!!) or start on new lines, each with its own single mark (!).
|-
|
|| | || and !! for optionally adding consecutive cells to a line. However, blank spaces at the beginning of a line are ignored.
*'''XHTML attributes.''' Each mark, except table end, optionally accepts one or more XHTML attributes. Attributes must be on the same line as the mark. Separate attributes from each other with a single space.
**Cells and caption (| or ||, ! or !!, and |+) hold content. So separate any attributes from content with a single pipe (|). Cell content may follow on same line or on following lines.
**Table and row marks ({| and |-) do not directly hold content. Do ''not'' add pipe (|) after their optional attributes. If you erroneously add a pipe after attributes for the table mark or row mark the parser will delete it ''and'' your final attribute if it was touching the erroneous pipe!
*'''Content''' may (a) follow its cell mark on the same line after any optional XHTML attributes or (b) on lines below the cell mark. Content that uses wiki markup that itself needs to start on a new line, such as lists, headings, or nested tables, must be on its own new line.
==Basics==
The following table lacks borders and good spacing but shows the simplest wiki markup table structure.
{| cellspacing="0" border="1"
!style="width:50%"|You type
!style="width:50%"|You get
|-
|
{|
|Orange
|Apple
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|}
|
{|
|Orange
|Apple
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|}
|}
The cells in the same row can be listed on one line separated by ||.
Extra spaces within cells in the wiki markup, as in the wiki markup below, do not affect the actual table rendering.
{| cellspacing="0" border="1"
!style="width:50%"|You type
!style="width:50%"|You get
|-
|
{|
| Orange || Apple || more
|-
| Bread || Pie || more
|-
| Butter || Ice cream || and more
|}
|
{|
| Orange || Apple || more
|-
| Bread || Pie || more
|-
| Butter || Ice cream || and more
|}
|}
=== Table headers ===
Table headers can be created by using "!" instead of "|". Headers usually show up bold and centered by default.
{| cellspacing="0" border="1"
!style="width:50%"|You type
!style="width:50%"|You get
|-
|
{|
! Item
! Amount
! Cost
|-
|Orange
|10
|7.00
|-
|Bread
|4
|3.00
|-
|Butter
|1
|5.00
|-
!Total
|
|15.00
|}
|
{|
! Item
! Amount
! Cost
|-
|Orange
|10
|7.00
|-
|Bread
|4
|3.00
|-
|Butter
|1
|5.00
|-
!Total
|
|15.00
|}
|}
===Caption===
A '''table caption''' can be added to the top of any table as follows.
{| cellspacing="0" border="1"
!style="width:50%"|You type
!style="width:50%"|You get
|-
|
{|
|+Food complements
|-
|Orange
|Apple
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|}
|
{|
|+ Food complements
|-
|Orange
|Apple
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|}
|}
== XHTML attributes ==
You can add XHTML attributes to tables. For the authoriative source on these, see [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/tables.html the W3C's HTML 4.01 Specification page on tables].
=== Attributes on tables ===
Placing attributes after the table start tag ({|) applies attributes to the entire table.
{| cellspacing="0" border="1"
!style="width:50%"|You type
!style="width:50%"|You get
|-
|
{| border="1"
|Orange
|Apple
|12,333.00
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|500.00
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|1.00
|}
|
{| border="1"
|Orange
|Apple
|12,333.00
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|500.00
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|1.00
|}
|}
=== Attributes on cells ===
You can put attributes on individual '''cells'''. For example, numbers may look better aligned right.
{| cellspacing="0" border="1"
!style="width:50%"|You type
!style="width:50%"|You get
|-
|
{| border="1"
|Orange
|Apple
|align="right" | 12,333.00
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|align="right" | 500.00
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|align="right" | 1.00
|}
|
{| border="1"
|Orange
|Apple
|align="right"|12,333.00
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|align="right"|500.00
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|align="right"|1.00
|}
|}
You can also use '''cell''' attributes when you are listing multiple '''cells''' on a single line. Note that the '''cells''' are separated by ||, and within each '''cell''' the attribute(s) and value are separated by |.
{| cellspacing="0" border="1"
!style="width:50%"|You type
!style="width:50%"|You get
|-
|
{| border="1"
| Orange || Apple || align="right" | 12,333.00
|-
| Bread || Pie || align="right" | 500.00
|-
| Butter || Ice cream || align="right" | 1.00
|}
|
{| border="1"
| Orange || Apple || align="right" | 12,333.00
|-
| Bread || Pie || align="right" | 500.00
|-
| Butter || Ice cream || align="right" | 1.00
|}
|}
===Attributes on rows===
You can put attributes on individual '''rows''', too.
{| cellspacing="0" border="1"
!style="width:50%"|You type
!style="width:50%"|You get
|-
|
{| border="1"
|Orange
|Apple
|align="right"|12,333.00
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|align="right"|500.00
|- style="font-style:italic; color:green;"
|Butter
|Ice cream
|align="right"|1.00
|}
|
{| border="1"
|Orange
|Apple
|align="right"|12,333.00
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|align="right"|500.00
|- style="font-style:italic; color:green;"
|Butter
|Ice cream
|align="right"|1.00
|}
|}
===With HTML attributes and CSS styles===
CSS style attributes can be added with or without other HTML attributes.
{| cellspacing="0" border="1"
!style="width:50%"|You type
!style="width:50%"|You get
|-
|
{| style="color:green; background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|Orange
|Apple
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|}
|
{| style="color:green; background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|Orange
|Apple
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|}
|}
'''Attributes''' can be added to the caption and headers as follows.
{| cellspacing="0" border="1"
!style="width:50%"|You type
!style="width:50%"|You get
|-
|
{| border="1" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0"
|+ align="bottom" style="color:#e76700;" |''Food complements''
|-
|Orange
|Apple
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|}
|
{| border="1" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0"
|+ align="bottom" style="color:#e76700;" |''Food complements''
|-
|Orange
|Apple
|-
|Bread
|Pie
|-
|Butter
|Ice cream
|}
|}
==Caveats==
===Negative numbers===
If you start a cell on a new line with a negative number with a minus sign (or a parameter that evaluates to a negative number), your table can get broken, because the characters |- will be parsed as the wiki markup for table row, not table cell. To avoid this, insert a space before the value (| -6) or use in-line cell markup (|| -6).
===CSS vs Attributes===
Table borders specified through CSS rather then the border attribute will render incorrectly in a small subset of text browsers.
wikicloth-0.8.1/sample_documents/george_washington.wiki 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000231512 12263013231 023634 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff {{otheruses}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox President
|name = George Washington
|nationality = American
|image = Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg
|wh image = Gw1.gif
|order = [[List of Presidents of the United States|1st]] [[President of the United States]]
|term_start = April 30, 1789
|term_end = March 4, 1797
|vicepresident = [[John Adams]]
|successor = [[John Adams]]
|order2 = 1st [[Continental Army|Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army]]
|term_start2 = June 15, 1775
|term_end2 = December 23, 1783
|appointer2 = [[Continental Congress]]
|successor2 = [[Henry Knox]]{{smallsup|b}}
|order3 = 6th [[Commanding General of the United States Army|United States Army Senior Officer]]
|term_start3 = July 13, 1798
|term_end3 = December 14, 1799
|president3 = [[John Adams]]
|predecessor3 = [[James Wilkinson]]
|successor3 = [[Alexander Hamilton]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1732|2|22|mf=y}}
|birth_place = [[Westmoreland County, Virginia|Westmoreland County]], [[Colony of Virginia]], [[British America]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1799|12|14|1732|2|22}}
|death_place = [[Mount Vernon]], [[Virginia]], [[United States]]
|restingplace = Family vault, [[Mount Vernon]], [[Virginia]], [[United States]]
|party = None
|spouse = [[Martha Washington|Martha Dandridge Custis Washington]]
|children = [[John Parke Custis]] (stepson)Martha Parke Custis (stepdaughter)
[[Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis]] (step-granddaughter, raised by Washington)
[[George Washington Parke Custis]] (step-grandson, raised by Washington) |religion = [[Church of England]]{{\}}[[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] |occupation = [[Farmer]] ([[Plantation|Planter]])
[[Soldier]] ([[Officer (armed forces)|Officer]]) |signature = George Washington signature.svg |allegiance = {{flagicon|United Kingdom|1606}} [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]
{{flag|United States|1777}} |branch = |serviceyears = 1752–1758
1775–1783
1798–1799 |rank = [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]]
[[General of the Armies|General of the Armies of the United States]] (posthumously in 1976) |commands = [[British Army]]'s [[Virginia Regiment]]
[[Continental Army]]
[[United States Army]] |battles = [[French and Indian War]]
*[[Battle of Jumonville Glen]]
*[[Battle of Fort Necessity]]
*[[Battle of the Monongahela]]
*[[Battle of Fort Duquesne]]
[[American Revolutionary War]]
*[[Boston campaign]]
*[[New York and New Jersey campaigns|New York campaign]]
*[[New York and New Jersey campaigns|New Jersey campaign]]
*[[Philadelphia campaign]]
*[[Yorktown Campaign|Yorktown campaign]] |awards = [[Congressional Gold Medal]], [[Thanks of Congress]] |footnotes = a See [[President of the Continental Congress|President of the United States, in Congress Assembled]].
b General Knox served as the [[Commanding General of the United States Army|Senior Officer of the United States Army]]. }} '''George Washington''' ({{OldStyleDateDY|February 22,|1732|February 11, 1731}}Engber, Daniel (2006).[http://www.slate.com/id/2134455/ What's Benjamin Franklin's Birthday?]. (Both Franklin's and Washington's confusing birth dates are clearly explained.) Retrieved on June 17, 2009.The birth and death of George Washington are given using the [[Gregorian calendar]]. However, he was born when Britain and her colonies still used the Julian calendar, so contemporary records record his birth as February 11, 1731. The provisions of the [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]], implemented in 1752, altered the official British dating method to the Gregorian calendar with the start of the year on January 1.{{cite web |title=Image of page from family Bible |url=http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/faq/bible.html |publisher=Papers of George Washington |accessdate=2008-01-26}}{{ndash}} December 14, 1799) was the commander of the [[Continental Army]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783) and served as the [[List of Presidents of the United States|first]] [[President of the United States|President]] of the [[United States]] of America (1789–1797).Under the Articles of Confederation Congress called its presiding officer "President of the United States in Congress Assembled." He had no executive powers, but the similarity of titles has confused people into thinking there were other presidents before Washington. Merrill Jensen, ''The Articles of Confederation'' (1959), 178–9 For his essential roles in both war and peace, he is often referred to as the father of his country.{{cite web |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa/wash |title=George Washington |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=June 27, 2009}}{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/father/index.html |title=Rediscovering George Washington |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]] |accessdate=June 27, 2009}} The [[Continental Congress]] appointed Washington [[Commander-in-chief#United States|commander-in-chief]] of the American revolutionary forces in 1775. The following year, he forced the [[Boston campaign#Siege ends|British out of Boston]], [[New York and New Jersey campaign#Capture of New York|lost New York City]], and crossed the [[Delaware River]] [[New York and New Jersey campaign#Washington's counterstrike|in New Jersey, defeating the surprised enemy units]] later that year. As a result of his strategy, Revolutionary forces captured the two main British combat armies at [[Battles of Saratoga|Saratoga]] and [[Siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]]. Negotiating with Congress, the colonial states, and [[Early Modern France|French allies]], he held together a tenuous army and a fragile nation amid the threats of disintegration and failure. Following the end of the war in 1783, Washington returned to private life and retired to his plantation at [[Mount Vernon, Virginia|Mount Vernon]], prompting an incredulous [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] to state, "If he does that, he will be the greatest man in the world."{{cite book |title= George Washington: The Founding Father |last=Johnson |first=Paul |publisher=Eminent Lives |date=2005 |quote=In London, George III questioned the American-born painter Benjamin West what Washington would do now he had won the war. 'Oh,' said West, 'they say he will return to his farm.' 'If he does that,' said the king, 'he will be the greatest man in the world.' |isbn=0-06-075365-X |publisher=HarperCollins |page=78 }} He presided over the [[Philadelphia Convention]] that drafted the [[United States Constitution]] in 1787 because of general dissatisfaction with the [[Articles of Confederation]]. Washington became President of the United States in 1789 and established many of the customs and usages of the [[Federal government of the United States|new government's]] executive department. He sought to create a nation capable of surviving in a world torn asunder by war between Britain and France. His unilateral [[Proclamation of Neutrality]] of 1793 provided a basis for [[United States non-interventionism|avoiding any involvement in foreign conflicts]]. He supported plans to build a strong [[federal government|central government]] by funding the [[Government debt|national debt]], implementing an [[Taxation in the United States|effective tax system]], and creating a [[national bank]]. Washington avoided the temptation of war and began a decade of peace with Britain via the [[Jay Treaty]] in 1795; he used his prestige to get it ratified over intense opposition from the [[Democratic-Republican Party|Jeffersonians]]. Although never officially joining the [[Federalist Party]], he supported its programs and was its inspirational leader. Washington's [[George Washington's Farewell Address|farewell address]] was a primer on republican virtue and a stern warning against partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars. Washington was awarded the very first [[Congressional Gold Medal]] with the [[Thanks of Congress]].[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21880 Loubat, J. F. and Jacquemart, Jules, Illustrator, ''The Medallic History of the United States of America 1776-1876''.] Washington died in 1799, and the funeral oration delivered by [[Henry Lee III|Henry Lee]] stated that of all Americans, he was "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen."[[Henry Lee III|Henry Lee]]'s eulogy to George Washington, December 26, 1799. {{cite book|last=Safire|first=William|authorlink=William Safire|title=Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History|year=2004|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|location=New York|isbn=0-393-05931-6|pages=185–186}} Washington has been consistently ranked by scholars as one of the [[Historical rankings of United States Presidents|greatest U.S. Presidents]]. ==Early life and education== {{main|George Washington's early life}} [[Image:Gwstatue waterford.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Washington presents message at [[Fort Le Boeuf]] in 1753]] George Washington was born on {{OldStyleDateDY|February 22,|1732|February 11, 1731}} the first son of [[Augustine Washington]] and his second wife, [[Mary Ball Washington]], on the family's [[George Washington Birthplace National Monument|Pope's Creek Estate]] near present-day [[Colonial Beach, Virginia|Colonial Beach]] in [[Westmoreland County, Virginia]]. Moving to [[Ferry Farm]] in [[Stafford County, Virginia|Stafford County]] at age six, George was educated in the home by his father and older brother.{{cite book |last=Bell |first=William Gardner |title=Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff: 1775-2005; Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/CG&CSA/CG-TOC.htm |accessdate=2009-03-04 |date=1983 |publisher=Center of Military History – United States Army |isbn=0–16–072376–0 |id=CMH Pub 70–14 |pages=52 & 66}} The growth of tobacco as a commodity in Virginia could be measured by the number of slaves imported to cultivate it. When Washington was born, the population of the colony was 50 percent black, mostly enslaved [[Africans]] and [[African Americans]].[http://www.nps.gov/archive/gewa/bowden&history.htm "Slavery at Popes Creek Plantation"], George Washington Birthplace National Monument, National Park Service, accessed 15 Apr 2009 In his youth, Washington worked as a [[Surveying|surveyor]], and acquired what would become invaluable knowledge of the terrain around his native [[Colony of Virginia|Colony]] of [[History of Virginia|Virginia]].At the time Virginia included [[West Virginia]] and the upper [[Ohio River|Ohio Valley]] area around present day [[Pittsburgh]]. ==Career== Washington embarked upon a career as a planter, which historians defined as those who held 20 or more slaves. In 1748 he was invited to help survey [[Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Lord Fairfax's]] lands west of the [[Blue Ridge Mountains|Blue Ridge]]. In 1749, he was appointed to his first public office, surveyor of newly created [[Culpeper County, Virginia|Culpeper County]]."