} \item{ls.control}{A list containing a named element \code{frac}. See Details} \item{ls.lwd}{Width of the least squares line} \item{ls.lty}{Line type of the least squares line} \item{ls.col}{Colour of the least squares line} \item{ab.control}{A list containing two elements \code{a} and \code{b}. See Details} \item{ab.lwd}{Width of the specified line} \item{ab.lty}{Line type of the specified line} \item{ab.col}{Colour of the specified line} \item{\dots}{Further parameters to be passed through to plot} } \details{After removing invalid \mjseqn{p}-values plots them. Any graphics parameters passed in \code{...} affect this part of the plot only. Note that the axes are chosen according to the scheme of Banjamini and Hochberg, Schweder and Spjotvoll used a different system. By setting \code{drawline} appropriately up to three lines may be drawn. If \code{drawline} includes the string \code{"bh"} the lowest slope line of Benjaimin and Hochberg is drawn. No further parameters are needed here but the characteristics of the line may be set: width, line type, and colour. If \code{drawline} includes the string \code{"ls"} a least squares line is drawn passing through the point \mjseqn{k+1, 1}. The parameter \code{frac} specified what fraction of the values be used for this and may need experimentation to obtain a suitable line. The characteristics of the line may be set: width, line type, and colour. If \code{drawline} includes the string \code{"ab"} a user specified line is drawn. The parameters \code{a} and \code{b} specify the intercept and slope. The characteristics of the line may be set: width, line type, and colour. } \value{ A list containing \item{p}{The values of \mjseqn{p} plotted} \item{bh.params}{A list containing at least items \code{a} and \code{b} the intercept and slope of the line drawn. This is only included if the lowest slope line was drawn} \item{ls.params}{A list containing at least items \code{a} and \code{b} the intercept and slope of the line drawn. This is only included if the least squares line was drawn} \item{ab.params}{A list containing at least items \code{a} and \code{b} the intercept and slope of the line drawn. This is only included if the user specified line was drawn} } \references{ \insertRef{becker94}{metap} \insertRef{benjamini00}{metap} \insertRef{schweder82}{metap} } \author{Michael Dewey} \examples{ data(dat.metap) teachexpect <- dat.metap$teachexpect schweder(teachexpect) } \keyword{ hplot } metap/DESCRIPTION0000644000176200001440000000206514765375301013104 0ustar liggesusersPackage: metap Type: Package Title: Meta-Analysis of Significance Values Version: 1.12 Date: 2025-03-12 Authors@R: person("Michael", "Dewey", role = c("aut", "cre"), email = "lists@dewey.myzen.co.uk", comment = c(ORCID = "0000-0002-7522-3677") ) Description: The canonical way to perform meta-analysis involves using effect sizes. When they are not available this package provides a number of methods for meta-analysis of significance values including the methods of Edgington, Fisher, Lancaster, Stouffer, Tippett, and Wilkinson; a number of data-sets to replicate published results; and routines for graphical display. Depends: R (>= 3.5.0) Imports: lattice,Rdpack (>= 0.7),TFisher,mutoss,mathjaxr (>= 0.8-3),qqconf RdMacros: Rdpack,mathjaxr BuildManual: TRUE License: GPL-2 LazyLoad: yes NeedsCompilation: no Packaged: 2025-03-15 12:19:47 UTC; MichaelUser Author: Michael Dewey [aut, cre] () Maintainer: Michael Dewey Repository: CRAN Date/Publication: 2025-03-15 22:10:09 UTC