[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gwmaps.html Washington As Public Land Surveyor: Boyhood and Beginnings]" George Washington: Surveyor and Mapmaker. American Memory. Library of Congress. Retrieved on May 17, 2007. Through his half-brother, [[Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)|Lawrence Washington]], he became interested in the [[Ohio Company]], which aimed to exploit Western lands. In 1751, George and his half-brother traveled to [[Barbados]], staying at Bush Hill House,[http://research.history.org/Archaeological_Research/Research_Articles/ThemeCompCol/Barbados.cfm Bush Hill House] - Colonial Williamsburg Research Division hoping for an improvement in Lawrence's [[tuberculosis]]. This was the only time George Washington traveled outside what is now the United States.{{cite web |url=http://www.georgewashingtonbarbados.org/ |title=George Washington House Restoration Project in Barbados |accessdate=2008-01-21 }} After Lawrence's death in 1752, George inherited part of his estate and took over some of Lawrence's duties as [[adjutant]] of the colony.[http://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/gw/leader.html "George Washington: Making of a Military Leader]", ''American Memory'', Library of Congress. Retrieved on May 17, 2007 Washington was appointed a district [[adjutant general]] in the [[Virginia militia]] in 1752, which appointed him Major Washington at the age of 20. He was charged with training the [[militia]] in the quarter assigned to him.Sparks, Jared (1839). [http://books.google.com/books?id=dBQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA17 ''The Life of George Washington''], Boston: Ferdinand Andrews. p. 17. Digitized by Google. Retrieved on May 17, 2007. At age 21, in [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]], Washington became a [[Master Mason]] in the organization of [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]], a [[fraternity|fraternal organization]] that was a lifelong influence.Tabbert, Mark A. (January 29, 2007). "[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/tabbert1.html A Masonic Memorial to a Virtuous Man]". Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry. Retrieved on May 17, 2007.Washington Daylight Lodge #14 (2006). "[http://www.washingtondaylight.org/news/GW-Birthday-Speech.pdf Commemoration of George Washington’s Birthday]". Retrieved on August 21, 2007. In December 1753, Washington was asked by Governor [[Robert Dinwiddie]] of Virginia to carry a British ultimatum to the French on the [[Ohio]] frontier. Washington assessed French military strength and intentions, and delivered the message to the French at [[Fort Le Boeuf]] in present day [[Waterford, Pennsylvania]]. The message, which went unheeded, called for the French to abandon their development of the Ohio country. The two colonial powers were heading toward worldwide conflict. Washington's report on the affair was widely read on both sides of the Atlantic. ==French and Indian War (Seven Years War)== {{main|George Washington in the French and Indian War}} {{Campaign |name=George Washington and [[French and Indian War|The French and Indian War]] |raw_name=Campaignbox French and Indian War |battles=[[Battle of Jumonville Glen|Jumonville Glen]] – [[Battle of the Great Meadows|Great Meadows]] - [[Braddock expedition|Monongahela]] - [[Battle of Fort Duquesne|Fort Duquesne]] }} [[Image:Washington 1772.jpg|thumb|right|The earliest known portrait of Washington, painted in 1772 by [[Charles Willson Peale]], showing Washington in uniform as colonel of the Virginia Regiment.]] In 1754, Dinwiddie commissioned Washington a [[Lieutenant Colonel|lieutenant colonel]] and ordered him to lead an expedition to [[Fort Duquesne]] to drive out the French. With his [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] allies led by [[Tanacharison]], Washington and his troops [[Battle of Jumonville Glen|ambushed a French scouting party]] of some 30 men, led by [[Joseph Coulon de Jumonville]].Fred Anderson, ''Crucible of War'' (Vintage Books, 2001), p. 6. Washington and his troops were [[Battle of Fort Necessity|overwhelmed at Fort Necessity]] by a larger and better positioned French and Indian force. The terms of surrender included a statement that Washington had assassinated Jumonville after the ambush. Washington could not read French, and, unaware of what it said, signed his name.Lengel p.48 Released by the French, Washington returned to Virginia, where he was cleared of blame for the defeat, but resigned because he did not like the new arrangement of the Virginia Militia. In 1755, Washington was an aide to British General [[Edward Braddock]] on the ill-fated [[Braddock expedition|Monongahela expedition]]. This was a major effort to retake the Ohio Country. While Braddock was killed and the expedition ended in disaster, Washington distinguished himself as the Hero of the Monongahela.On British attitudes see John Shy, ''Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence'' (1990) p. 39; Douglas Edward Leach. ''Roots of Conflict: British Armed Forces and Colonial Americans, 1677–1763'' (1986) p. 106; and John Ferling. ''Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution'' (2002) p. 65 While Washington's role during the battle has been debated, biographer [[Joseph Ellis]] asserts that Washington rode back and forth across the battlefield, rallying the remnant of the British and Virginian forces to a retreat.[[Joseph J. Ellis|Ellis, Joseph J.]] ''[[His Excellency: George Washington]]''. (2004) ISBN 1-4000-4031-0. Subsequent to this action, Washington was given a difficult frontier command in the Virginia mountains, and was rewarded by being promoted to [[colonel]] and named commander of all Virginia forces. In 1758, Washington participated as a [[Brigadier General|brigadier general]] in the [[John Forbes (British Army officer)|Forbes expedition]] that prompted French evacuation of [[Fort Duquesne]], and British establishment of [[Pittsburgh]]. Later that year, Washington resigned from active military service and spent the next sixteen years as a Virginia planter and politician.For negative treatments of Washington's excessive ambition and military blunders, see Bernhard Knollenberg, ''George Washington: The Virginia Period, 1732–1775'' (1964) and Thomas A. Lewis, ''For King and Country: The Maturing of George Washington, 1748–1760'' (1992). ==Between the wars== [[Image:Martha Dandridge Custis.jpg|thumb|A mezzotint of [[Martha Washington|Martha Dandridge Custis]], based on a 1757 portrait by [[John Wollaston (painter)|John Wollaston]].]] On [[January 6]], [[1759]], Washington married the widow [[Martha Washington|Martha Dandridge Custis]]. Surviving letters suggest that he may have been in love at the time with [[Sally Fairfax]], the wife of a friend. Some historians believe George and Martha were distantly related. Nevertheless, George and Martha made a good marriage, and together raised her two children from her previous marriage, [[John Parke Custis]] and Martha Parke Custis, affectionately called "Jackie" and "Patsy" by the family. Later the Washingtons raised two of Mrs. Washington's grandchildren, [[Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis|Eleanor Parke Custis]] and [[George Washington Parke Custis]]. George and Martha never had any children together—his earlier bout with smallpox followed, possibly, by tuberculosis may have made him sterile. The newlywed couple moved to Mount Vernon, where he took up the life of a planter and political figure.John K. Amory, M.D., "George Washington’s infertility: Why was the father of our country never a father?", ''Fertility and Sterility'', Vol. 81, No. 3, March 2004. [http://www.asrm.org/Professionals/Fertility&Sterility/georgewashington.pdf (online, PDF format)] Washington's marriage to Martha, a wealthy widow, greatly increased his property holdings and social standing. He acquired one-third of the 18,000 acre (73 km²) Custis estate upon his marriage, and managed the remainder on behalf of Martha's children. He frequently purchased additional land in his own name. In addition, he was granted land in what is now [[West Virginia]] as a bounty for his service in the French and Indian War. By 1775, Washington had doubled the size of Mount Vernon to {{convert|6500|acre|km2|0}}, and had increased the slave population there to more than 100 persons. As a respected military hero and large landowner, he held local office and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, the [[House of Burgesses]], beginning in 1758."Acreage, slaves, and social standing", Joseph Ellis, ''His Excellency, George Washington'', pp. 41–42, 48. [[Image:Mtvernon1.jpg|thumb|left|Washington enlarged the mansion at [[Mount Vernon]] after his marriage.]] Washington lived an aristocratic lifestyle—fox hunting was a favorite leisure activity. Like most Virginia planters, he imported luxuries and other goods from England and paid for them by exporting his tobacco crop. Extravagant spending and the unpredictability of the tobacco market meant that many Virginia planters of Washington's day were losing money. ([[Thomas Jefferson]], for example, would die deeply in debt.) Washington began to pull himself out of debt by diversification. By 1766, he had switched Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco to wheat, a crop which could be sold in America, and diversified operations to include flour milling, fishing, horse breeding, spinning, and weaving. Patsy Custis's tragic death in 1773 from epilepsy enabled Washington to pay off his British creditors, since half of her inheritance passed to him.Fox hunting: Ellis p. 44. Mount Vernon economy: John Ferling, ''The First of Men'', pp. 66–67; Ellis pp. 50–53; Bruce A. Ragsdale, "George Washington, the British Tobacco Trade, and Economic Opportunity in Pre-Revolutionary Virginia", in Don Higginbotham, ed., ''George Washington Reconsidered'', pp. 67–93. During these years, Washington concentrated on his business activities and remained somewhat aloof from politics. Although he expressed opposition to the [[Stamp Act 1765|1765 Stamp Act]], the first direct tax on the colonies, he did not take a leading role in the growing colonial resistance until after protests of the [[Townshend Acts]] (enacted in 1767) had become widespread. In May 1769, Washington introduced a proposal drafted by his friend [[George Mason]], which called for Virginia to boycott English goods until the Acts were repealed. Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770, and, for Washington at least, the crisis had passed. However, Washington regarded the passage of the [[Intolerable Acts]] in 1774 as "an Invasion of our Rights and Privileges". In July 1774, he chaired the meeting at which the "[[Fairfax Resolves]]" were adopted, which called for, among other things, the convening of a [[Continental Congress]]. In August, Washington attended the [[Virginia Conventions|First Virginia Convention]], where he was selected as a delegate to the [[First Continental Congress]].Washington, quoted in Ferling, p. 99. ==American Revolution== {{main|George Washington in the American Revolution}} {{Campaign |name=George Washington and [[American Revolutionary War|The American Revolutionary War]] |raw_name=Campaignbox French and Indian War |battles=[[Siege of Boston|Boston]] – [[Battle of Long Island|Long Island]] - [[Battle of Kip's Bay|Kip's Bay]] - [[Battle of Harlem Heights|Harlem Heights]] -[[Battle of White Plains|White Plains]] - [[Battle of Fort Washington|Fort Washington]] - [[Battle of Trenton|Trenton]] - [[Battle of the Assunpink Creek|Assunpink Creek]] - [[Battle of Princeton|Princeton]] - [[Battle of Brandywine|Brandywine]] - [[Battle of Germantown|Germantown]] - [[Battle of White Marsh|White Marsh]] - [[Battle of Monmouth|Monmouth]] - [[Siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]] }} [[Image:Portrait of George Washington.jpeg|thumb|right|upright|Portrait of George Washington in military uniform, painted by [[Rembrandt Peale]].]] After [[Battles of Lexington and Concord|fighting broke out]] in April 1775, Washington appeared at the [[Second Continental Congress]] in military uniform, signaling that he was prepared for war. Washington had the prestige, the military experience, the charisma and military bearing, the reputation of being a strong patriot, and he was supported by the South, especially Virginia. Although he did not explicitly seek the office of commander and even claimed that he was not equal to it, there was no serious competition. Congress created the [[Continental Army]] on June 14, 1775; the next day, on the nomination of John Adams of [[Massachusetts]], Washington was appointed [[Major General]] and elected by Congress to be [[Commander-in-chief]]. Washington assumed command of the Continental Army in the field at [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] in July 1775, during the ongoing [[siege of Boston]]. Realizing his army's desperate shortage of gunpowder, Washington asked for new sources. British arsenals were raided (including some in the [[Caribbean]]) and some manufacturing was attempted; a barely adequate supply (about 2.5 million pounds) was obtained by the end of 1776, mostly from France.Orlando W. Stephenson, "The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776," ''American Historical Review'', Vol. 30, No. 2 (January 1925), pp. 271–281 in JSTOR Washington reorganized the army during the long standoff, and forced the British to withdraw by putting artillery on [[Fortification of Dorchester Heights|Dorchester Heights]] overlooking the city. The British [[Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)|evacuated Boston]] and Washington moved his army to [[New York City]]. Although negative toward the patriots in the Continental Congress, British newspapers routinely praised Washington's personal character and qualities as a military commander.Bickham, Troy O. "Sympathizing with Sedition? George Washington, the British Press, and British Attitudes During the American War of Independence." ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 2002 59(1): 101–122. ISSN 0043-5597 [http://historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/justtop.cgi?act=justtop&url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/59.1/bickham.html Fulltext online in History Cooperative] Moreover, both sides of the aisle in Parliament found the American general's courage, endurance, and attentiveness to the welfare of his troops worthy of approbation and examples of the virtues they and most {{Who|date=May 2009}} other Britons found wanting in their own commanders.{{Fact|date=May 2009}} Washington's refusal to become involved in politics buttressed his reputation as a man fully committed to the military mission at hand and above the factional fray. In August 1776, British General [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|William Howe]] launched a massive naval and land campaign designed to seize New York and offer a negotiated settlement. The Continental Army under Washington engaged the enemy for the first time as an army of the newly declared independent United States at the [[Battle of Long Island]], the largest battle of the entire war. This and several other British victories sent Washington scrambling out of New York and across [[New Jersey]], leaving the future of the Continental Army in doubt. On the night of December 25, 1776, Washington staged a [[Battle of Trenton|counterattack]], leading the American forces [[Washington's crossing of the Delaware River|across the Delaware River]] to capture nearly 1,000 [[Hessian (soldiers)|Hessian]]s in [[Trenton, New Jersey]]. Washington followed up his victory at Trenton with another [[Battle of Princeton|one at Princeton]] in early January. These winter victories quickly raised the morale of the army, secured Washington's position as Commander, and inspired young men to join the army.{{Fact|date=June 2009}} British forces defeated Washington's troops in the [[Battle of Brandywine]] on September 11, 1777. Howe outmaneuvered Washington and marched into Philadelphia unopposed on September 26. Washington's army [[Battle of Germantown|unsuccessfully attacked]] the British garrison at [[Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Germantown]] in early October. Meanwhile, Burgoyne, out of reach from help from Howe, was trapped and forced to [[Battles of Saratoga|surrender his entire army]] at [[Saratoga, New York]]. France responded to Burgoyne's defeat by entering the war, openly allying with America and turning the Revolutionary War into a major worldwide war. Washington's loss of Philadelphia prompted some members of Congress to discuss removing Washington from command. This [[Conway Cabal|attempt]] failed after Washington's supporters rallied behind him.Fleming, T: "Washington's Secret War: the Hidden History of Valley Forge.", Smithsonian Books, 2005 Washington's army camped at [[Valley Forge]] in December 1777, staying there for the next six months. Over the winter, 2,500 men of the 10,000-strong force died from disease and exposure. The next spring, however, the army emerged from Valley Forge in good order, thanks in part to a full-scale training program supervised by [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben|Baron von Steuben]], a veteran of the Prussian general staff. The British evacuated Philadelphia to New York in 1778 but Washington [[Battle of Monmouth|attacked them at Monmouth]] and drove them from the battlefield. Afterwards, the British continued to head towards New York. Washington moved his army outside of New York. In the summer of 1779 at Washington's direction, [[Sullivan Expedition|General John Sullivan]] carried out a decisive [[scorched earth]] campaign that destroyed at least forty [[Iroquois]] villages throughout present-day central and upstate New York in retaliation for Iroquois and Tory attacks against American settlements earlier in the war. Washington delivered the final blow to the British in 1781, after a [[Battle of the Chesapeake|French naval victory]] allowed American and French forces to trap a British army in Virginia. The [[siege of Yorktown|surrender at Yorktown]] on October 17, 1781 marked the end of most fighting. Though known for his successes in the war and of his life that followed, Washington suffered many defeats before achieving victory. [[Image:General George Washington Resigning his Commission.jpg|thumb|left|Depiction by [[John Trumbull]] of Washington resigning his commission as [[commander-in-chief]].]] In March 1783, Washington used his influence to disperse a [[Newburgh Conspiracy|group of Army officers]] who had threatened to confront Congress regarding their back pay. By the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] (signed that September), Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States. Washington disbanded his army and, on November 2, gave an eloquent farewell address to his soldiers.[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw3&fileName=mgw3b/gwpage016.db&recNum=347 George Washington Papers 1741–1799: Series 3b Varick Transcripts], ''American Memory'', Library of Congress, Accessed May 22, 2006. On November 25, the [[Evacuation Day (New York)|British evacuated New York City]], and Washington and the governor took possession. At [[Fraunces Tavern]] on December 4, Washington formally bade his officers farewell and on December 23, 1783, he resigned his commission as commander-in-chief, emulating the [[Cincinnatus|Roman general Cincinnatus]]. He was an exemplar of the republican ideal of citizen leadership who rejected power. During this period, the United States was governed without a President under the [[Articles of Confederation]], the forerunner to the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]. Washington's retirement to Mount Vernon was short-lived. He made an exploratory trip to the western frontier in 1784, was persuaded to attend the Constitutional Convention in [[Philadelphia]] in the summer of 1787, and was unanimously elected president of the Convention. He participated little in the debates involved (though he did vote for or against the various articles), but his high prestige maintained collegiality and kept the delegates at their labors. The delegates designed the presidency with Washington in mind, and allowed him to define the office once elected. After the Convention, his support convinced many, including the Virginia legislature, to vote for ratification; the new [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] was ratified by all 13 states. ==Presidency== {{main|Presidency of George Washington}} [[Image:George Washington 1795.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]], 1795]] The [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] elected Washington unanimously in [[United States presidential election, 1789|1789]], and again in the [[United States presidential election, 1792|1792 election]]; he remains the only president to receive 100% of the electoral votes. At his inauguration, he insisted on having Barbados Rum served.Frost, Doug (January 6, 2005). "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/01/06/WIGMQAL3K21.DTL Rum makers distill unsavory history into fresh products]". San Francisco Chronicle. [[John Adams]] was elected [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]]. Washington took the [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|oath of office]] as the [[George Washington 1789 presidential inauguration|first President under the Constitution]] for the United States of America on April 30, 1789 at [[Federal Hall]] in New York City although, at first, he had not wanted the position.{{cite book|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot|title=The Oxford History of the American People, Vol. 2|publisher=Meridian|year=1972|chapter=Washington's First Administration: 1789–1793}} The [[1st United States Congress]] voted to pay Washington a salary of $25,000 a year—a large sum in 1789. Washington, already wealthy, declined the salary, since he valued his image as a selfless public servant. At the urging of Congress, however, he ultimately accepted the payment, to avoid setting a precedent whereby the presidency would be perceived as limited only to independently wealthy individuals who could serve without any salary. Washington attended carefully to the pomp and ceremony of office, making sure that the titles and trappings were suitably republican and never emulated European royal courts. To that end, he preferred the title "Mr. President" to the more majestic names suggested.[http://revwar.blogspot.com/2008/07/george-washington-part-5-of-5.html My Crazy RevWar Life: George Washington - Part 5 of 5] Washington proved an able administrator. An excellent delegator and judge of talent and character, he held regular cabinet meetings to debate issues before making a final decision. In handling routine tasks, he was "systematic, orderly, energetic, solicitous of the opinion of others but decisive, intent upon general goals and the consistency of particular actions with them." Leonard D. White, ''The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History'' (1948) Washington reluctantly served a [[George Washington 1793 presidential inauguration|second term]] as president. He refused to run for a third, establishing the customary policy of a maximum of two terms for a president which later became law by the [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|22nd Amendment to the Constitution]].After [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] was elected to an unprecedented four terms, the two-term limit was formally integrated into the Federal Constitution by the 22nd Amendment. ===Domestic issues=== Washington was not a member of any political party and hoped that they would not be formed, fearing conflict and stagnation. His closest advisors formed two factions, setting the framework for the future [[First Party System]]. Secretary of Treasury [[Alexander Hamilton]] had bold plans to establish the national credit and build a financially powerful nation, and formed the basis of the [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist Party]]. Secretary of State [[Thomas Jefferson]], founder of the [[Democratic-Republican Party|Jeffersonian Republicans]], strenuously opposed Hamilton's agenda, but Washington favored Hamilton over Jefferson. The [[Residence Act|Residence Act of 1790]], which Washington signed, authorized the President to select the specific location of the permanent seat of the government, which would be located along the Potomac River. The Act authorized the President to appoint three commissioners to survey and acquire property for this seat. [[History of Washington, D.C.#Founding|Washington personally oversaw this effort]] throughout his term in office. In 1791, the commissioners named the permanent seat of government "The City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia" to honor Washington. In 1800, the Territory of Columbia became the [[District of Columbia]] when the federal government moved to the site in accordance with the provisions of the Residence Act.[http://books.google.com/books?id=5Q81AAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPR1,M1 Crew, Harvey W., Webb, William Bensing, Wooldridge, John, ''Centennial History of the City of Washington, D.C.'', United Brethren Publishing House, Dayton, Ohio, 1892], [http://books.google.com/books?id=5Q81AAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA87,M1 Chapter IV. "Permanent Capital Site Selected", p. 87] ''in'' [http://books.google.com/books Google Books]. Accessed May 7, 2009.[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=253 Text of Residence Act] ''in'' "[http://memory.loc.gov "American Memory" in official website of the U.S. Library of Congress] Accessed April 15, 2009. In 1791, Congress imposed an [[excise]] on distilled [[Distilled beverage|spirits]], which led to protests in frontier districts, especially Pennsylvania. By 1794, after Washington ordered the protesters to appear in [[United States district court|U.S. district court]], the protests turned into full-scale riots known as the [[Whiskey Rebellion]]. The federal army was too small to be used, so Washington invoked the [[Militia Act of 1792]] to summon the militias of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and several other states. The governors sent the troops and Washington took command, marching into the rebellious districts.{{cite web |last=Hoover |first=Michael |url=http://www.ttb.gov/public_info/whisky_rebellion.shtml |title=The Whiskey Rebellion |accessdate=2007-10-19 |date= |publisher=[[Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau|United States Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau]]}} There was no fighting, but Washington's forceful action proved the new government could protect itself. It also was one of only two times that a sitting President would personally command the military in the field. These events marked the first time under the new constitution that the federal government used strong military force to exert authority over the states and citizens. ===Foreign affairs=== [[Image:George Washington P1190516.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of Washington in [[Paris]], [[France]]]] In 1793, the [[French Revolution|revolutionary government of France]] sent diplomat [[Edmond-Charles Genêt]], called "Citizen Genêt," to America. Genêt issued [[letter of marque|letters of marque and reprisal]] to American ships so they could capture British merchant ships. He attempted to turn popular sentiment towards American involvement in the [[French Revolutionary Wars|French war against Britain]] by creating a network of [[Democratic-Republican Societies]] in major cities. Washington rejected this interference in domestic affairs, demanded the French government recall Genêt, and denounced his societies. Hamilton and Washington designed the [[Jay Treaty]] to normalize trade relations with Britain, remove them from western forts, and resolve financial debts left over from the Revolution. [[John Jay]] negotiated and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794. The Jeffersonians supported France and strongly attacked the treaty. Washington and Hamilton, however, mobilized public opinion and won ratification by the Senate by emphasizing Washington's support. The British agreed to depart their forts around the [[Great Lakes]], the Canadian-U.S. boundary was adjusted, numerous pre-Revolutionary debts were liquidated, and the British opened their West Indies colonies to American trade. Most importantly, the treaty delayed war with Britain and instead brought a decade of prosperous trade with that country. This angered the French and became a central issue in political debates. ===Farewell Address=== [[George Washington's Farewell Address|Washington's Farewell Address]] (issued as a public letter in 1796) was one of the most influential statements of American political values. Matthew Spalding, ''The Command of its own Fortunes: Reconsidering Washington's Farewell address," in William D. Pederson, Mark J. Rozell, Ethan M. Fishman, eds. ''George Washington'' (2001) ch 2; Virginia Arbery, "Washington's Farewell Address and the Form of the American Regime." in Gary L. Gregg II and Matthew Spalding, eds. ''George Washington and the American Political Tradition.'' 1999 pp. 199–216. Drafted primarily by Washington himself, with help from Hamilton, it gives advice on the necessity and importance of national union, the value of the Constitution and the rule of law, the evils of political parties, and the proper virtues of a republican people. While he declined suggested versions[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel06.html Library of Congress - see Farewell Address section] that would have included statements that there could be no morality without religion, he called morality "a necessary spring of popular government". He said, "Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle.""[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel06.html Religion and the Federal Government]". Religion and the Founding of the American Republic. Library of Congress Exhibition. Retrieved on May 17, 2007. Washington's public political address warned against foreign influence in domestic affairs and American meddling in European affairs. He warned against bitter partisanship in domestic politics and called for men to move beyond partisanship and serve the common good. He warned against 'permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world' ""[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp Washington's Farewell Address, 1796]" , saying the United States must concentrate primarily on American interests. He counseled friendship and commerce with all nations, but warned against involvement in European wars and entering into long-term "entangling" alliances. The address quickly set American values regarding religion and foreign affairs. ==Retirement and death== After retiring from the presidency in March 1797, Washington returned to Mount Vernon with a profound sense of relief. He devoted much time to [[farming]]. On July 4, 1798, Washington was commissioned by President [[John Adams]] to be [[Lieutenant General]] and [[Commander-in-chief]] of the armies raised or to be raised for service in a prospective war with France. He served as the [[Commanding General of the United States Army|senior officer of the United States Army]] between July 13, 1798 and December 14, 1799. He participated in the planning for a Provisional Army to meet any emergency that might arise, but did not take the field.{{cite book |comment=This reference is only for the July 4, 1798 date of the commissioning as a "Lieutenant General and Commander-in-chief of the armies raised or to be raised." (note this source notes that GW was commissioned while the CMH reference uses "appointed". The quote is slightly different in that this source has "of the armies raised" while the CMH reference uses "of all armies raised") |title=The World Book Encyclopedia |edition=1969 |volume=W*X*Y*Z |date=1969 |origyear=1917 |publisher=Field Enterprises Educational Corporation |oclc= |doi= |bibcode= |id=LOC 69-10030 |page=84a}} On December 12, 1799, Washington spent several hours inspecting his farms on horseback, in snow and later hail and freezing rain. He sat down to dine that evening without changing his wet clothes. The next morning, he awoke with a bad cold, fever, and a throat infection called [[peritonsillar abscess|quinsy]] that turned into acute [[laryngitis]] and [[pneumonia]]. Washington died on the evening of December 14, 1799, at his home aged 67, while attended by Dr. [[James Craik]], one of his closest friends, Dr. [[Gustavus Richard Brown]], Dr. [[Elisha C. Dick]], and [[Tobias Lear V]], Washington's personal secretary. Lear would record the account in his journal, writing that Washington's last words were "''
*Buchanan, John. ''The Road to Valley Forge: How Washington Built the Army That Won the Revolution'' (2004). 368 pp.
*Burns, James MacGregor and Dunn, Susan. ''George Washington.'' Times, 2004. 185 pp. explore leadership style
*Cunliffe, Marcus. ''George Washington: Man and Monument'' (1958), explores both the biography and the myth
*Grizzard, Frank E., Jr. ''George! A Guide to All Things Washington.'' Buena Vista and Charlottesville, VA: Mariner Publishing. 2005. ISBN 0-9768238-0-2. Grizzard is a leading scholar of Washington.
*Hirschfeld, Fritz. ''George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal''. University of Missouri Press, 1997.
*[[Joseph J. Ellis|Ellis, Joseph J.]] ''[[His Excellency: George Washington]]''. (2004) ISBN 1-4000-4031-0. Acclaimed interpretation of Washington's career.
*Elkins, Stanley M. and Eric McKitrick. ''The Age of Federalism.'' (1994) the leading scholarly history of the 1790s.
*Ferling, John E. ''The First of Men: A Life of George Washington'' (1989). Biography from a leading scholar.
*Fischer, David Hackett. ''Washington's Crossing.'' (2004), prize-winning military history focused on 1775–1776.
*Flexner, James Thomas. ''Washington: The Indispensable Man.'' (1974). ISBN 0-316-28616-8 (1994 reissue). Single-volume condensation of Flexner's popular four-volume biography.
*[[Douglas S. Freeman|Freeman, Douglas S.]] ''George Washington: A Biography''. 7 volumes, 1948–1957. The standard scholarly biography, winner of the Pulitzer Prize. A single-volume abridgement by Richard Harwell appeared in 1968
*Grizzard, Frank E., Jr. ''George Washington: A Biographical Companion.'' ABC-CLIO, 2002. 436 pp. Comprehensive encyclopedia by leading scholar
*Grizzard, Frank E., Jr. ''The Ways of Providence: Religion and George Washington.'' Buena Vista and Charlottesville, VA: Mariner Publishing. 2005. ISBN 0-9768238-1-0.
*Higginbotham, Don, ed. ''George Washington Reconsidered''. University Press of Virginia, (2001). 336 pp of essays by scholars
*Higginbotham, Don. ''George Washington: Uniting a Nation.'' Rowman & Littlefield, (2002). 175 pp.
*Hofstra, Warren R., ed. ''George Washington and the Virginia Backcountry''. Madison House, 1998. Essays on Washington's formative years.
*Lengel, Edward G. ''General George Washington: A Military Life.'' New York: Random House, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-6081-8.
*Lodge, Henry Cabot. ''George Washington,'' 2 vols. (1889), [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12652 vol 1 at Gutenberg]; [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12653 vol 2 at Gutenberg]
*McDonald, Forrest. ''The Presidency of George Washington''. 1988. Intellectual history showing Washington as exemplar of republicanism.
*[[Richard Norton Smith|Smith, Richard Norton]] ''Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation'' Focuses on last 10 years of Washington's life.
*Spalding, Matthew. "George Washington's Farewell Address." ''The Wilson Quarterly'' v20#4 (Autumn 1996) pp: 65+.
*Stritof, Sheri and Bob. "George and Martha Washington" http://marriage.about.com/od/presidentialmarriages/p/gwashington.htm
*Wiencek, Henry. ''An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America''. (2003).
==Further reading==
{{see|George Washington bibliography}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
(Senior Officer of the US Army)}} {{s-bef|before=Brig. [[James Wilkinson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Commanding General of the United States Army|Senior Officer of the United States Army]]|years=July 13, 1798–December 14, 1799}} {{s-aft|after=Maj. Gen. [[Alexander Hamilton]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=Position created}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=April 30, 1789–March 4, 1797}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Adams]]}} {{s-hon}} {{s-new}} {{s-ttl|title=[[oldest living United States president|Oldest U.S. President still living]]|years=April 30, 1789{{ndash}} December 14, 1799}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Adams]]}} {{s-aca}} {{succession box | title=Chancellor of [[The College of William & Mary]] | before=[[Richard Terrick]] | after=[[John Tyler]]
| years=1788–1799}} {{s-end}} {{GeorgeWashington}} {{US Presidents}} {{United States Constitution signatories}} {{Washington cabinet}} {{US Army Chiefs of Staff}} {{Washington family}} {{Persondata |NAME = Washington, George |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |SHORT DESCRIPTION = 1st President of the United States, Commander in Chief of the Continental Army |DATE OF BIRTH = {{birth date|1732|2|22|mf=y}} |PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Colonial Beach, Virginia]], [[United States of America]] |DATE OF DEATH = {{death date|1799|12|14|mf=y}} |PLACE OF DEATH = [[Mount Vernon (plantation)]], [[Mount Vernon, Virginia]], United States of America }} [[Category:American Episcopalians]] [[Category:American farmers]] [[Category:1732 births]] [[Category:1799 deaths]] [[Category:American foreign policy writers]] [[Category:British colonial army officers]] [[Category:Chancellors of the College of William and Mary]] [[Category:College of William and Mary alumni]] [[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]] [[Category:Continental Army generals]] [[Category:Continental Army officers from Virginia]] [[Category:Continental Congressmen from Virginia]] [[Category:George Washington| ]] [[Category:House of Burgesses members]] [[Category:People of Virginia in the French and Indian War]] [[Category:People of Virginia in the American Revolution]] [[Category:Presidents of the United States]] [[Category:Recipients of a posthumous promotion]] [[Category:Signers of the United States Constitution]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1789]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1792]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1796]] [[Category:Virginia colonial people]] [[Category:Washington College alumni]] [[Category:Washington family]] [[Category:American planters]] [[Category:English Americans]] {{lifetime|1732|1799|Washington, George}} {{Link FA|bg}} {{Link FA|dv}} [[af:George Washington]] [[am:ጆርጅ ዋሽንግተን]] [[ang:George Washington]] [[ar:جورج واشنطن]] [[arc:ܓܘܪܓ ܘܐܫܝܢܓܛܘܢ]] [[ast:George Washington]] [[az:Corc Vaşinqton]] [[bn:জর্জ ওয়াশিংটন]] [[zh-min-nan:George Washington]] [[ba:Джордж Вашингтон]] [[be:Джордж Вашынгтон]] [[be-x-old:Джордж Вашынгтон]] [[bar:George Washington]] [[bs:George Washington]] [[br:George Washington]] [[bg:Джордж Вашингтон]] [[ca:George Washington]] [[ceb:George Washington]] [[cs:George Washington]] [[co:George Washington]] [[cy:George Washington]] [[da:George Washington]] [[de:George Washington]] [[dv:ޖޯޖް ވޮޝިންގޓަން]] [[et:George Washington]] [[el:Τζωρτζ Ουάσινγκτων]] [[es:George Washington]] [[eo:George Washington]] [[eu:George Washington]] [[fa:جورج واشنگتن]] [[fo:George Washington]] [[fr:George Washington]] [[fy:George Washington]] [[ga:George Washington]] [[gd:Seòras Washington]] [[gl:George Washington]] [[gan:喬治·華盛頓]] [[ko:조지 워싱턴]] [[hy:Ջորջ Վաշինգտոն]] [[hi:जार्ज वाशिंगटन]] [[hr:George Washington]] [[io:George Washington]] [[id:George Washington]] [[is:George Washington]] [[it:George Washington]] [[he:ג'ורג' וושינגטון]] [[jv:George Washington]] [[kn:ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ಟನ್]] [[pam:George Washington]] [[ka:ჯორჯ ვაშინგტონი]] [[sw:George Washington]] [[ku:George Washington]] [[la:Georgius Washingtonius]] [[lv:Džordžs Vašingtons]] [[lb:George Washington]] [[lt:George Washington]] [[hu:George Washington]] [[mk:Џорџ Вашингтон]] [[mg:George Washington]] [[ml:ജോര്ജ് വാഷിംഗ്ടണ്]] [[mr:जॉर्ज वॉशिंग्टन]] [[arz:جورج واشينطون]] [[ms:George Washington]] [[nah:George Washington]] [[nl:George Washington (president)]] [[ja:ジョージ・ワシントン]] [[no:George Washington]] [[nn:George Washington]] [[oc:George Washington]] [[uz:George Washington]] [[pap:George Washington]] [[nds:George Washington]] [[pl:George Washington]] [[pt:George Washington]] [[ksh:George Washington]] [[ro:George Washington]] [[qu:George Washington]] [[ru:Вашингтон, Джордж]] [[sa:जार्ज वाशिंगटन]] [[sco:George Washington]] [[sq:George Washington]] [[scn:George Washington]] [[simple:George Washington]] [[sk:George Washington]] [[sl:George Washington]] [[sr:Џорџ Вашингтон]] [[sh:George Washington]] [[fi:George Washington]] [[sv:George Washington]] [[tl:George Washington]] [[ta:ஜார்ஜ் வாஷிங்டன்]] [[th:จอร์จ วอชิงตัน]] [[tg:Ҷорҷ Вашингтон]] [[tr:George Washington]] [[uk:Джордж Вашингтон]] [[ur:جارج واشنگٹن]] [[vi:George Washington]] [[zh-classical:華盛頓]] [[yi:דזשארזש וואשינגטאן]] [[bat-smg:Džuordžos Vašėngtuons]] [[zh:乔治·华盛顿]] wikicloth-0.8.1/sample_documents/tv.wiki 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000067705 12263013231 020567 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff {{refimprove|date=September 2008}} {{pp-semi|small=yes}} {{otheruses}} {{redir|TV}} {{Infobox Product |title = Television |image = [[Image:Braun HF 1.jpg|Center|180px|]] |caption = |inventor = [[John Logie Baird]] |launch year = 1928 |company = |available = Worldwide }} '''Television''' ('''TV''') is a widely used [[telecommunication]] [[mass-media|medium]] for transmitting and receiving moving [[images]], either [[monochrome|monochromatic]] ("black and white") or [[color]], usually accompanied by [[sound]]. "Television" may also refer specifically to a [[television set]], [[television program]]ming or [[Transmission (telecommunications)|television transmission]]. The word is derived from mixed [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] roots, meaning "far sight": Greek ''tele'' ({{polytonic|τ{{Unicode|ῆ}}λε}}), far, and Latin ''visio'', sight (from ''video, vis-'' to see, or to view in the first person). [[History of television#Broadcast television|Commercially available since the late 1930s]], the television set has become a common communications receiver in homes, businesses and institutions, particularly as a source of [[entertainment]] and news. Since the 1970s the availability of [[Videotape|video cassettes]], [[laserdiscs]], [[DVD-Video|DVDs]] and now [[Blu-ray]] discs, have resulted in the television set frequently being used for viewing recorded as well as broadcast material. Although other forms such as [[closed-circuit television]] are in use, the most common usage of the medium is for [[broadcast television]], which was modeled on the existing [[radio broadcasting]] systems developed in the 1920s, and uses high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to [[broadcasting|broadcast]] the television signal to individual TV receivers. Broadcast TV is typically disseminated via [[radio]] transmissions in the 7-1000 [[megahertz]]-range of the [[FM radio|FM]] frequency band[http://www.csgnetwork.com/tvfreqtable.html]. Signals are now often transmitted with [[stereo]] and/or [[surround sound]] in many countries. Until the 2000s broadcast TV programs were generally recorded and transmitted as an [[analog recording|analog]] signal, but in recent years public and commercial broadcasters have been progressively introducing [[digital television]] broadcasting technology. A standard television set comprises multiple internal [[electronic circuit]]s, including those for [[Tuner (electronics)|receiving]] and decoding [[broadcast]] [[signals]]. A visual [[display device]] which lacks a tuner is properly called a [[video monitor|monitor]], rather than a television. A television system may use different technical standards such as [[digital television]] (DTV) and [[high-definition television]] (HDTV). Television systems are also used for surveillance, industrial process control, and guiding of weapons, in places where direct observation is difficult or dangerous. [[Amateur television]] (HAM TV or ATV) is also used for experimentation, pleasure and public service events by [[amateur radio]] operators. HAM TV stations were on the air in many cities before commercial TV stations came on the air - see http://www.earlytelevision.org/1940_home_camera.html for more info. ==History== {{main|History of television}} [[File:Bbc broadcasting house front.jpg|thumb|right|[[BBC Broadcasting House]]. The [[BBC]] is the largest and oldest broadcaster in the world.{{cite web |title=BBC website: ''About the BBC - What is the BBC'' |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |accessdate=2008-06-14}}]] In its early stages of development, television employed a combination of [[optics|optical]], mechanical and [[electronics|electronic]] technologies to capture, transmit and display a visual image. By the late 1920s, however, those employing only optical and electronic technologies were being explored. All modern television systems rely on the latter, although the knowledge gained from the work on mechanical-dependent systems was crucial in the development of fully electronic television. The first time images were transmitted electrically were via early mechanical [[Fax#History|fax]] machines, including the [[pantelegraph]], developed in the late 1800s. The concept of electrically-powered transmission of television images in motion, was first sketched in 1878 as the [[telephonoscope]], shortly after the invention of the [[telephone]]. At the time, it was imagined by early science fiction authors, that someday that [[light]] could be transmitted over wires, as sounds were.{{fact|date=January 2009}} The idea of using [[scanning]] to transmit images was put to actual practical use in 1881 in the pantelegraph, through the use of a [[pendulum]]-based scanning mechanism. From this period forward, scanning in one form or another, has been used in nearly every image transmission technology to date, including television. This is the concept of "[[rasterization]]", the process of converting a visual image into a stream of electrical pulses.{{fact|date=January 2009}} In 1884 [[Paul Gottlieb Nipkow]], a 20-year old university student in Germany, patented the first electromechanical television system which employed a [[Nipkow disk|scanning disk]], a spinning disk with a series of holes spiraling toward the center, for rasterization. The holes were spaced at equal [[angle|angular]] intervals such that in a single rotation the disk would allow light to pass through each hole and onto a light-sensitive [[selenium]] sensor which produced the electrical pulses. As an image was focused on the rotating disk, each hole captured a horizontal "slice" of the whole image, in a scanning fashion.{{fact|date=January 2009}} Nipkow's design would not be practical until advances in [[amplifier]] [[vacuum tube|tube]] technology became available in 1907. Even then the device was only useful for transmitting still "[[halftone]]" images - represented by equally spaced dots of varying size - over telegraph or telephone lines. Later designs would use a rotating mirror-drum scanner to capture the image and a [[cathode ray tube]] (CRT) as a display device, but moving images were still not possible, due to the poor sensitivity of the [[selenium]] sensors.{{fact|date=January 2009}} Scottish inventor [[John Logie Baird]] demonstrated the transmission of moving silhouette images in [[London]] in 1925, and of moving, [[monochrome|monochromatic]] images in 1926. Baird's scanning disk produced an image of 30 lines resolution, just enough to discern a human face, from a double spiral of [[lense]]s.{{fact|date=January 2009}}. Remarkably, in 1927 Baird also invented the world's first [[video recording]] system, "Phonovision" -- by modulating the output signal of his TV camera down to the audio range he was able to capture the signal on a 10-inch wax audio disc using conventional audio recording technology. A handful of Baird's 'Phonovision' recordings survive and these were finally decoded and rendered into viewable images in the 1990s using modern digital signal-processing technology[http://www.tvdawn.com/ World's First TV Recordings]. In 1926, [[Hungary|Hungarian]] engineer [[Kálmán Tihanyi]] invented the entirely electronic camera tube and entirely electronic display and the transmitting and receiving system.{{cite web | title = Hungary - [[Kálmán Tihanyi|Kálmán Tihanyi's]] 1926 Patent Application 'Radioskop' | work = Memory of the World | publisher = [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)]] | url = http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23240&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html| accessdate = 2008-02-22}}United States Patent Office, Patent No. 2,133,123, Oct. 11, 1938.United States Patent Office, Patent No. 2,158,259, May 16, 1939{{cite web|url=http://www.bairdtelevision.com/zworykin.html |title=Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, 1889-1982 |publisher=Bairdtelevision.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-17}} By 1927, Russian inventor [[Léon Theremin]] developed a mirror drum-based television system which used [[interlacing]] to achieve an image resolution of 100 lines.{{fact|date=January 2009}} Also in 1927, [[Herbert E. Ives]] of [[Bell Labs]] transmitted moving images from a 50-[[aperture]] disk producing 16 frames per minute over a [[cable]] from [[Washington, DC]] to [[New York City]], and via [[radio]] from [[Whippany, New Jersey]]. Ives used viewing screens as large as 24 by 30 inches (60 by 75 [[centimeter]]s). His subjects included Secretary of Commerce [[Herbert Hoover]].{{fact|date=January 2009}} In 1928, [[Philo Farnsworth]] made the world's first working television system with electronic scanning of both the pickup and display devices, which he first demonstrated to news media on 1 September 1928, televising a motion picture film.{{fact|date=January 2009}} The first practical use of television was in Germany. Regular television broadcasts began in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the [[Olympic]] games in Berlin were broadcast to television stations in Berlin and Leipzig where the public could view the games live.{{cite web|url=http://www.tvhistory.tv |title=TV History |publisher=Gadgetrepublic |date=2009-05-01 |accessdate=2009-05-01}} In 1936, [[Kálmán Tihanyi]] described the principle of [[Plasma display|Plasma Television]], the first flat panel.http://ewh.ieee.org/r2/johnstown/downloads/20090217_IEEE_JST_Trivia_Answers.pdf http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat-panel_tv_en.pdf{{cite web|url=http://www.gadgetrepublic.com/news/item/202/ |title=Gadget News and Reviews - News - Item |publisher=Gadgetrepublic |date=2009-01-26 |accessdate=2009-04-17}} ==Geographical usage== [[Image:TV-introduction-world-map.svg|350px|thumb|Television introduction by country {{legend|#ff0000|1930 to 1939}} {{legend|#ff5400|1940 to 1949}} {{legend|#ffa800|1950 to 1959}} {{legend|#ffff00|1960 to 1969}} {{legend|#a8ff00|1970 to 1979}} {{legend|#54ff00|1980 to 1989}} {{legend|#00ff00|1990 to 1999}} {{legend|Grey|No data}} ]] {{main|Geographical usage of television}} *[[Timeline of the introduction of television in countries]] ==Content== ===Programming=== {{seealso|Category:Television genres}} Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many different ways. After production the next step is to market and deliver the product to whatever markets are open to using it. This typically happens on two levels: #'''Original Run''' or '''First Run''' – a producer creates a program of one or multiple episodes and shows it on a station or network which has either paid for the production itself or to which a license has been granted by the producers to do the same. #'''[[Television syndication|Syndication]]''' – this is the terminology rather broadly used to describe secondary programming usages (beyond original run). It includes secondary runs in the country of first issue, but also international usage which may or may not be managed by the originating producer. In many cases other companies, [[TV stations]] or individuals are engaged to do the syndication work, in other words to sell the product into the markets they are allowed to sell into by contract from the copyright holders, in most cases the producers. First run programming is increasing on subscription services outside the U.S., but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic [[Free-to-air|FTA]] elsewhere. This practice is increasing however, generally on digital-only FTA channels, or with subscriber-only first run material appearing on FTA. Unlike the U.S., repeat FTA screenings of a FTA network program almost only occur on that network. Also, [[Affiliate]]s rarely buy or produce non-network programming that is not centred around local events. ===Funding=== {{globalize|section}} [[Image:TV users.svg|thumb|400px|right|Television sets per 1000 people of the world {{legend|#10547C|1000+}} {{legend|#1674AB|500-1000}} {{legend|#1B8BCF|300-500}} {{legend|#3CA6E6|200-300}} {{legend|#70BEED|100-200}} {{legend|#9DD2F2|50-100}} {{legend|#CCE8F9|0-50}} {{legend|Grey|No data}}]] Around the globe, broadcast television is financed by either government, advertising, licensing (a form of tax), subscription or any combination of these. To protect revenues, subscription TV channels are usually encrypted to ensure that only subscription payers receive the decryption codes to see the signal. Non-encrypted channels are known as '''Free to Air''' or '''FTA'''. ====Advertising==== Television's broad reach makes it a powerful and attractive medium for [[advertiser]]s. Many television networks and stations sell blocks of broadcast time to advertisers ("sponsors") in order to fund their programming. =====United States===== Since inception in the U.S. in 1940, [[television commercial|TV commercials]] have become one of the most effective, persuasive, and popular method of selling products of many sorts, especially consumer goods. U.S. [[advertising]] rates are determined primarily by [[Nielsen Ratings]]. The time of the day and popularity of the channel determine how much a television commercial can cost. For example, the highly popular [[American Idol]] can cost approximately $750,000 for a thirty second block of commercial time; while the same amount of time for the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] and the [[Super Bowl]] can cost several million dollars. In recent years, the paid program or [[infomercial]] has become common, usually in lengths of 30 minutes or one hour. Some drug companies and other businesses have even created "news" items for broadcast, known in the industry as [[video news release]]s, paying [[program director]]s to use them.[[Jon Stewart]] of "[[The Daily Show]]" was mock-outraged at this, saying, "That's what we do!", and calling it a new form of television, "infoganda". Some TV programs also weave advertisements into their shows, a practice begun in film and known as [[product placement]]. For example, a character could be drinking a certain kind of soda, going to a particular chain restaurant, or driving a certain make of car. (This is sometimes very subtle, where shows have vehicles provided by manufacturers for low cost, rather than wrangling them.) Sometimes a specific brand or trade mark, or music from a certain artist or group, is used. (This excludes guest appearances by artists, who perform on the show.) =====United Kingdom===== The TV regulator oversees TV advertising in the United Kingdom. Its restrictions have applied since the early days of commercially funded TV. Despite this, an early TV mogul, [[Lew Grade]], likened the broadcasting licence as being a "licence to print money". Restrictions mean that the big three national commercial TV channels: [[ITV]], [[Channel 4]], and [[Five (TV channel)|Five]] can show an average of only seven minutes of advertising per hour (eight minutes in the peak period). Other broadcasters must average no more than nine minutes (twelve in the peak). This means that many imported TV shows from the US have unnatural breaks where the UK company has edited out the breaks intended for US advertising. Advertisements must not be inserted in the course of certain specific proscribed types of programs which last less than half an hour in scheduled duration, this list includes any news or current affairs program, documentaries, and programs for children. Nor may advertisements be carried in a program designed and broadcast for reception in schools or in any religious service or other devotional program, or during a formal Royal ceremony or occasion. There also must be clear demarcations in time between the programs and the advertisements. The [[BBC]], being strictly non-commercial is not allowed to show advertisements on television in the UK, although it has many advertising-funded channels abroad. The majority of its budget comes from TV licencing (see below) and the sale of content to other broadcasters. ====Taxation or license==== Television services in some countries may be funded by a [[television licence]], a form of taxation which means advertising plays a lesser role or no role at all. For example, some channels may carry no advertising at all and some very little, including: * [[Australia]] ([[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]) * [[Norway]] ([[NRK]]) * [[Sweden]] ([[Sveriges Television|SVT]]) * [[United Kingdom]] ([[BBC]]) The [[BBC]] carries no advertising on its UK channels and is funded by an annual licence paid by all households owning a television. This licence fee is set by government, but the BBC is not answerable to or controlled by government and is therefore genuinely independent. The two main BBC TV channels are watched by almost 90 percent of the population each week and overall have 27 per cent share of total viewing.{{cite web|url=http://www.barb.co.uk/viewingsummary/weekreports.cfm?report=multichannel&requesttimeout=500&flag=viewingsummary |title=viewing statistics in UK |publisher=Barb.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-04-17}} This in spite of the fact that 85% of homes are multichannel, with 42% of these having access to 200 free to air channels via satellite and another 43% having access to 30 or more channels via [[Freeview (United Kingdom)|Freeview]].[http://www.ofcom.org.uk/research/tv/reports/dtv/dtv_2007_q3/dtvq307.pdf OFCOM quarterly survey] The licence that funds the seven advertising-free BBC TV channels currently costs £139.50 a year (about US$215) irrespective of the number of TV sets owned. When the same sporting event has been presented on both BBC and commercial channels, the BBC always attracts the lion's share of the audience, indicating viewers prefer to watch TV uninterrupted by advertising. The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC) carries no advertising (except for the ABC Shop) as it is banned under law [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/all/search/8B104AA963F8AB9FCA25718D002260DC ABC Act 1983]. The ABC receives its funding from the Australian Government every three years. In the 2006/07 Federal Budget the ABC received Au$822.67 Millionhttp://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/documents/budget2006-07.pdf this covers most of the ABC funding commitments and, as with the BBC, also funds radio channels, transmitters and the ABC web sites. The ABC also receives funds from its many ABC Shops across Australia. In [[France]] government-funded channels do carry advertisements yet those who own television sets have to pay an annual tax ("la redevance audiovisuelle").[http://www.minefi.gouv.fr/paca/minefi_relais_sociaux/impots/fiche21.html Ministry of Finance] ====Subscription==== Some TV channels are partly funded from subscriptions and therefore the signals are encrypted during broadcast to ensure that only paying subscribers have access to the decryption codes. Most subscription services are also funded by advertising. ===Genres=== Television [[genre]]s include a broad range of programming types that entertain, inform, and educate viewers. The most expensive entertainment genres to produce are usually drama and dramatic miniseries. However, other genres, such as historical Western genres, may also have high production costs. Popular entertainment genres include action-oriented shows such as police, crime, detective dramas, horror, or thriller shows. As well, there are also other variants of the drama genre, such as medical dramas and daytime soap operas. Science fiction shows can fall into either the drama or action category, depending on whether they emphasize philosophical questions or high adventure. Comedy is a popular genre which includes [[situation comedy]] (sitcom) and animated shows for the adult demographic such as ''[[Family Guy]]''. The least expensive forms of entertainment programming are game shows, talk shows, variety shows, and reality TV. Game shows show contestants answering questions and solving puzzles to win prizes. Talk shows feature interviews with film, television and music celebrities and public figures. Variety shows feature a range of musical performers and other entertainers such as comedians and magicians introduced by a host or Master of Ceremonies. There is some crossover between some talk shows and variety shows, because leading talk shows often feature performances by bands, singers, comedians, and other performers in between the interview segments. ''Reality TV'' shows "regular" people (''i.e.'', not [[actors]]) who are facing unusual challenges or experiences, ranging from arrest by police officers (''[[COPS]]'') to weight loss (''[[The Biggest Loser]]''). A variant version of reality shows depicts celebrities doing mundane activities such as going about their everyday life (''[[Snoop Dogg's Father Hood]]'') or doing manual labour (''[[Simple Life]]''). ==Social aspects== {{main|Social aspects of television}} Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are many [[social aspects of television]] that can be addressed, including:
*[[Social aspects of television#Alleged dangers|Alleged dangers]]
*[[Social aspects of television#Educational advantages|Educational advantages]]
*[[Social aspects of television#Gender and television|Gender and television]]
*[[Social aspects of television#Negative effects|Negative effects]]
*[[Social aspects of television#Politics and television|Politics and television]]
*[[Social aspects of television#Positive effects|Positive effects]]
*[[Social aspects of television#Propaganda delivery|Propaganda delivery]]
*[[Social aspects of television#Socializing children|Socializing children]]
*[[Social aspects of television#Suitability for audience|Suitability for audience]]
*[[Social aspects of television#Technology trends|Technology trends]]
==Environmental aspects==
[[Image:2005 Austria 25 Euro 50 Years Television back.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)#2005 coinage|The 50 years of Television commemorative coin]]]]
With high [[lead]] content in [[cathode ray tube|CRTs]], and the rapid diffusion of new, flat-panel display technologies, some of which ([[LCD]]s) use lamps containing [[mercury (element)|mercury]], there is growing concern about [[electronic waste]] from discarded televisions. Related [[occupational health]] concerns exist, as well, for disassemblers removing copper wiring and other materials from CRTs. Further environmental concerns related to television design and use relate to the devices' increasing [[electrical energy]] requirements.{{cite web |url=http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/uploads/documents/aboutest/Riseofthemachines.pdf |publisher=Energy Saving Trust |title=The Rise of the Machines: A Review of Energy Using Products in the Home from the 1970s to Today |date=July 3, 2006 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-08-31}}
==In numismatics==
Television has had such an impact in today's life, that it has been the main motif for numerous collectors' coins and medals. One of the most recent ones is the [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)#2005 coinage|Austrian 50 years of Television commemorative coin]] minted in March 9, 2005. The obverse of the coin shows a "test pattern", while the reverse shows several milestones in the history of television.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
![](\"#{File.join(@options[:blahtex_html_prefix],"#{file_md5}.png")}\")
"
else
# render as mathml
html = xml_response.elements["mathml/markup"].text
""
end
rescue => err
# blahtex error
"#{I18n.t("unable to parse mathml", :error => err)}"
end
else
# if blahtex does not exist fallback to google charts api
encoded_string = URI.escape(buffer.element_content, Regexp.new("[^#{URI::PATTERN::UNRESERVED}]"))
"') # replace all new lines with
"
#{buffer.element_content}
"
end
end
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/extensions/references.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000004042 12263013231 023300 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff module WikiCloth
class ReferencesExtension < Extension
# reference content
# reference content
#
# reference content
#
element 'ref' do |buffer|
# find our named reference reference if it exists
named_ref = buffer.get_attribute_by_name("name")
ref = @options[:link_handler].find_reference_by_name(named_ref) unless named_ref.nil?
# reference either not "named" or first time in document
if ref.nil?
@options[:link_handler].references << { :name => named_ref, :value => buffer.element_content, :count => 0, :group => buffer.get_attribute_by_name("group") }
ref = @options[:link_handler].references.last
end
ref_id = (named_ref.nil? ? "" : "#{named_ref}_") + "#{@options[:link_handler].reference_index(ref)}-#{ref[:count]}"
cite_anchor = "#cite_note-" + (named_ref.nil? ? "" : "#{named_ref}_") + @options[:link_handler].reference_index(ref).to_s
group_label = buffer.get_attribute_by_name("group") ? "#{buffer.get_attribute_by_name("group")} " : ""
ref_link = "#{@options[:link_handler].reference_index(ref)}"
ref[:count] += 1
"[#{group_label}#{ref_link}]"
end
# - #{refs}
', '').gsub!('', '')
rescue => err
error = "#{err.message}"
end
elsif File.exists?(highlight_path)
begin
IO.popen("#{highlight_path} #{highlight_options} -f --syntax #{buffer.element_attributes['lang'].downcase}", "r+") do |io|
io.puts content
io.close_write
content = io.read
end
rescue => err
error = "#{err.message}"
end
else
content = content.gsub('<','<').gsub('>','>')
end
if error.nil?
"#{content}"
else
error
end
end
end
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/extensions/lua.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000004511 12263013231 021741 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff begin
require 'rubyluabridge'
DISABLE_LUA = false
rescue LoadError
DISABLE_LUA = true
end
module WikiCloth
class LuaExtension < Extension
# #{I18n.t('table of contents')}
|
'
post_img = '
' + title + '
".each_char { |c| @buffers[-1].add_char(c) }
@indent = @buffers[-1].object_id
return true
end
end
if @buffers[-1].run_globals?
# new html tag
if @check_new_tag == true && current_char =~ /([a-z])/ && !@buffers[-1].skip_html?
@buffers[-1].data.chop!
parent = @buffers[-1].element_name if @buffers[-1].class == WikiBuffer::HTMLElement
@buffers << WikiBuffer::HTMLElement.new("",@options,parent)
end
@check_new_tag = current_char == '<' ? true : false
# global
case
# start variable
when previous_char == '{' && current_char == '{'
if @buffers[-1].instance_of?(WikiBuffer::Var) && @buffers[-1].tag_start == true
@buffers[-1].tag_size += 1
else
@buffers[-1].data.chop! if @buffers[-1].data[-1,1] == '{'
@buffers << WikiBuffer::Var.new("",@options)
end
return true
# start link
when current_char == '[' && previous_char != '[' && !@buffers[-1].skip_links?
@buffers << WikiBuffer::Link.new("",@options)
return true
# start table
when previous_char == '{' && current_char == "|"
@buffers[-1].data.chop!
@buffers << WikiBuffer::Table.new("",@options)
return true
end
end
return false
end
def add_word(w)
self.previous_char = w[-2,1]
self.current_char = w[-1,1]
@buffers[-1].data += w
end
def eof()
return if @buffers.size == 1
if self.class == WikiBuffer
while @buffers.size > 1
@buffers[-1].eof()
tmp = @buffers.pop
@buffers[-1].data += tmp.send("to_#{@options[:output]}")
unless tmp.data.blank?
tmp.data.each_char { |x| self.add_char(x) }
end
end
else
# default cleanup tasks
end
end
def add_char(c)
self.previous_char = self.current_char
self.current_char = c
if self.check_globals() == false
case
when @buffers.size == 1
return self.new_char()
when @buffers[-1].add_char(c) == false && self.class == WikiBuffer
tmp = @buffers.pop
@buffers[-1].data += tmp.send("to_#{@options[:output]}")
# any data left in the buffer we feed into the parent
unless tmp.data.nil?
tmp.data.each_char { |x| self.add_char(x) }
end
end
end
end
protected
# only executed in the default state
def new_char()
case
when current_char == "\n"
# Underline, and Strikethrough
if @options[:extended_markup] == true
self.data.gsub!(/---([^-]+)---/,"\\1")
self.data.gsub!(/_([^_]+)_/,"\\1")
end
# Behavior Switches
self.data.gsub!(/__([\w]+)__/) { |r|
case behavior_switch_key_name($1)
when "behavior_switches.toc"
@options[:link_handler].toc(@options[:sections], @options[:toc_numbered])
when "behavior_switches.noeditsection"
@options[:noedit] = true
when "behavior_switches.editsection"
@options[:noedit] = false
else
""
end
}
# Horizontal Rule
self.data.gsub!(/^([-]{4,})/) { |r| "
" }
render_bold_italic()
# Lists
tmp = ''
self.data.each_line do |line|
if line =~ /^([#\*:;]+)/
# Add current line to list data
@list_data << line
else
# render list if list data was just closed
tmp += render_list_data() unless @list_data.empty?
tmp += line
end
end
self.data = tmp
# Headings
is_heading = false
self.data.gsub!(/^([=]{1,6})\s*(.*?)\s*(\1)/) { |r|
is_heading = true
(@paragraph_open ? "" : "") + gen_heading($1.length,$2)
}
# Paragraphs
if is_heading
@paragraph_open = false
else
if self.data =~ /^\s*$/ && @paragraph_open && @list_data.empty?
self.data = "#{self.data}"
@paragraph_open = false
else
if self.data !~ /^\s*$/
self.data = "#{self.data}" and @paragraph_open = true unless @paragraph_open
end
end
end
self.params << self.data.auto_link
self.data = ""
else
self.data << current_char
end
return true
end
def behavior_switch_key_name(name)
keys = [:toc,:notoc,:forcetoc,:noeditsection,:editsection]
locales = [@options[:locale],I18n.default_locale,:en].uniq
values = {}
locales.each do |locale|
I18n.with_locale(locale) do
keys.each do |key|
values[I18n.t("behavior_switches.#{key.to_s}")] = "behavior_switches.#{key.to_s}"
end
end
end
values[name]
end
def gen_heading(hnum,title)
id = get_id_for(title.gsub(/\s+/,'_'))
"" + (@options[:noedit] == true ? "" :
"[ title)}\">#{I18n.t('edit')}] ") +
"#{title} \n"
end
def get_id_for(val)
val.gsub!(/[^A-Za-z0-9_]+/,'')
@idmap ||= {}
@idmap[val] ||= 0
@idmap[val] += 1
@idmap[val] == 1 ? val : "#{val}-#{@idmap[val]}"
end
def name_current_param()
params[-1] = { :value => "", :name => params[-1] } unless params[-1].kind_of?(Hash) || params[-1].nil?
end
def current_param=(val)
unless self.params[-1].nil? || self.params[-1].kind_of?(String)
self.params[-1][:value] = val
else
self.params[-1] = val
end
end
def params=(val)
@params = val
end
def buffer_type=(val)
@buffer_type = val
end
def data=(val)
@data = val
end
def current_char=(val)
@current_char = val
end
def current_char
@current_char ||= ""
end
def previous_char=(val)
@previous_char = val
end
def previous_char
@previous_char
end
def current_line=(val)
@current_line = val
end
def current_line
@current_line ||= ""
end
BOLD_ITALIC_MAP = {
0 => {
:bold => [10, ""],
:italic => [20, ""],
:bold_italic => [40, ""],
:four => [10, "'"],
:finish => [0, ""]
},
10 => {
:bold => [0, ""],
:italic => [30, ""],
:bold_italic => [20, ""],
:four => [0, "'"],
:finish => [0, ""]
},
20 => {
:bold => [40, ""],
:italic => [0, ""],
:bold_italic => [10, ""],
:four => [40, "'"],
:finish => [0, ""]
},
30 => {
:bold => [20, ""],
:italic => [10, ""],
:bold_italic => [0, ""],
:four => [20, "'"],
:finish => [0, ""]
},
40 => {
:bold => [20, ""],
:italic => [10, ""],
:bold_italic => [0, ""],
:four => [20, "'"],
:finish => [0, ""]
},
}
def render_bold_italic()
commands = []
self.data.scan(/([\']{2,5})/) do
commands << {
:len => $1.length,
:type => [nil, nil, :italic, :bold, :four, :bold_italic][$1.length],
:pos => $~.offset(0).first
}
end
commands << {:type => :finish}
state = 0
commands.each do |c|
trans = BOLD_ITALIC_MAP[state][c[:type]]
c[:output] = trans.last
state = trans.first
end
index = 0
self.data.gsub!(/([\']{2,5})/) do
output = commands[index][:output]
index += 1
output
end
self.data << commands.last[:output]
end
def render_list_data()
ret = ""
last = ""
process_line = Proc.new do |pieces, content|
common = 0
(0..last.length - 1).each do |i|
if last[i] == pieces[i]
common += 1
else
break
end
end
close = last[common..-1].reverse
open = pieces[common..-1]
close.each_char do |e|
ret << ""
end
if open == '' && pieces != ''
if last != ''
ret << ""
end
ret << "<#{list_inner_tag_for(pieces[-1,1])}>"
end
open.each_char do |e|
ret << "<#{list_tag_for(e)}><#{list_inner_tag_for(e)}>"
end
ret << content
last = pieces.clone
end
(@list_data + ['']).each do |l|
if l =~ /^([#\*:;]+)\s*(.*)$/
process_line.call($1, $2)
end
end
process_line.call('', '')
@list_data = []
ret + "\n"
end
def list_tag_for(tag)
case tag
when "#" then "ol"
when "*" then "ul"
when ";" then "dl"
when ":" then "dl"
end
end
def list_inner_tag_for(tag)
case tag
when "#" then "li"
when "*" then "li"
when ";" then "dt"
when ":" then "dd"
end
end
end
end
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wiki_buffer", "html_element")
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wiki_buffer", "table")
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wiki_buffer", "var")
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wiki_buffer", "link")
# load all extensions
Dir[File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "extensions/*.rb")].each { |r| require r }
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/version.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000000117 12263013231 020444 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff module WikiCloth
VERSION = "0.8.1" unless defined?(::WikiCloth::VERSION)
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/section.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000002773 12263013231 020435 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff module WikiCloth
class Section < String
def initialize(title=nil, id=nil)
self.title = title
@children = []
@id = id
@template = nil
@auto_toc = nil
end
def children
@children
end
def id
@id
end
def auto_toc=(val)
@auto_toc = val
end
def template=(val)
@template = val
end
def title=(val)
if val =~ /^([=]{1,6})\s*(.*?)\s*(\1)/
@depth = $1.length
@clean_title = $2
@title = val
else
@depth = 1
@clean_title = val
@title = val
end
end
def title
@clean_title
end
def depth
@depth ||= 1
end
def get_section(id)
return self.wikitext() if self.id == id
@children.each do |child|
ret = child.get_section(id)
return ret unless ret.nil?
end
nil
end
def wikitext(opt={})
options = { :replace => {} }.merge(opt)
if options[:replace][self.id].nil?
ret = "#{@title}#{self}"
ret += @children.collect { |c| c.wikitext(options) }.join
ret
else
options[:replace][self.id]
end
end
def render(opt={})
options = { :noedit => opt[:link_handler].nil? ? true : false }.merge(opt)
if self.title.nil?
ret = ""
else
ret = "\n#{@title}\n"
end
ret += self
ret += "__TOC__" if @auto_toc
ret += @children.collect { |c| c.render(options) } .join
ret
end
end
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/parser.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000006046 12263013231 020262 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff module WikiCloth
class Parser < WikiLinkHandler
def initialize(options={})
options.each { |k,v|
if v.instance_of?(Proc)
self.class.send :define_method, k.to_sym do |*args|
self.instance_exec(args,&v)
end
end
}
@options = { :link_handler => self, :params => {} }.merge(options)
@wikicloth = WikiCloth.new(@options)
end
class << self
def url_for(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'url_for' do |url|
self.instance_exec(url, &block)
end
end
def image_url_for(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'image_url_for' do |url|
self.instance_exec(url, &block)
end
end
def toc(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'toc' do |sections, numbered|
self.instance_exec(sections, numbered, &block)
end
end
def function(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'function' do |name, params|
self.instance_exec(name, params, &block)
end
end
def external_link(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'external_link' do |url,text|
self.instance_exec(url,text,&block)
end
end
def include_resource(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'include_resource' do |resource,options|
options ||= []
self.instance_exec(resource,options,&block)
end
end
def template(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'template' do |template|
self.instance_exec(template,&block)
end
end
def link_for_resource(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'link_for_resource' do |prefix,resource,options|
options ||= []
self.instance_exec(prefix,resource,options,&block)
end
end
def section_link(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'section_link' do |section|
self.instance_exec(section,&block)
end
end
def link_for(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'link_for' do |page,text|
self.instance_exec(page,text,&block)
end
end
def link_attributes_for(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'link_attributes_for' do |page|
self.instance_exec(page,&block)
end
end
def cache(&block)
self.send :define_method, 'cache' do |item|
self.instance_exec(item,&block)
end
end
end
def method_missing(method, *args)
if @wikicloth.respond_to?(method)
@wikicloth.send(method, *args)
else
super(method, *args)
end
end
# Replace a section, along with any sub-section in the document
def put_section(id,data)
data = @wikicloth.sections.collect { |s| s.wikitext({ :replace => { id => data.last(1) == "\n" ? data : "#{data}\n" } }) }.join
@wikicloth = WikiCloth.new(:data => data, :link_handler => self, :params => @options[:params])
end
# Get the section, along with any sub-section of the document
def get_section(id)
@wikicloth.sections.collect { |s| s.get_section(id) }.join
end
def to_wiki
to_wikitext
end
def to_wikitext
@wikicloth.sections.collect { |s| s.wikitext() }.join
end
end
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/wiki_buffer/ 0000755 0001750 0001750 00000000000 12263013231 020727 5 ustar avtobiff avtobiff wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/wiki_buffer/var.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000022205 12263013231 022045 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff require 'expression_parser'
require 'digest/md5'
require 'uri'
module WikiCloth
class WikiBuffer::Var < WikiBuffer
def initialize(data="",options={})
super(data,options)
self.buffer_type = "var"
@in_quotes = false
@tag_start = true
@tag_size = 2
@close_size = 2
@fname = nil
end
def tag_size
@tag_size
end
def tag_size=(val)
@tag_size = val
end
def skip_links?
false
end
def skip_html?
false
end
def tag_start
@tag_start
end
def tag_start=(val)
@tag_start = val
end
def function_name
@fname.nil? ? nil : @fname.strip
end
def to_html
return "" if will_not_be_rendered
if self.is_function?
if Extension.function_exists?(function_name)
return Extension.functions[function_name][:klass].new(@options).instance_exec( params.collect { |p| p.strip }, &Extension.functions[function_name][:block] ).to_s
end
ret = default_functions(function_name,params.collect { |p| p.strip })
ret ||= @options[:link_handler].function(function_name, params.collect { |p| p.strip })
ret.to_s
elsif self.is_param?
ret = nil
@options[:buffer].buffers.reverse.each do |b|
ret = b.get_param(params[0],params[1]) if b.instance_of?(WikiBuffer::HTMLElement) && b.element_name == "template"
break unless ret.nil?
end
ret.to_s
else
# put template at beginning of buffer
template_stack = @options[:buffer].buffers.collect { |b| b.get_param("__name") if b.instance_of?(WikiBuffer::HTMLElement) &&
b.element_name == "template" }.compact
if template_stack.last == params[0]
debug_tree = @options[:buffer].buffers.collect { |b| b.debug }.join("-->")
"#{I18n.t('template loop detected', :tree => debug_tree)}"
else
key = params[0].to_s.strip
key_options = params[1..-1].collect { |p| p.is_a?(Hash) ? { :name => p[:name].strip, :value => p[:value].strip } : p.strip }
key_options ||= []
key_digest = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(key_options.to_a.sort {|x,y| (x.is_a?(Hash) ? x[:name] : x) <=> (y.is_a?(Hash) ? y[:name] : y) }.inspect)
return @options[:params][key] if @options[:params].has_key?(key)
# if we have a valid cache fragment use it
return @options[:cache][key][key_digest] unless @options[:cache].nil? || @options[:cache][key].nil? || @options[:cache][key][key_digest].nil?
ret = @options[:link_handler].include_resource(key,key_options).to_s
ret.gsub!(//,"")
count = 0
tag_attr = key_options.collect { |p|
if p.instance_of?(Hash)
"#{p[:name]}=\"#{p[:value].gsub(/"/,'"')}\""
else
count += 1
"#{count}=\"#{p.gsub(/"/,'"')}\""
end
}.join(" ")
self.data = ret.blank? ? "" : "#{ret}"
""
end
end
end
def will_not_be_rendered
@options[:buffer].buffers.reverse.each do |buffer|
if buffer.instance_of?(WikiBuffer::Var) && buffer.is_function?
return true if buffer.function_name == "#if" && buffer.params.size == 2 && buffer.params[0].strip.blank?
return true if buffer.function_name == "#if" && buffer.params.size == 3 && !buffer.params[0].strip.blank?
end
end
false
end
def default_functions(name,params)
case name
when "#if"
params.first.blank? ? params[2] : params[1]
when "#switch"
match = params.first
default = nil
for p in params[1..-1]
temp = p.split("=")
if p !~ /=/ && temp.length == 1 && p == params.last
return p
elsif temp.instance_of?(Array) && temp.length > 0
test = temp.first.strip
default = temp[1..-1].join("=").strip if test == "#default"
return temp[1..-1].join("=").strip if test == match || (test == "none" && match.blank?)
end
end
default.nil? ? "" : default
when "#expr"
begin
ExpressionParser::Parser.new.parse(params.first)
rescue RuntimeError
I18n.t('expression error', :error => $!)
end
when "#ifexpr"
val = false
begin
val = ExpressionParser::Parser.new.parse(params.first)
rescue RuntimeError
end
if val
params[1]
else
params[2]
end
when "#ifeq"
if params[0] =~ /^[0-9A-Fa-f]+$/ && params[1] =~ /^[0-9A-Fa-f]+$/
params[0].to_i == params[1].to_i ? params[2] : params[3]
else
params[0] == params[1] ? params[2] : params[3]
end
when "#len"
params.first.length
when "#sub"
params.first[params[1].to_i,params[2].to_i]
when "#pad"
case params[3]
when "right"
params[0].ljust(params[1].to_i,params[2])
when "center"
params[0].center(params[1].to_i,params[2])
else
params[0].rjust(params[1].to_i,params[2])
end
when "#iferror"
params.first =~ /error/ ? params[1] : params[2]
when "#capture"
@options[:params][params.first] = params[1]
""
when "urlencode"
URI.escape(params.first, Regexp.new("[^#{URI::PATTERN::UNRESERVED}]"))
when "lc"
params.first.downcase
when "uc"
params.first.upcase
when "ucfirst"
params.first.capitalize
when "lcfirst"
params.first[0,1].downcase + params.first[1..-1]
when "anchorencode"
params.first.gsub(/\s+/,'_')
when "plural"
begin
expr_value = ExpressionParser::Parser.new.parse(params.first)
expr_value.to_i == 1 ? params[1] : params[2]
rescue RuntimeError
I18n.t('expression error', :error => $!)
end
when "ns"
values = {
"" => "", "0" => "",
"1" => localise_ns("Talk"), "talk" => localise_ns("Talk"),
"6" => localise_ns("File"), "file" => localise_ns("File"), "image" => localise_ns("File"),
"10" => localise_ns("Template"), "template" => localise_ns("Template"),
"14" => localise_ns("Category"), "category" => localise_ns("Category"),
"-1" => localise_ns("Special"), "special" => localise_ns("Special"),
"12" => localise_ns("Help"), "help" => localise_ns("Help"),
"-2" => localise_ns("Media"), "media" => localise_ns("Media") }
values[localise_ns(params.first,:en).gsub(/\s+/,'_').downcase]
when "#language"
WikiNamespaces.language_name(params.first)
when "#tag"
return "" if params.empty?
elem = Builder::XmlMarkup.new
return elem.tag!(params.first) if params.length == 1
return elem.tag!(params.first) { |e| e << params.last } if params.length == 2
tag_attrs = {}
params[1..-2].each do |attr|
tag_attrs[$1] = $2 if attr =~ /^\s*([\w]+)\s*=\s*"(.*)"\s*$/
end
elem.tag!(params.first,tag_attrs) { |e| e << params.last }
when "debug"
ret = nil
case params.first
when "param"
@options[:buffer].buffers.reverse.each do |b|
if b.instance_of?(WikiBuffer::HTMLElement) && b.element_name == "template"
ret = b.get_param(params[1])
end
end
ret
when "buffer"
ret = "
"
buffer = @options[:buffer].buffers
buffer.each do |b|
ret += " --- #{b.class}"
ret += b.instance_of?(WikiBuffer::HTMLElement) ? " -- #{b.element_name}\n" : " -- #{b.data}\n"
end
"#{ret}"
end
end
end
def localise_ns(name,lang=nil)
WikiNamespaces.localise_ns(name,lang)
end
def is_param?
@tag_size == 3 ? true : false
end
def is_function?
self.function_name.nil? || self.function_name.blank? ? false : true
end
protected
def function_name=(val)
@fname = val
end
def new_char()
case
when current_char == '|' && @in_quotes == false
self.current_param = self.data
self.data = ""
self.params << ""
# Start of either a function or a namespace change
when current_char == ':' && @in_quotes == false && self.params.size <= 1
if self.data.blank? || self.data.include?(":")
self.data << current_char
else
self.function_name = self.data
self.data = ""
end
# Dealing with variable names within functions
# and variables
when current_char == '=' && @in_quotes == false && !is_function?
self.current_param = self.data
self.data = ""
self.name_current_param()
# End of a template, variable, or function
when current_char == '}' && previous_char == '}'
if @close_size == @tag_size
self.data.chop!
self.current_param = self.data
self.data = ""
return false
else
@close_size += 1
end
else
self.data << current_char
if @tag_start
# FIXME: template params and templates colliding
if @tag_size > 3
if @tag_size == 5
@options[:buffer].buffers << WikiBuffer::Var.new(self.data,@options)
@options[:buffer].buffers[-1].tag_start = false
self.data = ""
@tag_size = 3
return true
end
end
@tag_start = false
end
end
return true
end
end
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/wiki_buffer/link.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000005007 12263013231 022213 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff module WikiCloth
class WikiBuffer::Link < WikiBuffer
def initialize(data="",options={})
super(data,options)
@in_quotes = false
@checktrailing = false
end
def internal_link
@internal_link ||= false
end
def to_html
link_handler = @options[:link_handler]
unless self.internal_link || params[0].strip !~ /^\s*((([a-z]+):\/\/|mailto:)|[\?\/])(.*)/
if $1.downcase == "mailto:"
return link_handler.external_link("#{params[0]}".strip, $4)
elsif params.length > 1
return link_handler.external_link("#{params[0]}".strip, params.last.strip)
else
return link_handler.external_link("#{params[0]}".strip)
end
else
case
when !self.internal_link
return "[#{params[0]}]"
when params[0] =~ /^:(.*)/
return link_handler.link_for(params[0],params[1])
when params[0] =~ /^\s*([^\]\s:]+)\s*:(.*)$/
return link_handler.link_for_resource($1,$2,params[1..-1])
else
return "" if params[0].blank? && params[1].blank?
return link_handler.link_for(params[0],params[1])
end
end
end
def eof()
self.current_param = self.data
end
protected
def internal_link=(val)
@internal_link = (val == true ? true : false)
end
def new_char()
case
when @checktrailing && current_char !~ /\w/
self.current_param = self.data
self.data = current_char == '{' ? "" : current_char
return false
# check if this link is internal or external
when previous_char.blank? && current_char == '['
self.internal_link = true
# Marks the beginning of another paramater for
# the current object
when current_char == '|' && self.internal_link == true && @in_quotes == false
self.current_param = self.data
self.data = ""
self.params << ""
# URL label
when current_char == ' ' && self.internal_link == false && params[1].nil? && !self.data.blank?
self.current_param = self.data
self.data = ""
self.params << ""
# end of link
when current_char == ']' && ((previous_char == ']' && self.internal_link == true) || self.internal_link == false) && @in_quotes == false
self.current_param = self.data
if self.internal_link == true
self.data.chop!.rstrip!
self.params << "" unless self.params.size > 1
@checktrailing = true
else
self.data = ""
return false
end
else
self.data += current_char unless current_char == ' ' && self.data.blank?
end
return true
end
end
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/wiki_buffer/html_element.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000017631 12263013231 023741 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff require 'rexml/document'
module WikiCloth
class WikiBuffer::HTMLElement < WikiBuffer
ALLOWED_ELEMENTS = ['a','b','i','img','div','span','sup','sub','strike','s','u','font','big','ref','tt','del',
'small','blockquote','strong','pre','code','references','ol','li','ul','dd','dt','dl','center',
'h1','h2','h3','h4','h5','h6','p','table','tr','td','th','tbody','thead','tfoot','abbr','del','ins','em']
ALLOWED_ATTRIBUTES = ['src','id','name','style','class','href','start','value','colspan','align','border',
'cellpadding','cellspacing','name','valign','color','rowspan','nowrap','title','rel','for']
ESCAPED_TAGS = [ 'nowiki','pre','code' ]
SHORT_TAGS = [ 'meta','br','hr']
NO_NEED_TO_CLOSE = ['li','p'] + SHORT_TAGS
DISABLE_GLOBALS_FOR = ESCAPED_TAGS
def initialize(d="",options={},check=nil)
super("",options)
self.buffer_type = "Element"
@in_quotes = false
@in_single_quotes = false
@start_tag = 1
@tag_check = check
end
def debug
case self.element_name
when "template"
self.get_param("__name")
else
ret = self.class.to_s + "["
ret += self.element_name
tmp = self.get_param("id")
ret += tmp.nil? ? "" : "##{tmp}"
ret + "]"
end
end
def skip_html?
return Extension.skip_html?(self.element_name) if Extension.element_exists?(self.element_name)
DISABLE_GLOBALS_FOR.include?(self.element_name) ? true : false
end
def run_globals?
return false if self.in_template? && self.element_name == "noinclude"
return false if !self.in_template? && self.element_name == "includeonly"
return Extension.run_globals?(self.element_name) if Extension.element_exists?(self.element_name)
return DISABLE_GLOBALS_FOR.include?(self.element_name) ? false : true
end
def to_html
if NO_NEED_TO_CLOSE.include?(self.element_name)
return "<#{self.element_name} />" if SHORT_TAGS.include?(self.element_name)
return "<#{self.element_name}>" if @tag_check == self.element_name
end
if ESCAPED_TAGS.include?(self.element_name)
# remove empty first line
self.element_content = $1 if self.element_content =~ /^\s*\n(.*)$/m
# escape all html inside this element
self.element_content = self.element_content.gsub('<','<').gsub('>','>')
# hack to fix nested mess
self.element_content = self.element_content.gsub(/<[\/]*\s*nowiki\s*>/,'')
end
case self.element_name
when "template"
@options[:link_handler].cache({ :name => self.element_attributes["__name"], :content => self.element_content, :md5 => self.element_attributes["__hash"] })
return self.element_content
when "noinclude"
return self.in_template? ? "" : self.element_content
when "includeonly"
return self.in_template? ? self.element_content : ""
when "nowiki"
return self.element_content
when "a"
if self.element_attributes['href'] =~ /:\/\//
return @options[:link_handler].external_link(self.element_attributes['href'], self.element_content)
elsif self.element_attributes['href'].nil? || self.element_attributes['href'] =~ /^\s*([\?\/])/
# if a element has no href attribute, or href starts with / or ?
return elem.tag!(self.element_name, self.element_attributes) { |x| x << self.element_content }
end
else
if Extension.element_exists?(self.element_name)
return Extension.html_elements[self.element_name][:klass].new(@options).instance_exec( self, &Extension.html_elements[self.element_name][:block] ).to_s
end
end
tmp = elem.tag!(self.element_name, self.element_attributes) { |x| x << self.element_content }
unless ALLOWED_ELEMENTS.include?(self.element_name)
tmp.gsub!(/[\-!\|&"\{\}\[\]]/) { |r| self.escape_char(r) }
return tmp.gsub('<', '<').gsub('>', '>')
end
tmp
end
def get_attribute_by_name(name)
params.each { |p| return p[:value] if p.kind_of?(Hash) && p[:name] == name }
nil
end
def element_attributes
attr = {}
params.each { |p| attr[p[:name]] = p[:value] if p.kind_of?(Hash) }
if ALLOWED_ELEMENTS.include?(self.element_name.strip.downcase)
attr.delete_if { |key,value| !ALLOWED_ATTRIBUTES.include?(key.strip) }
end
return attr
end
def element_name
@ename ||= ""
end
def element_content
@econtent ||= ""
end
protected
def escape_char(c)
c = case c
when '-' then '-'
when '!' then '!'
when '|' then '|'
when '&' then '&'
when '"' then '"'
when '{' then '{'
when '}' then '}'
when '[' then '['
when ']' then ']'
when '*' then '*'
when '#' then '#'
when ':' then ':'
when ';' then ';'
when "'" then '''
when '=' then '='
else
c
end
return c
end
def elem
Builder::XmlMarkup.new
end
def element_name=(val)
@ename = val
end
def element_content=(val)
@econtent = val
end
def in_quotes?
@in_quotes || @in_single_quotes ? true : false
end
def new_char()
case
# tag name
when @start_tag == 1 && current_char == ' '
self.element_name = self.data.strip.downcase
self.data = ""
@start_tag = 2
# tag is closed "
ret += "#{table_caption.strip}" unless self.table_caption.blank?
for row in rows
row_count += 1
unless row.empty?
ret += ""
for cell in row
cell_attributes = cell[:style].blank? ? "" : parse_attributes(cell[:style].strip).collect { |k,v| "#{k}=\"#{v}\"" }.join(" ")
cell_attributes = cell_attributes.blank? ? "" : " #{cell_attributes}"
ret += "<#{cell[:type]}#{cell_attributes}>\n#{cell[:value].strip}\n"
end
ret += ""
end
end
ret += ""
end
protected
def parse_attributes(data)
attribute_name = nil
in_quotes = false
quote_type = nil
ret = {}
d = ""
prev_char = nil
for char in data.each_char
case
when char == "=" && attribute_name.nil? && in_quotes == false
attribute_name = d.strip
d = ""
when (char == '"' || char == "'") && in_quotes == false && !attribute_name.nil?
in_quotes = true
quote_type = char
when (char == quote_type && in_quotes == true && prev_char != '\\') || (char == ' ' && in_quotes == false && !d.blank?)
ret[attribute_name] = d if WikiBuffer::HTMLElement::ALLOWED_ATTRIBUTES.include?(attribute_name)
attribute_name = nil
in_quotes = false
d = ""
else
prev_char = char
d += char
end
end
ret
end
def rows=(val)
@rows = val
end
def table_caption_attributes=(val)
@caption = { :style => val, :value => self.table_caption } unless @caption.kind_of?(Hash)
@caption[:style] = val if @caption.kind_of?(Hash)
end
def table_caption=(val)
@caption = val unless @caption.kind_of?(Hash)
@caption[:value] = val if @caption.kind_of?(Hash)
end
def next_row()
self.params << ""
self.rows << []
end
def next_cell(type="td")
if self.rows[-1].size == 0
self.rows[-1] = [ { :type => type, :value => "", :style => "" } ]
else
self.rows[-1][-1][:value] = self.data
self.rows[-1] << { :type => type, :value => "", :style => "" }
end
end
def new_char()
if @check_cell_data == 1
case
when current_char != '|' && @start_caption == false && (self.rows[-1][-1].nil? || self.rows[-1][-1][:style].blank?)
self.next_cell() if self.rows[-1][-1].nil?
self.rows[-1][-1][:style] = self.data
self.data = ""
when current_char != '|' && @start_caption == true && self.table_caption_attributes.blank?
self.table_caption_attributes = self.data
self.data = ""
end
@check_cell_data = 0
end
case
# Next table cell in row (TD)
when current_char == "|" && (previous_char == "\n" || previous_char == "|") && @in_quotes == false
self.data.chop! if self.data[-1,1] == "|"
self.next_cell() unless self.data.blank? && previous_char == "|"
self.data = ""
# Next table cell in row (TH)
when current_char == "!" && (previous_char == "\n" || previous_char == "!") && @in_quotes == false
self.data.chop!
self.next_cell('th')
self.data = ""
# End of a table
when current_char == '}' && previous_char == '|'
self.data = ""
self.rows[-1].pop
return false
# Start table caption
when current_char == '+' && previous_char == '|' && @in_quotes == false
self.data = ""
self.rows[-1].pop
@start_caption = true
# Table cell might have attributes
when current_char == '|' && previous_char != "\n" && @in_quotes == false
@check_cell_data = 1 unless @start_table
# End table caption
when current_char == "\n" && @start_caption == true && @in_quotes == false
@start_caption = false
self.table_caption = self.data
self.data = ""
# in quotes
when current_char == '"' && previous_char != '\\'
@in_quotes = !@in_quotes
self.data += '"'
# Table params
when current_char == "\n" && @start_table == true && @in_quotes == false
@start_table = false
unless self.data.blank?
self.current_param = self.data
self.params << ""
end
self.data = ""
# Table row params
when current_char == "\n" && @start_row == true && @in_quotes == false
@start_row = false
unless self.data.blank?
self.current_param = self.data
end
self.data = ""
# Start new table row
when current_char == '-' && previous_char == '|' && @in_quotes == false
self.data.chop!
self.rows[-1].pop
self.next_row()
@start_row = true
else
self.data << current_char
end
return true
end
end
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/extension.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000002315 12263013231 020775 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff module WikiCloth
class Extension
def initialize(options={})
@options = options
end
class << self
def html_elements
@@html_elements ||= {}
end
def functions
@@functions ||= {}
end
def element(*args,&block)
options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
key = args.shift
html_elements[key] = { :klass => self, :block => block, :options => {
:skip_html => false, :run_globals => true }.merge(options) }
end
def skip_html?(elem)
return true if !element_exists?(elem)
html_elements[elem][:options][:skip_html]
end
def run_globals?(elem)
return false if !element_exists?(elem)
html_elements[elem][:options][:run_globals]
end
def element_exists?(elem)
html_elements.has_key?(elem)
end
def function(name,&block)
functions[name] = { :klass => self, :block => block }
end
def function_exists?(name)
functions.has_key?(name)
end
protected
def html_elements=(val)
@@html_elements = val
end
def functions=(val)
@@functions = val
end
end
end
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/i18n.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000004636 12263013231 017550 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff require 'yaml'
module I18n
class << self
def default_locale
:en
end
def locale
@@locale ||= default_locale
end
def locale=(val)
@@locale = val
end
def t(*args)
options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
key = args.shift
load_translations
use_locale = @@translations[locale].nil? || @@translations[locale].empty? ? default_locale : locale
if !@@translations[use_locale].nil? && @@translations[use_locale].has_key?(key)
add_vars(@@translations[use_locale][key], options)
elsif use_locale != default_locale && @@translations[default_locale].has_key?(key)
add_vars(@@translations[default_locale][key], options)
else
"translation missing: #{locale}, #{key}"
end
end
def available_locales
load_translations
@@available_locales
end
def load_path
@@load_paths ||= []
end
def load_path=(val)
@@load_paths = val
end
def load_translations
return if initialized?
@@available_locales = []
@@translations = {}
load_path.each do |path|
Dir[path].each do |file|
begin
data = YAML::load(File.read(file))
data.each do |key,value|
@@available_locales << key.to_sym unless @@available_locales.include?(key.to_sym)
@@translations[key.to_sym] ||= {}
import_values(key.to_sym,value)
end
rescue ArgumentError => err
puts "error in #{file}: #{err.message}"
end
end
end
initialized!
end
def initialized?
@@initialized ||= false
end
def initialized!
@@initialized = true
end
# Executes block with given I18n.locale set.
def with_locale(tmp_locale = nil)
if tmp_locale
current_locale = self.locale
self.locale = tmp_locale
end
yield
ensure
self.locale = current_locale if tmp_locale
end
private
def import_values(key,values,prefix=[])
values.each do |k,value|
if value.is_a?(Hash)
import_values(key,value,prefix+[k])
else
@@translations[key.to_sym][(prefix+[k]).join(".")] = value
end
end
end
def add_vars(string, options)
options.each do |key,value|
string.gsub!(/(%\{#{key}\})/, value.to_s)
end
string
end
end
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth/core_ext.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000003122 12263013231 020566 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff require 'rinku'
if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
READ_MODE = "r"
class Object
module InstanceExecHelper; end
include InstanceExecHelper
def instance_exec(*args, &block)
begin
old_critical, Thread.critical = Thread.critical, true
n = 0
n += 1 while respond_to?(mname="__instance_exec#{n}")
InstanceExecHelper.module_eval{ define_method(mname, &block) }
ensure
Thread.critical = old_critical
end
begin
ret = send(mname, *args)
ensure
InstanceExecHelper.module_eval{ remove_method(mname) } rescue nil
end
ret
end
end
else
READ_MODE = "r:UTF-8"
end
module Math
def self.eval(expression)
allowed_characters = Regexp.escape('+-*/.() ')
safe_expression = expression.match(/[\d#{allowed_characters}]*/).to_s
Kernel.eval(safe_expression)
end
end
module ExtendedString
def blank?
respond_to?(:empty?) ? empty? : !self
end
def addslashes
self.gsub(/['"\\\x0]/,'\\\\\0');
end
def to_slug
self.gsub(/\W+/, '-').gsub(/^-+/,'').gsub(/-+$/,'').downcase
end
def auto_link
Rinku.auto_link(to_s)
end
def last(n)
self[-n,n]
end
def dump()
ret = to_s
delete!(to_s)
ret
end
def smart_split(char)
ret = []
tmp = ""
inside = 0
to_s.each_char do |x|
if x == char && inside == 0
ret << tmp
tmp = ""
else
inside += 1 if x == "[" || x == "{" || x == "<"
inside -= 1 if x == "]" || x == "}" || x == ">"
tmp += x
end
end
ret << tmp unless tmp.empty?
ret
end
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/lib/wikicloth.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000011306 12263013231 016761 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff require 'rubygems' if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
require 'jcode' if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
require 'builder'
# if i18n gem loaded use it instead
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wikicloth", "i18n") unless defined?(I18n)
I18n::Backend::Simple.send(:include, I18n::Backend::Fallbacks) if defined?(I18n::Backend::Simple)
I18n.load_path += Dir[File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "../lang/*.yml")].collect { |f| f }
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wikicloth", "version")
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wikicloth", "core_ext")
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wikicloth", "namespaces")
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wikicloth", "extension")
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wikicloth", "section")
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wikicloth", "wiki_buffer")
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wikicloth", "wiki_link_handler")
require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "wikicloth", "parser")
String.send(:include, ExtendedString)
module WikiCloth
class WikiCloth
def initialize(opt={})
self.options.merge!(opt)
self.options[:extensions] ||= []
self.options[:link_handler] = opt[:link_handler] unless opt[:link_handler].nil?
self.load(opt[:data],opt[:params]) unless opt[:data].nil?
@current_line = 1
@current_row = 0
end
def load(data,p={})
depth = 1
count = 0
root = [self.sections]
# parse wiki document into sections
data.each_line do |line|
if line =~ /^([=]{1,6})\s*(.*?)\s*(\1)/
root << root.last[-1].children if $1.length > depth
root.pop if $1.length < depth
depth = $1.length
root.last << Section.new(line, get_id_for($2.gsub(/\s+/,'_')))
count += 1
else
root.last[-1] << line
end
end
# if we find template variables assume document is
# a template
self.sections.first.template = true if data =~ /\{\{\{\s*([A-Za-z0-9]+)\s*\}\}\}/
# If there are more than four sections enable automatic
# table of contents
self.sections.first.auto_toc = true unless count < 4 || data =~ /__(NO|)TOC__/
self.params = p
end
def render(opt={})
self.options = { :noedit => false, :locale => I18n.default_locale, :fast => true, :output => :html, :link_handler => self.link_handler,
:params => self.params, :sections => self.sections }.merge(self.options).merge(opt)
self.options[:link_handler].params = options[:params]
I18n.locale = self.options[:locale]
data = self.sections.collect { |s| s.render(self.options) }.join
data.gsub!(//,"")
data << "\n" if data.last(1) != "\n"
data << "garbage"
buffer = WikiBuffer.new("",options)
begin
if self.options[:fast]
until data.empty?
case data
when /\A\w+/
data = $'
@current_row += $&.length
buffer.add_word($&)
when /\A[^\w]+(\w|)/m
data = $'
$&.each_char { |c| add_current_char(buffer,c) }
end
end
else
data.each_char { |c| add_current_char(buffer,c) }
end
rescue => err
debug_tree = buffer.buffers.collect { |b| b.debug }.join("-->")
puts I18n.t("unknown error on line", :line => @current_line, :row => @current_row, :tree => debug_tree)
raise err
end
buffer.eof()
buffer.send("to_#{self.options[:output]}")
end
def sections
@sections ||= [Section.new]
end
def to_html(opt={})
self.render(opt.merge(:output => :html))
end
def link_handler
self.options[:link_handler] ||= WikiLinkHandler.new
end
def params
@page_params ||= {}
end
def options
@options ||= {}
end
def method_missing(method, *args)
if self.link_handler.respond_to?(method)
self.link_handler.send(method, *args)
else
super(method, *args)
end
end
protected
def add_current_char(buffer,c)
if c == "\n"
@current_line += 1
@current_row = 1
else
@current_row += 1
end
buffer.add_char(c)
end
def sections=(val)
@sections = val
end
def get_id_for(val)
val.gsub!(/[^A-Za-z0-9_]+/,'')
@idmap ||= {}
@idmap[val] ||= 0
@idmap[val] += 1
@idmap[val] == 1 ? val : "#{val}-#{@idmap[val]}"
end
def options=(val)
@options = val
end
def params=(val)
@page_params = val
end
end
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/README.textile 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000004043 12263013231 016226 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff h1. WikiCloth "!https://api.travis-ci.org/nricciar/wikicloth.png!":https://travis-ci.org/nricciar/wikicloth
Ruby implementation of the MediaWiki markup language.
h2. Supports
* Variables, Templates {{ ... }}
* Links
** External Links [ ... ]
** Internal Links, Images [[ ... ]]
* Markup
** == Headings ==
** Lists (*#;:)
** bold ('''), italic ('') or both (''''')
** Horizontal rule (----)
** "Tables":https://github.com/nricciar/wikicloth/wiki/Tables
** Table of Contents [__NOTOC__, __FORCETOC__, __TOC__]
* ,, (disable wiki markup)
* git clone git://github.com/nricciar/wikicloth.git
cd wikicloth/
rake install
h2. Usage
@wiki = WikiCloth::Parser.new({
:data => "{{test}} ''Hello {{test}}!''\n",
:params => { "test" => "World" } })
@wiki.to_html => "{{test}} Hello World!
"
h2. Advanced Usage
Most features of WikiCloth can be overriden as needed...
class WikiParser < WikiCloth::Parser
url_for do |page|
"javascript:alert('You clicked on: #{page}');"
end
link_attributes_for do |page|
{ :href => url_for(page) }
end
template do |template|
"Hello {{{1}}}" if template == "hello"
end
external_link do |url,text|
"#{text.blank? ? url : text}"
end
end
@wiki = WikiParser.new({
:params => { "PAGENAME" => "Testing123" },
:data => "{{hello|world}} From {{ PAGENAME }} -- [www.google.com]";
})
@wiki.to_html =>
Hello world From Testing123 -- http://www.google.com
wikicloth-0.8.1/examples/ 0000755 0001750 0001750 00000000000 12263013231 015506 5 ustar avtobiff avtobiff wikicloth-0.8.1/examples/print.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000001134 12263013231 017166 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff require File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__),'../init.rb')
if ARGV[0] && File.exists?(ARGV[0])
data = File.read(ARGV[0])
else
data = "[[ this ]] is a [[ link ]] and another [http://www.google.com Google] but they should be disabled"
end
# Disables all links in the document for printing
class PrettyPrint < WikiCloth::Parser
external_link do |url,text|
text.nil? ? url : "#{text} (#{url})"
end
link_for do |page,text|
text.nil? ? page : text
end
end
# load file into custom parser and render without
# section edit links
puts PrettyPrint.new(:data => data).to_html(:noedit => true)
wikicloth-0.8.1/examples/template_extractor.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000003025 12263013231 021741 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff # encoding: utf-8
#
# Take a wiki document and extract the template options of the specified template
#
# {{Infobox person
# |name = Casanova
# |image = Casanova_self_portrait.jpg
# |caption = A self portrait of Casanova
# |website =
# }}
#
# and returns the template data in json...
#
# {"name":"Casanova","caption":"A self portrait of Casanova","website":"","image":"Casanova_self_portrait.jpg"}
#
# This file takes two arguments: filename, and template name
# ex: ./template_extractor test.wiki "Infobox person"
#
require File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__),'../init.rb')
require 'json'
class TemplateExtractor < WikiCloth::Parser
def initialize(args = {})
@templates = []
super(args)
to_html # parse the document
end
def extract(name)
ret = []
@templates.each do |template|
ret << template[:data] if template[:name] == name
end
ret.length == 1 ? ret.first : ret
end
link_for do |url,text|
text.blank? ? url : text
end
include_resource do |resource,options|
data = {}
options.each do |opt|
data[opt[:name]] = opt[:value]
end
@templates << { :name => resource, :data => data }
""
end
end
wiki_data = ""
if ARGV[0] && File.exists?(ARGV[0])
wiki_data = File.read(ARGV[0])
else
wiki_data = < wiki_data)
puts @wiki.extract(ARGV[1] ? ARGV[1] : "Infobox person").to_json
wikicloth-0.8.1/examples/info.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000001246 12263013231 016771 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff require File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__),'../init.rb')
if ARGV[0] && File.exists?(ARGV[0])
data = File.read(ARGV[0])
else
data = "[[ this ]] is a [[ link ]] and another [http://www.google.com Google]. This is a reference, but this is a [[Category:Test]]. This is in another [[de:Sprache]]"
end
wiki = WikiCloth::Parser.new(:data => data)
wiki.to_html
puts "Internal Links: #{wiki.internal_links.size}"
puts "External Links: #{wiki.external_links.size}"
puts "References: #{wiki.references.size}"
puts "Categories: #{wiki.categories.size} [#{wiki.categories.join(",")}]"
puts "Languages: #{wiki.languages.size} [#{wiki.languages.keys.join(",")}]"
wikicloth-0.8.1/Gemfile 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000000031 12263013231 015155 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff source :rubygems
gemspec
wikicloth-0.8.1/Rakefile 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000001521 12263013231 015334 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff require 'rubygems'
require 'rake'
require File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__),'init')
require 'bundler'
Bundler::GemHelper.install_tasks
require 'rake/testtask'
Rake::TestTask.new(:test) do |test|
test.pattern = 'test/*_test.rb'
test.verbose = true
end
if RUBY_VERSION =~ /^1\.9/
require 'simplecov'
desc "Code coverage detail"
task :simplecov do
ENV['COVERAGE'] = "true"
Rake::Task['spec'].execute
end
else
require 'rcov/rcovtask'
Rcov::RcovTask.new do |test|
test.libs << 'test'
test.pattern = 'test/**/test_*.rb'
test.verbose = true
end
end
task :default => :test
require 'rdoc/task'
RDoc::Task.new do |rdoc|
rdoc.rdoc_dir = 'rdoc'
rdoc.title = "wikicloth #{WikiCloth::VERSION}"
rdoc.rdoc_files.include('README*')
rdoc.rdoc_files.include('MIT-LICENSE')
rdoc.rdoc_files.include('lib/**/*.rb')
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/run_tests.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000002764 12263013231 016254 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff require File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__),'init')
include WikiCloth
class WikiParser < WikiCloth::Parser
include_resource do |resource,options|
case resource
when "date"
Time.now.to_s
else
params[resource].nil? ? "" : params[resource]
end
end
url_for do |page|
"javascript:alert('You clicked on: #{page}');"
end
link_attributes_for do |page|
{ :href => url_for(page) }
end
end
@wiki = WikiCloth::Parser.new({
:data => "\n {{test}}\n\n{{test}} ''Hello {{test}}!''\n",
:params => { "test" => "World" } })
puts @wiki.to_html
@wiki = WikiParser.new({
:params => { "PAGENAME" => "Testing123" },
:data => "[[Hello World]] From {{ PAGENAME }} on {{ date }}"
})
puts @wiki.to_html
Dir.glob("sample_documents/*.wiki").each do |x|
start_time = Time.now
out_name = "#{x}.html"
data = File.open(x, READ_MODE) { |x| x.read }
tmp = WikiCloth::Parser.new({
:data => data,
:params => { "PAGENAME" => "HelloWorld" }
})
out = tmp.to_html
out = "#{out}"
File.open(out_name, "w") { |x| x.write(out) }
end_time = Time.now
puts "#{out_name}: Completed (#{end_time - start_time} sec) | External Links: #{tmp.external_links.size} -- References: #{tmp.references.size}"
end
wikicloth-0.8.1/test/ 0000755 0001750 0001750 00000000000 12263013231 014647 5 ustar avtobiff avtobiff wikicloth-0.8.1/test/locales.yml 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000005646 12263013231 017027 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff :af:
hello: "world"
:am:
hello: "world"
:ang:
hello: "world"
:ar:
hello: "world"
:arc:
hello: "world"
:ast:
hello: "world"
:az:
hello: "world"
:bn:
hello: "world"
:zh_min_nan:
hello: "world"
:ba:
hello: "world"
:be:
hello: "world"
:be_x_old:
hello: "world"
:bar:
hello: "world"
:bs:
hello: "world"
:br:
hello: "world"
:bg:
hello: "world"
:ca:
hello: "world"
:ceb:
hello: "world"
:cs:
hello: "world"
:co:
hello: "world"
:cy:
hello: "world"
:da:
hello: "world"
:de:
hello: "world"
:dv:
hello: "world"
:et:
hello: "world"
:el:
hello: "world"
:es:
hello: "world"
:eo:
hello: "world"
:eu:
hello: "world"
:fa:
hello: "world"
:fo:
hello: "world"
:fr:
hello: "world"
:fy:
hello: "world"
:ga:
hello: "world"
:gd:
hello: "world"
:gl:
hello: "world"
:gan:
hello: "world"
:ko:
hello: "world"
:hy:
hello: "world"
:hi:
hello: "world"
:hr:
hello: "world"
:io:
hello: "world"
:id:
hello: "world"
:is:
hello: "world"
:it:
hello: "world"
:he:
hello: "world"
:jv:
hello: "world"
:kn:
hello: "world"
:pam:
hello: "world"
:ka:
hello: "world"
:sw:
hello: "world"
:ku:
hello: "world"
:la:
hello: "world"
:lv:
hello: "world"
:lb:
hello: "world"
:lt:
hello: "world"
:hu:
hello: "world"
:mk:
hello: "world"
:mg:
hello: "world"
:ml:
hello: "world"
:mr:
hello: "world"
:arz:
hello: "world"
:ms:
hello: "world"
:nah:
hello: "world"
:nl:
hello: "world"
:ja:
hello: "world"
:no:
hello: "world"
:nn:
hello: "world"
:oc:
hello: "world"
:uz:
hello: "world"
:pap:
hello: "world"
:nds:
hello: "world"
:pl:
hello: "world"
:pt:
hello: "world"
:ksh:
hello: "world"
:ro:
hello: "world"
:qu:
hello: "world"
:ru:
hello: "world"
:sa:
hello: "world"
:sco:
hello: "world"
:sq:
hello: "world"
:scn:
hello: "world"
:simple:
hello: "world"
:sk:
hello: "world"
:sl:
hello: "world"
:sr:
hello: "world"
:sh:
hello: "world"
:fi:
hello: "world"
:sv:
hello: "world"
:tl:
hello: "world"
:ta:
hello: "world"
:th:
hello: "world"
:tg:
hello: "world"
:tr:
hello: "world"
:uk:
hello: "world"
:ur:
hello: "world"
:vi:
hello: "world"
:zh_classical:
hello: "world"
:yi:
hello: "world"
:bat_smg:
hello: "world"
:zh:
hello: "world"
:lo:
hello: "world"
:en:
hello: "world"
:gn:
hello: "world"
:map_bms:
hello: "world"
:pdc:
hello: "world"
:eml:
hello: "world"
:ki:
hello: "world"
:hak:
hello: "world"
:ia:
hello: "world"
:ky:
hello: "world"
:lad:
hello: "world"
:nds_nl:
hello: "world"
:ne:
hello: "world"
:nrm:
hello: "world"
:nov:
hello: "world"
:sm:
hello: "world"
:si:
hello: "world"
:su:
hello: "world"
:kab:
hello: "world"
:te:
hello: "world"
:vec:
hello: "world"
:fiu_vro:
hello: "world"
:wa:
hello: "world"
:war:
hello: "world"
:wuu:
hello: "world"
:zh_yue:
hello: "world"
:diq:
hello: "world"
:als:
hello: "world"
:bjn:
hello: "world"
:ce:
hello: "world"
:ht:
hello: "world"
wikicloth-0.8.1/test/wiki_cloth_test.rb 0000644 0001750 0001750 00000036057 12263013231 020402 0 ustar avtobiff avtobiff # encoding: utf-8
require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__),'test_helper'))
class WikiParser < WikiCloth::Parser
url_for do |page|
page
end
image_url_for do |url|
File.join("/images/", url)
end
template do |template|
case template
when "noinclude"
"hello world testing "
when "test"
"busted"
when "nowiki"
"hello world"
when "testparams"
"{{{def|hello world}}} {{{1}}} {{{test}}} {{{nested|{{{2}}}}}}"
when "moreparamtest"
"{{{{{test|bla}}|wtf}}}"
when "loop"
"{{loop}}"
when "tablebegin"
""
when "tablemid"
"test
"
end
end
external_link do |url,text|
"#{text.blank? ? url : text}"
end
end
class WikiClothTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
test "a url should be automaticly linked" do
wiki = WikiCloth::Parser.new(:data => "\n\n\nhttp://www.google.com/")
data = wiki.to_html
assert data.include?('')
wiki = WikiCloth::Parser.new(:data => "hello http://www.google.com/ world")
data = wiki.to_html
assert data.include?('')
wiki = WikiCloth::Parser.new(:data => "http://www.google.com/")
data = wiki.to_html
assert data.include?('')
wiki = WikiCloth::Parser.new(:data => "[https://github.com/repo/README.md README]")
data = wiki.to_html
assert data.include?('https://github.com/repo/README.md')
assert data =~ /\>\s*README\s*\ "[[Image:test.jpg]]")
data = wiki.to_html
assert !data.include?("/images/test.jpg")
assert data.include?("\"test.jpg\"")
wiki = WikiParser.new(:data => "[[Image:test.jpg]]")
data = wiki.to_html
assert data.include?("/images/test.jpg")
end
test "wiki table attributes without quotes" do
wiki = WikiParser.new(:data => "{| width=\"95%\"
!colspan=2 style=\"background-color:#ffebac;\"|Heading
|-
|hello||world
|}")
data = wiki.to_html
assert data.include?("